简单句和复杂句--英语写作训练(上课).ppt

英语写作训练,写作训练的思路,写一完整的句子:,句子的完整 句子的连贯 句子的简洁 句子的多样化,主题句, 扩展句, 结论句,设计一个段落:,基础写作,读写任务,写一个完整的句子,这几句是正确的句子吗? 如果你认为有误, 该怎么改?,1.The meeting will until 3:00.,2.Work hard, you will succeed.,3.I have a brother, who is a doctor. 4. There are only 4 students take part in the class.,last,and,who,taking/to take,句子的分类,简单句: 只包含一个主谓结构的句子. 并列句: 主谓结构+ 连词(and, but, so, or) +主谓结构 (或更多的主谓结构) 复合句: 引导词+主谓结构, 主谓结构 (从句) (主句),五种基本的简单句,主语+不及物动词 2. 主语+及物动词+宾语,Birds fly. Buses run from dawn till midnight. We are studying hard.,We have read many books. They do shopping at the weekend. We are learning English.,3. 主语+系动词+表语 4. 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 5. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语,We are students. He became a scientist. That sounds good.,He gave Tom a present. He offered me a job.,We made him our monitor. The manager thinks the plan practical. He will have his bike repaired. I wont have you speaking to your mother like that.,练习:翻译下面的简单句,1.1939年爆发了第二次世界大战. 2.一天, 她高兴地走进我的房间. 3.一轮红日从东方升起. 4.张飞在三年级六班. 5.那个故事听起来很有趣.,The Second World War/ World War II broke out in 1939.,One day she came into my room happily.,The red sun rises in the east.,Zhang Fei is in Class 6, Grade 3.,That story sounds interesting.,6.老师好像对我的工作很满意. 7.早睡早起对人的身体有益. 8.胡姗姗读过这本书多次了.,The teacher seemed to be pleased with my work.,Going to bed early and getting up early is good/beneficial for/does good to your health.,Hu Shanshan has read the book many times.,9.我还没决定去还是不去. 10.周兰借给我一些钱. 11.这件晚礼服花了她四十美元.,I havent decided whether to go or not.,Zhou Lan lent me some money.,The evening dress cost her forty dollars.,She paid forty dollars for the evening dress.,12.王小明常常在课堂上问老师许多问题. 13.同学们把课室保持得干干净净. 14.我们注意到有许多人站在学校大门口. 15.我找人把自行车修好了. 16.你不应该让他一个人去那儿.,Wang Xiaoming often asks the teacher a lot of questions in class.,The students keep the classroom clean.,We noticed a lot of people standing at the gate of our school.,I had the bike repaired.,You shouldnt let him go there alone.,并列句,1. 用连词/副词 (and, but , so, for, or , not onlybut also, eitheror, neithernor, while, bothand, however, therefore),1) Li Ming is 18 years old and he is a student in No.1 Middle School. 2)Hurry up or youll be late for school.,3)I must go now, for my sister is waiting for me.,2. 用 “ ; ” 3. 用 “ ; + adv ”,1) We fished all day; we didnt catch anything.,We fished all day; however, we didnt catch anything. 2) The car was almost new; besides, it was in excellent condition.,but we,so all ,2) Lily does well in study; all the teachers think highly of her.,练习: 翻译下列句子,1.他虽然有病, 但是还是上学去了. 2.汤姆很穷, 而他的弟弟却发了财. 3.他丢了工作, 因此这些天心情不好.,He was ill;however,/but yet he went to school. Although/Though he was ill, he went to school. Ill as/though he was, he went to school. While he was ill, he went to school.,Tom was poor while his brother became very rich.,He lost his job, so he was unhappy these days. He was in a bad mood because he lost his job.,4.韩惠不但歌唱得好, 而且舞也跳得好. 5.我本打算昨天告诉你, 但你不在办公室.,Han Hui can not only sing well, but also dance well. Not only does Han Hui sing well, but also she dances well.,I meant to tell you yesterday, but you were not in your office. I had wanted/intended to tell you yesterday, but you were not in your office.,复合句,复合句里包含两个或更多的主谓结构, 其中有一个主谓结构为句子的主体称为主句，另一个些主谓结构为从句，他（们）只能充当句子的某一（些）成分，,如: 主语, 宾语, 表语, 同位语, 定语, 状语等. 根据他们在句子中的功能分别称为主语从句, 宾语从句, 表语从句, 同位语从句, 定语从句, 状语从句等.,判断下面句子属于哪种复合句,1) When we shall have our sports meeting is still a question. 2) The letter says that they are leaving on Friday. 3)Thats what they should do. 4) We expressed the hope that they would come and visit China again. 5) This is the very dictionary that I am looking for. 6) As time went on, Einsteins theory proved to be correct.,主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句,定语从句,状语从句,练习: 改正下面句子, 使之成为正确的一句话,Faulty: There are forty-five students in our class , one- third of them are from nearby countries.,1. There are forty-five students in our class, and one-third of them are from nearby countries. 2. There are forty-five students in our class; one-third of them are from nearby countries. 3. There are forty-five students in our class, one-third of whom are from nearby countries.,It was raining hard, they could not work in the field.,1. It was raining hard；they could not work in the field. 2. It was raining hard, so they could not work in the field. 3. It was raining so hard that they could not work in the field. 4. They could not work in the field because it was raining hard. 5. As it was raining hard, they could not work in the field.,The professor walked into the classroom, he carried a bag of books with him.,1. The professor walked into the classroom and he carried a bag of books with him. 2. The professor walked into the classroom ; he carried a bag of books with him. 3. The professor,who carried a bag of books, walked into the classroom , 4. The professor walked into the classroom, carrying a bag of books with him. 5. The professor walked into the classroom with a bag of books .,句子的连贯,Faulty: A man is judged not only by what he says but also by his deeds. Faulty: The idea he mentioned at first sounded good.,1. A man is judged not only by what he says but also by what he does. 2. A man is judged not only by his words but also by his deeds.,1. The idea he first mentioned sounded good. 2. The idea he mentioned sounded good at first.,前后的一致、对等、平衡,连贯性的要求是：句子前后之间要有照应，有衔接，思想的表达应该有序，清楚句子与句子之间的过渡要符合逻辑，不能造成歧义或矛盾,句子的简洁,文字简洁.,如下面这些短语均可用括号中的词代替: from time to time (often), draw a conclusion (conclude), with anger (angrily), It is clear that (clearly),试比较下列改写的句子.,Do you know the man who is speaking at the meeting? Look out for cars while you are crossing the street?,Do you know the man speaking at the meeting?,Look out for cars while crossing the street?,2.避免使用同义词重复.(如下面的这些句子, 划线部分重复, 应删掉).,1).He is blind in both eyes. He is blind in the left eye. 2).In my opinion, I think your plan is feasible. 3).The desk is round in shape and red in color. 4).I shall accompany my mother by going with her to the market.,练习:改写下列句子, 使其更简洁,1. He gave many reasons for the failure, but the reasons he gave were not convincing. 2. The Great Wall, which has a history of more than 2000 years, is one of the world heritages.,He gave many reasons for the failure, but none of them was convincing.,The Great Wall with a history of more than 2000 years is one of the world heritages.,练习:改写下列句子, 使其更简洁,3. He attended the party though he was badly ill. 4. Nie Er, who is the composer of the National Anthem for the Peoples Republic of China, was born in Yunnan in February 1912.,He attended the party in spite of his illness.,Nie Er, the composer of the National Anthem for the Peoples Republic of China, was born in Yunnan in February 1912.,练习:改写下列句子, 使其更简洁,5.He suggested that he be sent to tend the sick. 6.To my surprise, I was surprised to find no one there when I got there. 7.A teacher who has experience should have an idea about what he should do in such a condition.,He suggested being sent to tend the sick.,I was surprised to find no one there when I arrived.,An experienced teacher should know what to do in such a condition.,练习:改写下列句子, 使其更简洁,8. Do you know the girl who is dressed in red? Do you know the girl _. 9. The professor walked into the classroom and he carried a bag of books with him. The professor walked into the classroom, _. 10. The man who is standing by the window is our teacher. The man_is our teacher.,（dressed） in red,carrying a bag of books with him,standing by the window,练习:改写下列句子, 使其更简洁,11. We didnt know her telephone number, so we couldnt get in touch with her. _, we couldnt get in touch with her. 12. Johnson looked like a man who was wanted in Los Angeles for robbery. Johnson looked like a man _. 13. We finally reached home at 10 pm, and we were tired and hungry. We finally reached home at 10 pm, _.,Not knowing her telephone number,wanted in Los Angeles for robbery,tired and hungry,段落(设计好一个段落) 一般说来, 一个段落由三部分组成: 主题句,扩展句和结论句.主题句提出的论述的主题, 扩展句利用必要的细节对主题加以论证说明,结论句总结全文,在论证的基础上得出结论. 这三者是段落的必要成分,他们相辅相成,构成一个完整的段落. 有些段落还有过渡句,它起到段与段之间的顺利过渡.,1.主题句 1) 主题句的位置 : 请找出段落的主题句 Smoking is harmful to your health. Experiment show that smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious disease cancer, smoking can also cause other health problems. For example, it gives one a “smokers cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or the terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it?,Albert Einstein, one of the worlds greatest scientists, failed in his university entrance exam on his first attempt. William Faulkner, one of Americas famous writers, never finished college because he could not pass his English courses. Sir Winston Churchill, who is considered one of the masters of the English language, was very poor in English during middle school. These few examples show that school does not always predict failure in life.,Karaok, which was invented by a Japanese, one of the greatest wonders of modern technology. Needless to say, Karaok is a good way of rest. You can learn a new song easily. Its also a good way to make your friends happy. Nearly every body has a chance to be a singing star. However, everything has two sides, so does Karaok. Its noisy to your neighbors. Besides, if you sing badly, they will feel uncomfortable. In fact, you are sure to make a sound pollution,2)写好主题句, 有两条原则 1.主题句要明确, 句中须有一个词,词组,或从句让读者一目了然本段的确切主题, 明确本段的重点或观点. 例如: This paragraph will talk about birds.这句作为主题句就太笼统, 不确切. 试比较以下几句, 下列几个主题句就确切地阐明了段落的主题: a. Birds have a great sense of direction. b. Pet owners prefer certain species of birds. c. In my opinion, a bird makes a better pet than a cat does. d. Birds are suffering from air-pollution.,2.主题句要概括, 它陈述你要说明的重点和观点,句中必须包含有可扩展主题的词,词组或从句. 他应该是你将进一步表明你的态度和看法的概括. 同时, 主题句有利于控制作者本人的主题的扩展. 例如: The young girl studied Chinese History. 该主题句未能概括主题的要点,则不利于下面的扩展. 最好增添一个词或一个短语来修改这个句子,以便顺利地展开你的主题. 例如: a. The young girl eagerly studied Chinese History. b. The young girl studied Chinese History under a famous historian. c. The young girl found three reasons for studying Chinese History.,2. 下面各段没有主题句,请根据全段内容拟定一个主题句. 1) _. For example teachers live by selling knowledge, philosophers by selling wisdom and priests by selling spiritual comfort. Though it may be possible to measure the value of material goods in terms of money, it is very difficult to calculate the true value of services which people perform for us. The conditions of society are such that sills have to be paid for in the same way that goods are paid for at shop. Everyone has something to sell.,Everyone lives by selling something.,2) _. Before entering a house in Japan, it is a good manner to take off your shoes. In European countries even though shoes sometimes become very muddy, this is not done. A guest in a Chinese house never finishes a drink. He leaves a little to show that he has had enough. In a Malaysian house, too, a guest leaves a little food. In England, a guest always finishes a drink to show that he has enjoyed it. It seems that manners in different countries are never the same.,Different countries and different races have different manners.,3) _. Fire can heat water, cook, give out light and keep your house warm. Sometimes, however, big fires can burn down houses and forests. For example, the big fire caused by Yuanming Palace, a famous palace in Qing Dynasty, ruined completely. So we must be very careful with matches, burning cigarettes, faulty electric appliances or unquenched(未扑灭的) fires,Be careful with fire because it does not always do us good.,扩展句,扩展句的作用是丰富,支持,扩展主题句的内涵. 他们是段落的血和肉. 扩展句的表达形式是多种多样的, 可以按时间或空间顺序, 从整体到局部从局部到整体的方法叙述,描写, 说明或议论, 也可用比较,对比, 比喻, 推导,归纳,演绎的手段来展现.,单一性: 一个段落只说明一个问题, 讲述一件事, 扩展句必须紧紧地围绕着主题句, 不偏离中心思想.,通常对扩展句的要求有两个 : 单一性和连贯性,找出一个违背单一性的句子. China has made great progress in reducing its population growth. China has already cut its rate of population growth by about one half since 1970. It is wrong of the western governments to find fault with its policies of elimination of poverty. China now urges each family to have no more than one child. And it hopes to reach zero population growth, the number of birth equaling the number of death, by the year 2000.,连贯性: 段落中各扩展句前后衔接,条理清楚,合乎逻辑, 使读者很容易抓住段落的中心思想.,在议论文中, 我们常会谈到首先, 其次, 然后, 该如何表达? 1)first, second, third, last 2)firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally 3)the first, the second, the third, the last 4)to begin with, then, furthermore, finally 5)to start with, next, in addition,/besides, last but not least 6)on the one hand, on the other hand 7)for one thing, for another thing,练习:根据所给的主题句和提示, 写好段落的扩展句,(1) 主题句: How excited we were when we learned that we were going to have a spring tour. afterdiscussionagreeclimbout of the city weoften pass by mountainthe first timethink ofclimb it set outearlymorning aboutan hourbegintiredstill a long waygo short breakgo onclimb lunch timeget to the topmountain our beautiful citybelow ushappyvery tired 结尾句: It proves that many things are just like climbing a mountain; they look attractive, but they are not easy to do.,参考答案:,(1) After a heated discussion we agreed to climb the mountain outside the city. We had passed by the mountain when we were taking a bus out of the city, but it was the first time we had thought of climbing it. We started early in the morning. About an hour later, we began to feel tired, but there was still a long way to go. We took a short break and then went on climbing. Not until lunch time did we get to the top of the mountain. At sight of our beautiful city below us， we felt happy though we were tired out.,练习:根据所给的主题句和提示, 写好段落的扩展句,(2) 主题句: He was kind and shy before a group of naughty girls, but he was very strict in his teaching and with our students. teach usa lot in knowledgeas well as in morality I remembermy final exam Have an idealook in dictionarysecretly Unfortunatelydiscoversave my face After examcallto his officemy heartbeat fast Instead of scoldingsay kindlyadvisedo goodmovedtears 18 yearspasskeepremind mestudy hardhonest,参考答案:,(2) He taught us a lot in knowledge as well as in morality. I remember the time of my final examination. I had the idea of looking in my dictionary secretly. Unfortunately, my secret was discovered by him and he said nothing to save my face. After the examination, I was called to his office. My heart was beating fast. Instead of scolding, he talked kindly to me and advised me to do good.I was moved to tears. Eighteen years has passed, but the lesson remains deep in my memory and always reminds me to study hard and keep honest.,结论句,结论句并非必不可少, 但它能起到以下的作用: (1) 表示段落的结束 (2) 总结要点,与主题句相呼应 (3) 供读者就本段落的主要内容和见解有个深刻的印象或进行思考,结论句:(推荐),1. (主题句:Life is limited, but knowledge is boundless.) 结尾句: How important it is to read good books! 2.(主题句:Books are full of knowledge and wisdom.) 结尾句: Why shouldnt we read more books to search more and use them to develop our splendid future? 3.(主题句:When I was a little girl, I lived with my grandparents in a faraway village.) 结尾句: Time was gone with the wind. But my childhood is like amber(琥珀), glittering in my life.,感叹句,疑问句,比喻,结论句:(推荐),1. (主题句:From Monday to Friday we go to school, and we have to do homework on Saturday and Sunday. Our rights of enjoying our weekends have been taken away by those who wish us to do well in our lessons.) 结尾句: In short, for young people, not only are we eager for knowledge but also we are thirsty for colorful lives. Lets become the real masters of weekends. 2.(主题句:Success comes with hard work.) 结尾句:So, as Tomas Edison once said, genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration.,总结,概括,引用名言,专题训练,基础写作 读写任务,基础知识:常用表达,1.时间:,星期: 月份: 在星期日 在2006年 在二月份 在2006年二月份 在2006年二月三号,Sunday,January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December (缩写形式),On Sunday,in 2006,in February, 2006,in February,on February 3rd, 2006 / On the 3rd February, 2006,Monday,Tuesday,Wednesday,Thursday,Friday,Saturday,在5点钟 在上午/下午/晚上 在九月5号的上午/下午/晚上 在一个阳光灿烂的上午/下午 在21世纪 在20世纪30年代 9:00-10:00,at five oclock,in the morning/ afternoon/evening,on the morning/ afternoon/ evening of September 5th,on a sunny morning/ afternoon,in the 21st century,in the 1930s,from 9 to 10,2.人名:,3. 地点( 由小到大),李华 李丽华 李教授 史密斯一家,Li Hua,Li Lihua,Professor Li,the Smiths,韶关 广州 广东省 我住在韶关市浈江区建国路15号 我们学校在广东省韶关市 503房 四楼,Shaoguan,Guangzhou,Guangdong Province,I live at No 15 on Jiangguo Road, Zhenjiang District of Shaoguan.,My school is located/ situated in Shaoguan, Guangdong Province.,Room 503,on the fourth floor,我18岁。 在某人30多岁/40多岁的时候 我身高160厘米。 我体重50公斤。,I am 18 years old./I am an 18-year-old student.,in ones thirties/forties.,I am 160cm tall./I am 160cm./I am 160cm in height.,I am 50 kilograms./I am 50kg./I am 50kg in weight.,5基数词, 序数词,百, 千, 百万, 十亿 : 五百 成千上百 四分之一 五分之三 百分之十 第一第十: 第十二 第二十 第十四 第四十 第四十五 第一课,hundred , thousand, million, billion,five hundred,thousands of,a quarter/ one fourth,three fifths,ten percent / one in ten / one out of ten,first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth,twelfth,twentieth,fourteenth,fortieth,forty-fifth,Lesson One the First Lesson,基础写作的评分标准:,准确性: 句子的表达要符合语法规范. 完整性: 题目所列举的信息要表达完整 连贯性: 整段话是一个篇章,句子之间要衔接自然, 能恰当地使用连词, 不是单纯的翻译句子 复杂性: 无,基础写作四重奏:,1. 信息划分 : 确定哪些相关的信息可用一句话表达, 确保5个句子表达完所有的信息. 建议可在题目上用铅笔做 ,的标志 (完整性) 2. 列出关键词组和句型 (准确性) 3. 串联句子: 用正确的语法结构写出准确的句子, 并形成篇章 (连贯性) 4.检查(准确性),写作内容 人物介绍：老师范例(1) 1 李莎， 女，英语老师, 22岁， 1.65米，身材苗条, 装扮入时。 2 性格活泼， 爱唱爱跳， 爱开玩笑。 3 教学方法生动活泼，常做游戏，精讲多练。 4 与学生关系融洽，深受同学欢迎； 5.常与学生通过电子邮件和网上聊天交流。 写作要求 1 题目：A Unique Teacher 2 必须使用5个句子介绍全部所给的内容 3 将5个句子组织成连贯的短文,步骤一：句子内容完整性 将所给信息整合成5个句子,1 李莎， 女， 22岁， 1。65米，身材苗条，装