《科技英语的特征》PPT课件.ppt

Scientific English (English for science and technology),by Terry,What is science?,The word “science” is from a Latin verb “to know”. When we speak of science, we speak of a way of understanding the world by describing and explaining natural phenomena, because this the way of acquiring knowledge.,The features of scientific English,Lexical feature Grammatical feature Stylistic(文体） feature,Lexical feature of scientific English,1. 普通英语词汇的不同含义（words with different meaning) Feed 供水，输送，电源 Head 源头，机关，弹头 Base 在化学领域为“碱”，在医学领域为 “主药“ Bowl 在地质学领域为 “盆地”,2. 借用外来词汇(borrowed/loan words) 希腊语和拉丁语的词素占有率高 Magnetic “磁铁的“ 来源希腊语 Induction “诱导，感应”来源于拉丁语,3. 创造新词(coin words) Magnetohydrodynamics(磁流体力学） Magneto(磁铁）+hydro（水）+dynamic（力学） Telephotometer(遥测光度计） Tele (遥远）+photo（光）+meter（计，表）,4. 缩略词(abbreviation) 4. 1. 缩略法（clipping) Expo (exposition 展览） 4.2. 拼缀法（blending） Knowbot( knowledge robot) 智能机器人 4.3.首字母拼音法（acronym） TELELT： telecommunication satellite(通讯卫星） TOEFL: test of English as a foreign language AIDS: acquired immunity deficiency syndrome 4.4. 首字母缩略法（initials ) CT: computerized tomography (计算机横断层摄影术） CD: compact disk DJ: disk jockey,Grammatical feature of scientific English,1. 多使用陈述句 2. 被动语态多 3. 长句多,多使用陈述句(declarative sentence),科技英语中为了叙述自然现象及规律，为之下定义，解释，通常使用陈述句。谓语动词常用一般现在时或者过去时。 如： Weakness in the metal caused it to fracture under tension. 金属的强度差使得它在张力下断裂。,被动语态多(passive voice),科技文献重在陈述事实，被动句的使用有利于实现以客观事物为主体，阐述客观事物的目的。 Orbiter 099, designated Challenger, was a test article that has since been refurbished for use as the second shuttle flight vehicle. 009号轨道器命名为挑战者号，原来是一个试验飞行器。后来经过整修用作第二个航天飞行器。,长句多(long sentence),科技英语阐述的是错综复杂的自然规律和现象，多注重叙述的连贯性，在科技文献中大量采用并列句，介词短语，非限定动词短语，从句等。 如： 1.带并列成分的句子 They point to increasing pollution of the atmosphere, water, and land, the depletion(损耗） or raw materials, the exhaustion of some now-common energy sources, and the geometric（几何的） expansion of population. 他们提出的理由是大气，水，和陆地的污染日益严重，原材料会被耗尽，一些目前普遍使用的能源将枯竭，还有就是人口呈几何级数的增长等等。,2. 介词短语中套从句 In expression a judgment or conclusion when a “that-” clause which serves as the subject is too long and consequently “it” has to be used simultaneously as the “formal subject”, inversion is often called for, to conform to the usage in Chinese. 在表达判断或结论时， 要是用作主语的”that”从句过长，因而不得不同时采用“it”作形式主语的话，常常需要采用“词序调整”的翻译方法，以便和汉语的习惯用法一致。,3.带非限定动词短语的长句 Raising our eyes from the earth to observe the heavenly objects, we find a really considerable space of time occupied by light in carrying to us information about those distant bodies. 从地球上仰望天体，我们会发现光把那遥远天体的信息传给我们时需要有一段相当长的时间间隔。,3.带非限定动词短语的长句 A suspension bridge consists of a pair of cables, anchored at both ends, passing over towers at both ends; and with a series of suspenders hanging down from the cables to carry the deck. 悬桥是由一对钢缆构成，钢缆在两端锚定， 并跨过两端的塔；一排吊杆从钢缆上吊下来承载桥面。,4. 从句套从句 We must therefore conclude that when the distance between the molecules(分子） is very small, there are forces of repulsion（排斥） and that forces increase rapidly as the distance between the molecules decreases. 因此我们必须断定，当分子之间的距离很小时，就产生排斥力，并且这种排斥力随着分子之间距离的减小而迅速增大。,4. 从句套从句 Within the last two decades, however, the electron tube has been largely replaced by the transistor（晶体管） that wonderful electronic device that can do practically anything the electronic tube can do, and more. 然而，在最近的20年内，电子管多半已具备那种奇妙的电子装置晶体管所代替。晶体管几乎具有电子管的以前功能，甚至更多。,Stylistic feature of scientific English,1. 无人称 （impersonal) 2. 语气正式（formal mood） 3. 语言规范,客观准确（standard in language objective and accurate in statement) 4. 逻辑性强（strict in logic),1. 无人称 （impersonal) The general layout of the illumination system and lenses of the electron microscope corresponds to the layout of the light microscope. 电子显微镜的聚光系统和透镜的设计与光学显微镜的设计是一致的。,2. 语气正式（formal mood） The burning of coal is a very wasteful of energy. Studying fossils is far from being a waste of time, because many useful facts can be learned form them. The expenditure of energy of one kind in any process involves the production of an equivalent amount of energy of other kinds. 任何过程中,一种形式的能量的消耗都会产生其它形式的相等的能量的产生。,3.语言规范,客观准确（standard in language objective and accurate in statement) Fossils are especially important because they are the only clues to the existence and appearance of life on the earth millions of years ago. 化石是几百万年前地球上生命存在和表现的唯一线索，因而非常重要。,4. 逻辑性强（strict in logic) Naturally, a great deal of thought has been given to possible ways of preventing the emergence of resistance. One suggestion has been the use of mixtures of two different types of insecticides, with the idea that one of them should eliminate the