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英语文体学引论,第六章: 日常谈话、即席解说、公众演讲,第一节 日常谈话 英语:口语 第一位 书面语 第二位 日常谈话英语是整个英语中最自然、最生活的一部分。,下面我们分析一段谈话,录自英国一位教授与自己指导的一位博士研究生之间的一次交谈。他们二人所使用的方言是受过教育的中产阶级使用的所谓的“标准英语”,他们的口音是标准发音。交谈双方既是师生,又是好友,关系很密切,这保证了谈话在随便的气氛中进行。,谈话背景: 1、一位教授与自己指导的博士研究生之间的交谈 2、使用的方言是“标准英语” 3、口音是标准发音 4、交谈双方既是师生,又是好友,关系很密切 5、谈话在随便的气氛中进行,(P=教授 S=研究生 F=第三者) S: (Hi) F: (Well), how did you get on Jenny? S: I didnt bloody get it. F: Didnt bloody get it, oh dear. S: I didnt (get it). P: (You probably) swore at the panel. S: I didnt. I did, must admit, I put my foot in it once or twice. F: Well. S: No, they were ever so nice about it, nice as once can be, but; well, he said he said he said hed have given it to me if it hadnt been, been for Malaysia, Malay or what Malaysia. I think I kept saying Malaysia which didnt endear me any- Malaya, or you have to keep going to Malay F: Oh! S: Didnt console me actually.,P: Didnt you, I mean, didnt you give the impression that you were actually dying to go to Malaysia? S: Im not a very good liar actually. God. I put my foot in it. He had some prize blerk and afterwards he took me aside and said, um, -you did put your foot in it at least three times, but we didnt hold it against you, and you know at one stage some old geezer in the corner who mustve been at least a hundred and eighty says um, er Do you think linguistic has anything to say to the teaching of ah foreign languages in this country? And I said well yeah P: Mum, he mustve been professor of French or German. S: He was. P: Yeah. S: But I didnt know that and he said um- so I said take somewhere like Lancaster where they have, you know, possibly one of the finest applied linguistics department,and , yet the teaching of English, um Italian and French are in the dark ages. There was this horrible silence and he said well we three troglodytes in the corner over here would like a bit of advice - and the other-the other thing of Sinclair sort of stung me about um which is um I shouldnt have been stung, cos he was obviously on my side and I said, he he said er did I think I had P: Have some, have some coffee Jenny. S: um did I think I had P: please Jenny, its Christmas today you know. S: Hes enjoying himself cos he s taking me apart panel: 审查小组。 put my foot in it: 说错话。 prize blerk: 头号傻瓜(俚语)。 geezer: 怪老头,老家伙(俚语)。 troglodytes: 史前野蛮人。,谈话摘录中的话语特点:,1、Filler 例:and/but/er/um等 作用:取得话语权,保持话语、思路的连贯;,2、Repetition 例: he said he said he said 作用: 回忆谈话内容,保持话语权;,3、Omission/Incompleteness 例:省略号的使用, 作用:方便更快地交流;,4、Slang 例: Prize blerk, Geezer等 作用:表达说话人情感,5、Unclear meaning 例: 作用:,从摘录中可以看出,日常谈话英语出在句法、词汇和语音方面有其独特之处外,还有一些更为复杂的特点,如语义的含混不清、话题的随意变化和语言的不流畅和不精确。,为适应这些特点,我们分六个方面来分析这段谈话: 1、句法结构 2、词汇 3、语音 4、语义 5、话题转变 6、语言流畅性。,1、句法结构,包含四个方面的具体内容: 句子长度及结构、动词词组、名词词组、句子种类。,主要涉及句子划分问题, 主要特点:短小、简单、容易理解、容易组织 划分标准:连接词(and/but等)、谈话人的语调和停顿等,1.1 句子长度及结构,例: S: (Hi) F: (Well), how did you get on Jenny? S: I didnt bloody get it. F: Didnt bloody get it, oh dear. S: I didnt (get it). P: (You probably) swore at the panel. S: I didnt. I did, must admit, I put my foot in it once or twice. F: Well.,日常谈话文体特点:句子短,结构简单。 分析要点:句子数量、单词数量、平均每句话包含单词数、简单句和并列句句数等,1.2 动词词组 本篇摘录特指有虚拟语气的动词词组。,例1: S: well, he said he said he said hed have given it to me if it hadnt been, been for Malaysia, Malay or what Malaysia. (P202) 虚拟语态,一般表示猜测和不肯定,可以缓和语气,使说话人显得谦逊客气。,例2: S: and the other-the other thing of Sinclair sort of stung me about um which is um I shouldnt have been stung, (P203) 被动语态,使用较少。,例3: S: I didnt. I did, must admit, I put my foot in it once or twice. (P202) 本段谈话中,因是叙述往事,故多用一般过去时; 在评论性谈话中,一般现在时比过去时用的多。,分析要点:语态结构(虚拟语态、被动语态等) 时态应用(一般过去时、一般现在时占统治地位),1.3 名词词组 通常是指有修饰的名词,日常谈话文体中,通常包括: 一个成分的名词词组、 多个成分的名词词组,即限定词+主名词, 例: my foot, the corner等;,除形容词外,限定部分有时也可能是介词词组或是简单的修饰从句; 例: P: Mum, he mustve been professor of French or German. (P203),1.4 句子种类 在摘录中,日常谈话文体中的主要句式是陈述句和疑问句,以疑问句为主。,日常谈话中, 疑问句,主要用于双方互相问问题; 例1: F: (Well), how did you get on Jenny?,陈述句,主要用于叙述或评论某事; 例2: S: I didnt bloody get it.,祈使句使用较少。 例3: P: Have some, have some coffee Jenny.,另外,在分析句子种类时,需要注意的是句子中直接引语和间接引语的使用。,直接引语:通常引述原说话人的原始话语内容,及话语形式; 例1: S: well, he said he said he said hed have given it to me if it hadnt been, been for Malaysia, Malay or what Malaysia. (p202),间接引语:通常引述原说话人的话语内容,用词造句可以与原话不同。 例2: S: And I said well yeah (p203) 但在日常谈话中既无必要也不可能(由于记忆的限制)引述原话。,从以上分析中可以看出,,1、日常谈话问题的句法结构的主要特点: 短小、简单、容易理解、容易组织,2、日常交流的目的: 交流、表达思想。,3、谈话过程: 随想随说,无事先准备;说话的同时,既要考虑接下来要说的,也要观察听话人的反应(有无在听,是否感兴趣),进而决定是继续讲下去还是转移话题。因而为照顾全面,日常谈话的语言结构就相对简单,并容易理解。,2、词汇,日常谈话文体用词: (1)特点:短小、简单、易懂 (2)词义方面:非正式的词多、带有感情色彩的词多、夸张性的词多,接下来,我们将从词形、词义两个方面对有关词汇问题进行分析:,2.1 词形,(1)分析要点: 单词数量、单词长度(字母/词素)、词的内部结构,词汇特点: 词汇选择面窄(尤其是动词)多是英语中的基本动词,而且词的重复率高,例: And I said well yeah中,若用answer或reply更为合适确切。,原因: 在日常谈话中,说话人为腾出精力照顾其他方面,不得不把语言形式限制在最简单的程度。,2.2 词义,大量使用非正式的口语化词汇,有时甚至是俚语和禁忌语,这在其他语体中比较少见。,日常谈话中, 除地名、特有或专业名词外,一般都是常见词,以及口语化的词或词组。 例:get, get on, a bit of, would like等,(2) 另外就是带有感情色彩的俚语词、禁忌词和感叹词。 例prize blerk, geezer, bloody, oh dear等,原因: 、谈话气氛随便,无拘束,使用时脱口而出; 、这些词能表达强烈的感情色彩,说话人不用费力去找其他替代词,就 能准确地表达自己的情感。,(3)其次,日常谈话中还有一些特有的词,比如降低感情色彩、缓和语气的词。 例:actually, you know, I mean, sort of, possibly等。,原因:面对面谈话,表示客气、委婉。,(4)最后,日常谈话中,还有一类特殊的词汇,就是夸张词。 例:must have been at least a hundred and eighty dying to go to Malaysia,原因:通过对事实的夸张,来充分表达自己的态度和情感。,3、语音,日常谈话中,有关语音使用的两个显著特点:,、缩写词的使用 例:didnt I, Im, hed, hadnt, shouldnt, shouldve, hes等;,还有一种是,在快读中,把一个多音节词中的某个音节省去,比如:cos(because),,原因:,、日常谈话语速很快,一些不重要的词的弱读音节会被带过,失去了应有的音值;,、谈话人只注重谈话的内容大意,而内容大意主要由动词、名词、形容词、副词表 达, 相比之下,助动词、代词、介词显得不那么重要,因而,弱读就常常出现 在这些词中;,、话语的重叠,在两人对话时,一个人快要结束,另一个人即将开始时,有时会出现话语重叠现象。,例: S: (Hi) F: (Well), how did you get on Jenny? S: I didnt bloody get it. F: Didnt bloody get it, oh dear. S: I didnt (get it). P: (You probably) swore at the panel. 括号中出现的就是话语重叠的部分。,带来的反应: 语调上升、语速加快,,原因: 两人(或第二个说话人)为取得发言权,4、语义,主要表现在三个方面: (1)指示词、 (2)不完全表述、 (3)背景知识介绍不足;,日常谈话文体在语义方面的主要特点,就是意义上的不确切性,、指示词,包括:指前代词(anaphoric),比如:the one, it等; 与外部世界有关的指示代词,比如:this, that, here等;,例1:I didnt bloody get it. It 指代的内容,只有谈话人双方了解,不了解内情的人就无从得知; 例2:He took me aside. He指代的人物同样无从得知。,虽然在英语中使用代词时,需要提前限定说明;但是,在日常谈话中,这些不确定性,并不影响谈话人双方的正常交谈,因为双方已经提前知道这些代词明确的指代内容;如果重复加以说明,反倒会影响说话人双方的正常交谈。,、不完全表述,谈话人在一句话或一段话没有说完时,又转说另外一句话,留下来的不完整句子;,例: S:cos he was obviously on my side and I said, he he said er did I think I had P: Have some, have some coffee Jenny. S: um did I think I had P: please Jenny, its Christmas today you know. S: Hes enjoying himself cos he s taking me apart,但是这些不完整,并没有阻碍双方的谈话,因为这些不完整和空白,会在面对面的交流中,通过其他方式进行补充;,比如: 、通过说话人的表情、手势、指示等, 、说话人双方共同的背景知识, 、听话人对不确切内容进行提问,让说话人加以说明;,(3)、背景知识介绍不足,但是这一点通常是对局外人而言,对谈话人来说,常常是不多不少正合适。,比如,在这段谈话中, 说的是什么事, 与马来西亚有什么关系, 说话人与法语系、德语系是什么关系, Sinclair是什么人等等。,谈话人双方都了解,但是局外人无从得知,因而这种不确定性,通常是针对局外人说的。,5、话题转变,日常谈话,通常是随想随说的即席谈话,没有事先准备和计划,因而话题转变也就没有固定方向,谈话结构也没有确定格式。,例:S:cos he was obviously on my side and I said, he he said er did I think I had P: Have some, have some coffee Jenny. S: um did I think I had P: please Jenny, its Christmas today you know. S: Hes enjoying himself cos he s taking me apart,在例子中,话题就很突然的从面试转到咖啡,又转到圣诞节。,在逻辑上,虽然话题上没有什么必然联系,但交流仍在继续,而且在日常谈话中,也常常出现类似情况。,6、语言流畅性,日常谈话,不同于新闻广播、演讲、报告,语言不流畅十分正常,如果过于流畅,则反而会引起人们注意,或是被人认为是有提前准备。 所以,不流畅是日常谈话的正常现象,我们称之为“正常不流畅现象”(normal influency)。,正常不流畅现象可以分成两类:,(1)时间上的不流畅 比如:不适当的停顿、犹豫,用大量的er或um来拖延时间,反复重复一个词或词组等。,例:S: well, he said he said he said hed have given it to me,这些不流畅通常是因为需要思考、或是回忆原话。,(2)、质量上的不流畅 比如:不规范的用法,或是明显的错误。,原因:,、日常谈话气氛放松随便,不会自觉注意自己语言的用法,所以会出现一些被认为是不标准但又普遍使用的用法; 例:S: yet the teaching of English, um Italian and French are in the dark ages.,、时间上的压力,比如有时倒不过舌头,会把音发错。 最著名的例子就是把dear old queen说成queer old dean等。,还有一种不流畅: 是句子结构上出现错误,比如前面我们说到的不完整的句子和在句子中间改换句子结构的,这里不再重复说明。,以上就是我们从句法结构、词汇、语音、语义、话题转变、语言流畅性六个方面,对谈话文体对应的不同特点进行的分析,由此可以看出谈话文体的独特性:简单但不失明了,模糊但不失准确,停顿但不失流畅。,第二节 即席解说,即席解说的范围很广,有对体育赛事的解说,有对游行、集会、葬礼等公开事件的解说,或是对一些重大事件的解说等。,不同类型的解说,会对所使用的语言产生不同的影响。 但是无论何种解说,都是口头的解说。在解说中,讲解人与听众 之间的关系及社会距离都是基本一样的。,解说的目的:让听众了解情况的发展; 解说的性质:描述性解说 从而让听众得到与现场观众类似的经历。,这就需要解说员具有: (1)、高超的语言能力:表达准确清楚,语速快慢得当; 能把事情说清楚,使听众能弄清发生的事情、人物的活动 (2)、描述具有感染力,本节中,我们只对大家熟悉的电台球类比赛解说进行分析研究,从中找出一些有代表性的规律。,我们用来分析的例子是从灵格风上摘下来的一段假想的球赛解说。,解说背景 这是一段足球解说,解说人的口音是标准的英国音,使用的是标准英语方 言。原文的前半部分是介绍背景和场地,在这里从略。 我们分析的范文从开球开始。,范文大致分两部分: 第一部分(第125句)是解说现场比赛情况; 第二部分(第2633句)是利用赛事暂停时间对比赛进行评论。 这两类成分是球类解说中最常见的两个主要组成部分,因此通过分析即可对球赛解说语言有一大概了解。,接下来我们将从句法结构、词汇、语音、篇章结构四个方面进行分析。,A Football Commentary (1) And the ball goes out of play for a goal-kick to Arsenal. (2) Gould, the Arsenal goalkeeper, places the ball, runs up and boots it well upfield to Smart, the outside-left. (3) Smart traps it neatly and set off at a cracking pace up the left wing. (4) Hunts there with him now, out on the left, on the far side of the field. (5) And at the moment the Wolves defence is looking rather disorganised. (6) Smart to Hunt. (7) Hunt takes the ball forward quickly, cutting inside towards the Wolverhampton goal. (8) The center-half comes across and tries to intercept him, but Hunt slips past and quickly pushes the ball out to Smart again, whos still making ground up the left wing. (9) Now Smart. (10) He gathers the ball right on the touchline and brings it almost to the corner-flag. (11) Wolves right-back is with him now. (12) Tackles; but Smart beats him, bring the ball clear, and now hes looking for the center-forward. (13) Hes still holding on to it. (14) Whats he going to do? (15) Hell lose it if hes not careful. (16) No! (17) He swings it across the goalmouth, hard and higha beautiful center!,(18) And Johnsons right there: the center-forwards there; and hes unmarked; and he jumps; he gets his head to it andoh! What a goal! (19)What a beautiful goal! (20) The Wolves goalie just didnt stand a chance with that one. (21)Johnson took it beautifully. (22) Headed it like a bullet into the top left-hand corner of the net. (23) Well, theres the first goal. (24) Arsenal have opened scoring, and as they make their way back to the centre-spot the crowed are still roaring their approval. (25) And the whistles gone for a foul. (26) And it looks as if it was Parsons. (27) Yes, the referees coming across to him and hes taking out his book. (28) Yes, hes taking Parsons name now, and I should think it was because of that rather heavy tackle. (29) I must say Parson is unlucky to be booked for that, because hes had to put up with quite a bit of rough play from Jones this afternoon. (30) Hes been marking Jones very closely, almost shutting him out of the game; and I think Jones has tended to get just a little rough as a result. (31) But now Parsons has retaliated a bit too strongly, and hes ended up by having his name taken.,(32) This is quite a serious matter for Parsons, because hes already had his name taken three times this season, and although the Disciplinary Committee let him off with a caution on the first three occasions, he may well get suspended this time. (33) And now the referee is placing the ball for a free kick to Wolves. - The Linguaphone Institute, Advanced English Course,1、句法结构,特点:结构简单,易说易懂,分析要点:句子结构、动词词组、名词词组、句子类型。,1.1 句子结构 从范文来看,解说英语的句子短, 结构简单 分析要点:句子数量、单词数量、平均单句含词量,(1)从表中可以看出,33句中有31句的含词量在30个词以下,而且第一部分中含词量低的句子的比重比第二部分要搞。第一部分中含有20个以下词的句子占本部分全部句数的88%, 而第二部分中20个以下词的句子则仅占本部分全部拘束的62.5%。,原因: 第一部分主要是解说比赛的高潮情况,时间紧,内容多,压力大,而且全部是描述 性解说; 第二部分是利用赛事暂停的空隙所做的评论和背景介绍。时间越紧,内容越多,句 子也就相应越短;反之,句子会长一些。,(2)从句子结构来看 范文中的33个句子以简单句为主,有一部分并列句,复合句较少。 其中,有一个时态动词的有12句,两个时态动词的有2句,三个时态动词的有1句。 小句有5句。 简单句和小句在总句数中占60.6%。 还有9个并列句。 使用并列句的原因: and/but 并列起来的句子,结构简单,不会增加听众的理解负担,以及讲话人的组句负担。,1.2 动词词组,特点:, 词组非常简单,大多只有一个主要动词;, 以一般现在时、进行时为主要的动词形式; 原因:解说时介绍即时发生的事件 而且是比赛越激烈,发展越快,动词词组就越简单,现在时的 使用也越频繁。, 被动语态的使用很少见; 原因:解说员是随着比赛发展的前后顺序进行解说的,即必须把看到 的东西马上说出来,不能而且也没有时间进行存储。,解说员首先看到的是动作的发生者,然后是动作,最后才是动作的接受者,这和英语的正常语序是一致的。 如果使用被动语态,会使用N+be+V+by+N这样的句式,和N+V+N的句式包含的信息一样多,但是很不经济,而且要等到全部动作完成以后才能开始组句,这样就不能适应迅速发展变化的比赛需要,因此主动语态就显出例它的优势。,1.3 名词词组,特点: 词组极为简单,大多只有一个、两个成分; 词组成分排列基本上是前置修饰,个别后置修饰也是较短的介词词 组,没有长而复杂的后置修饰成分 优点:节省时间,表达精炼。,1.4 句子类型,特点:, 主要是陈述句,同时有一定数量的感叹句; 原因:解说目的是叙述正在发生的事情,需要使用大量的陈述句; 而感叹句,则是比赛高潮时解说员表达自己感情的一种方式 ,同时这种句式可以有效地感染听众,给人以身临其境的感觉。, 祈使句极为少见; 原因:解说员无法和听众直接交流,也没有需要让听众做什么事情;, 疑问句的使用 例:范文中“Whats he going to do?” 这个问题是解说员向自己提出的问题,并且在后面自己做出了回答。 使用疑问句的原因: 增加悬念,提高听众的兴趣,引起听众的注意。,2、词汇,特点: 结构简单,专用术语、人名队名出现频率高,动词比重大,无意义的词或词组少。,分析要点:, 词长(较短)、, 词素(大多是单词素)、, 常见词、, 动词范围(较大,原因:描述精确、引起兴趣)、, 人名、队名、专用术语的出现率(很高,帮助听众了解比赛情况以及 哪个队员的相关动作; 专用术语的使用必不可少,因为比赛中的一些 物体或区域都是特有的,必须使用专有词来描述。 比如: goal-kick, outside-left, corner-flag, goalie等。), 动词比重(较大,尤其是动作动词的比重较大), 动词数量(很多)、, 形容词和副词的比重 (不很多,而且主要是形容时间顺序和方位、方 向的,带有主观判断和感情色彩的词比较少。 原因:解说文体,是客观描述性文体。), 无意义的词或词组 (很少见,比如: you know, I mean, em, ah等 原因:没有很多空闲时间,训练中也要可以避免的,而且解说需要肯 定确切,让听众对解说有信心。),3、语音,特点:语流速度很快、发音清楚、音量很大、语调起伏很大。 原因:解说的实际需要;照顾听众听力;拉动听众,给听众以观众的感觉;,4、语义,特点:, 语义清楚、避免混乱; 例:“Smart to Hunt, Hunt takes the ball” 解说员重复使用“Hunt”,而非“he”,避免造成混乱。, 即使有省略,在意义传达方面也是明确的; 例1:“Smart to Hunt, Hunt takes the ball” “Smart to Hunt” 省略了动词,但意义还是明确的,即”Smart passes the ball to Hunt”, 而非”Smart runs to Hunt”或其他别的 意思。 例2:”hes taking out his book” “book”指的是记录队员严重犯规次数的记录本,而非其他东西,并能 从此推断出该队员受到了黄牌警告。, 主要使用朴素的语言来讲解比赛的情况 但有时为了解说更加生动形象,引起听众兴趣,解说员偶尔也使用一些比喻形容的语言,尤其是在讲述精彩场面时 例:”Headed it like a bullet.”,5、篇章结构,特点:遵照事件发生的先后顺序、但有时会出现停顿、中断、继续;篇章 结构比较松散 原因:解说实际需要,适应赛场情况变化;,由于解说的特定目的要求,解说问题明确易懂,结构简单;同时由于是娱乐性质,因而语言并不古板正式;富于口语化,但不随便;语流速度快,语义明确清楚;也正是这些因素,从而形成了解说文体独特的语言风格。,第三节 公众演讲,广义的公众演讲包括:宗教的讲道,教师讲的大课,公众集会演讲;,不同类型的公众演讲受内容、听众、目的等不同因素影响,各自的语言也具有独特的风格。 比如: 讲道:引经据典,语言陈旧,但虔诚正式; 讲课:语言科学严谨,简单易懂; 集会:注重激发感情,善用修辞手段;,尽管各自之间差别明显,但它们之间仍有一些共同点: 1、都是在公开场合对各行各业的听众进行的演讲; 2、都是通过口头表达; 3、都是经过事先准备,大部分具有演讲稿;,本节从比较典型的公众演讲公众集会上的演讲中选出两篇进行详细分析,以期从中找出一些具有代表性的特点。,1、演讲对象:听众范围广大 2、演讲传播途径:声音 (没有反复的互相交流,表达、理解都是一次性的) 3、演讲成败标准:演讲的即时效果 (使听众既感到亲切,又不会过分亲切) 4、演讲语言形式、风格:受演讲人背景(职业、性别、文化程度), 演讲内容,演讲目的,演讲对象,社会关系,演讲稿等因素影响;,我们用来分析的两篇范文,一是美国总统罗斯福的第一任总统就职演说,另一篇是美国著名民权运动领袖马丁路德金的著名演说。,Franklin D. Roosevelts First Inaugural Address (March 4, 1933) President Hoover, Mr. Chief Justice, my friends: (1)This is a day of national consecration, and I am certain that my fellew Americans except that on my induction which the present situation of our nation impels. (2)This is pre-eminently the time to speak the truth, the whole truth, frankly and boldly. (3) Nor need we shrink from honestly facing conditions in our country today. (4) This great nation will endure as it has endured, will revive, and will prosper. (5) So, first of all, let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itselfnameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror which paralyzes needed efforts to convert retreat into advance. (6) In every dark hour of our national life a leadership of frankness and vigor has met with that understanding and support of the people themselves which is essential to victory. (7) I am convinced that you will again give that support to leadership in these critical days.,Martin Luther King, Jr.s “I Have a Dream” Speech (August 28, 1963) (1) I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation. (2) Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. (3) This momentous decree came as the great beacon light of hope for millions of Negro slaves who had been scared in the flames of withering injustice. (4) It came as the joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity. (5) But one hundred years later the Negro still is not free. (6) One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is till badly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. (7) One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. (8) One hundred years later, the Negro is still languishing in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land. (9) So we have come here today to dramatize a shameful condition. (10) In a sense weve come to our nations capital to cash a check. (11) When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. (12) This note was,a promise that all men, yes, black men as well as white men, should be guaranteed the unalienable rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. (13) It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note insofar as her citizens of colors are concerned. (14) Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back marked “Insufficient Funds.” (15) But we refuse to believe the bank of justice is bankrupt. (16) We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation. (17) So we have come to cash this check, a check that will give us upon demand, the riches of freedom and the security of justice. (18) We have also come to this hallowed spot to remind America of the fierce urgency of now. ,这两篇演说的演讲者都是受过教育的人,都处于领袖地位,两个演讲的听众都是范围很广的各界群众,因而有很大的可比性。同时两个人演讲的内容不同,风格不同,因而两者共同的特点,就更具有代表性。,本节只对两篇演讲的开头部分进行分析,分析要点: 句法结构 词汇 语音 语义 修辞手段 篇章,1、句法结构 特点:正式,具有严肃性、可靠性,演讲文体介于口语和书面语之间。,1.1 句子结构 分析要点:词数、句数、平均句子词数,,特点: (1)句子长度增加、句子结构复杂; (2)复合句较多、动词不定式和动名词使用频繁; (3)以状语开始的句子数量大大增加;,例:罗斯福: (6) In every dark hour of our national life a leadership of frankness and vigor has met with that understanding and support of the people themselves which is essential to victory. 原因: 使听众能更加注意句子的主要部分,起强调作用,与演讲的条件和目的相一致。,1.2 动词词组 分析要点:时态、语态,两者的使用主要受演讲内容的影响。,一般现在时占主要地位, 第一个演讲中,没有过去时,两个完成时,五个将来时; 第二个演讲中,八个过去时,八个完成时,两个将来时;,原因: 两个演讲的着重点不同: 罗斯福讲话的重点在将来,给人一定的许诺,要求人们做一些事情,所以将来时较多; 马丁路德金的讲话重点在过去,回顾历史,重温往事,因而过去时和完成时较多。,1.3 名词词组 特点: (1)演讲文体句子结构的复杂,大部分因为名词后置修饰成分复杂; (2)常常能用前置修饰的,也转换成后置修饰;,例:罗斯福:(6) a leadership of frankness and vigor 本可以说成 frank and vigorous leadership 原因: 用后置修饰代替前置修
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