英语报刊阅读教程unit9EnergyandPowerEngineering.ppt

Unit Nine,Energy and Power Engineering,Titles,Passage 1 Japan: Building Nuclear Safety Culture Will Take Long Time Passage 2 The Price of Coal in China: Can China Fuel Growth without Warming the World? Passage 3 How the U. S. Federal Government Pushes Energy Efficiency On Itself,Passage 1,Japan: Building Nuclear Safety Culture Will Take Long Time Before Reading Global Reading Detailed Reading After Reading Translation,Before Reading (The Introduction of Background Information),Fukushima Nuclear Disaster Tokyo Electric Power Company LNG,Before Reading,Fukushima Nuclear Disaster 福岛核电站(Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant)是目前世界上最大的核电站，由福岛一站、福岛二站组成，共10台机组(一站6台，二站4台)，均为沸水堆。福岛第一核电站(Fukushima-Daiichi nuclear plant)福岛核电站的第一站。,Before Reading,Fukushima Nuclear Disaster 福岛第一核电厂事故是肇因于2011年3月11日在日本宫城县东方外海发生的规模矩震级9.0级地震、与紧接引起的海啸。海啸摧毁了福岛第一核电站的备用冷却系统，导致三个核反应堆完全崩溃，其中一个核装置的爆炸使得大量放射性物质被泄露到大气层中, 这起历史上第二严重的核灾难迫使数万当地居民背井离乡，这也是1986年切尔诺贝利核电厂事故以来最严重的核子事故。日本政府随后关闭了全国所有20个核反应堆。,Before Reading,Tokyo Electric Power Company 东京电力公司创立于1951年，是日本一家集发电、输电和配电于一体的大型电力企业，承担了日本近1/6的电力供应份额。它是日本收入最高的电力公司，也是全球最大的民营核电商。在2011年311日本本州岛海域地震中，东京电力公司因处理核电站核泄漏事故不力表现糟糕广受各方争议。,Before Reading,LNG 液化天然气(Liquefied Natural Gas，简称LNG)，主要成分是甲烷，被公认是地球上最干净的能源。无色、无味、无毒且无腐蚀性，其体积约为同量气态天然气体积的1/625，液化天然气的重量仅为同体积水的45%左右。其制造过程是先将气田生产的天然气净化处理，经一连串超低温液化后，利用液化天然气船运送。燃烧后对空气污染非常小，而且放出热量大，所以液化天然气相对比较环保。,Global Reading,Structure of the passage Text Analysis,Global Reading,Part Division of the Text,Global Reading,Text Analysis The news belongs to news reporting （消息报道 ）. The title is directly telling the readers the theme of the news. In the lead or introductory part, the essential information of the news is well presented in the first sentence of the first paragraph which gives the readers a clear idea of the point of the news. It can catch the readers interests immediately and echoes the title. In the body part, the current situation of the Fukushima plant is introduced followed by the elaboration of the social and economic consequences of the nuclear disaster to Japan. In the concluding part, the Nuclear Regulation Authority stressed the importance of the new nuclear safety regulations.,尽管新闻的种类繁多，分类的标准各异，但是，它们都必须通过记者按不同的报道形式即新闻体裁（news style）予以采写。就我国读者阅读英语报刊的基本情况而言，新闻体裁主要可分为四大类：消息报道（news reporting）、特写（feature）、社论（editorial）和广告（advertisement）,Detailed Reading,Content Questions Vocabulary,Content Questions,1. Why did the earthquake and tsunami in March 2011 trigger the worlds worst nuclear crisis in 25 years? In para.1. Because the Fukushima-Daiichi nuclear plant was destroyed in the earthquake and tsunami, leaking radiation into the sea and air. 2. What is the purpose of the new rules which will take effect? In para.1. The new rules aim to avoid a repeat of the Fukushima nuclear disaster that occurred in 2011.,3. How many reactors were running after the nuclear crisis in Japan? In para. 4. Only two of Japans 50 reactors were running. 4. According to the poll in June, what was the attitude of the most Japanese people? In para. 4. According to the poll 59 percent of respondents were opposed to the new governments plans to use nuclear power to help turn the economy around.,5. What kinds of energies have the utilities been forced to turn to after the disaster? In para. 5. The utilities have been forced to turn to fossil fuels instead, especially costly liquefied natural gas (LNG).,Vocabulary,1. tsunami：tsunm n. 海啸 Because of the complicated interactions with the coast as wave after wave strikes, experts said the impact of a tsunami can be highly variable. 专家说，由于海浪一波接一波地冲击时与海岸之间产生复杂的相互作用，海啸的影响大小存在很大变数。,2. trigger:trg v. 引发，引起；触发 n. 扳机；电子 触发器；制滑机 It can cause breathing problems, trigger asthma, reduce lung function and cause lung diseases. 它可导致呼吸问题、引发哮喘、降低肺功能并引起肺部疾病。,3. regulation:regjle()n n. 管理；规则；校准 Any regulation is only as good as the sincerity and success of its implementation. 任何管理规定只有真诚而成功地实施，它们才是好的。,4. stringent:strn(d)()nt adj. 严厉的；迫切的；银根紧的 The government also is phasing in stringent fuel economy standards to reduce petroleum consumption in transportation. 政府也逐步采纳严格的燃料经济标准，以期减少交通运输消耗的石油。,5. meltdown:meltdan n. 灾难；彻底垮台；熔化；暴跌 Therefore Beijing does have sufficient resources to prevent a systemic meltdown of the economy, at least in the short term. 所以，至少从短期而言，北京方面确实具有防止其经济出现系统性崩溃的充足资源。,6. ravage:rvd v. 毁坏；破坏；掠夺 n. 蹂躏，破坏 Drought, crop failure, livestock deaths, and human starvation ravage the Horn of Africa in the worst food security crisis experienced in decades. 在数十年来最恶劣的食品安全危机中，干旱、作物欠收、牲畜死亡和人类饥荒无情地践踏着非洲之角。,7. poll:pl n. 投票；民意测验；投票所 v. 投票；剪短；对进行民意测验 The poll indicates that roughly half the country says that conditions have not improved in the past two years. 这个调查表明，大体上这个国家有半数人认为，在过去两年中经济状况没有改善。,8. reactor:rkt n. 化工 反应器；核 反应堆；起反应的人 If the containment structure around the reactor is not strong enough, the fuel potentially could be exposed to the outside environment, and can have devastating consequences for nearby communities. 如果反应堆的外壳结构不够坚固的话，那么燃料就有可能泄露到外面的环境，这将会对周围的地区产生毁灭性的结果。,After Reading,Exercises : True or False Statement Translation,True or False Statement,Do the statements below agree with the information in the passage. Write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information,True or False Statement,1. The earthquake and the tsunami directly made the radiation leak into the sea and air. (F) 2. According to the chairman Shunichi Tanaka to change the nuclear safety culture, they need day-to-day efforts. (T) 3. Tokyo Electric Power Co. has successfully handled the contain leaks and power cuts at its ravaged plant. (F),4. Former governments failure in December is partly because of the decision to restart the rest reactors. (T) 5. The fall in the value of the yen means the utilities face a fuel import bill of 12 billion yen this business year. (F),Translation,Translate the following sentence into Chinese. The Nuclear Regulation Authority admitted that the awareness of the dangers related to working with nuclear technology had been weak prior to the disaster, and it said that it hoped new standards would force the companies to change their approach.,Key to Translation,核监管局承认灾难发生前对于使用核技术的相关危险意识不足，同时希望新标准能敦促公司改变行事方式。,Translation,日本：建立核安全文化将是长期工程 东京-日本核管机构周四称提升核安全文化至国际标准将“需要很长一段时间”。这份评估是在新规则生效前发布的，而新规则正是旨在避免2011年3月福岛核泄漏的悲剧重现。地震和海啸使得近2万人丧生，福岛核电站的被毁也引发了25年来世界上最严重的核危机，这导致了核辐射蔓延至海洋和空气中。,日本核监管局承认在灾难发生前对相关核技术的危险认识不足，并且声称他们希望新的标准将敦促有关公司改变其行事方式。该局委员长田中俊一对记者说：“这些新的规章条例包括极其严厉的要求，从业者如果不改变他们的安全理念的话将无法适应。”“我们需要一个较长的时间来改变这种操作安全文化，但是逐日的努力终会达到这些严格的标准，最终也会让安全文化和理念有大的改进。”,东京电力公司-福岛核电站运营商出现了三处泄露。关西电力公司和其它三家在列的核电站运营商称在新规则生效后它们会重新启动。田中拒绝评论东京电力公司是否仍有资质运营核设备，因为东京电力公司仍在被毁的厂区内苦苦应对核泄露及停电问题。他补充说，该公司是否会被放行取决于实施细则。,虽然上届政府去年开启反应堆的决定遭到了几十年来最大的抗议，该决定也导致了其十二月大选的失利，不过日本五十个个反应堆中仍有两个在运行中。朝日新闻六月民意调查结果显示，59%的受访民众反对新政府利用核能扭转经济的计划。,没有了反应堆的运行，一些电力设备只能转向矿物燃料做为代替，特别是昂贵的液化天然气。据最新政府研究表明，日元的贬值意味着这个经济年度他们面临着高达3.8万亿的进口燃料账单，比福岛核辐射的前一年多出一倍。,东京独立能源分析师Tom OSullivan认为，核监管局寻求的可以应对世界上最恶劣的地震和海啸的升级措施预计将使这个产业花费120亿美元。田中强调新的监管机构必须尽其所能推行新的规章条例。“我们有着极大的权威和权力。如果运营公司不遵守我们的规章制度，他们不能再进行经营，更别说重启反应堆了。”,Passage 2,The Price of Coal in China: Can China Fuel Growth without Warming the World? Before Reading Global Reading Detaied Reading After Reading Translation,Before Reading (Background Information),Greenhouse Gas Emission NDRC UNFCCC,Before Reading,Greenhouse Gas Emission 由于人类活动或者自然形成的温室气体，如：水汽(H2O)、氟利昂、二氧化碳(CO2)、氧化亚氮(N2O)、甲烷(CH4)、臭氧(O3)、氧化亚氮、氢氟碳化物、全氟碳化物、六氟化硫等的排放。温室气体排放来源多为世界重工业发展产生，温室气体一旦超出大气标准，便会造成温室效应，使全球气温上升，威胁人类生存。因此，控制温室气体排放已成为全人类面临的一个主要问题。,Before Reading,NDRC 国家发展和改革委员会(National Development and Reform Commission)：作为国务院的职能机构，是综合研究拟订经济和社会发展政策，进行总量平衡，指导总体经济体制改革的宏观调控部门。,Before Reading,NDRC 其能源研究所是综合研究中国能源问题的国家级研究机构，以国家宏观能源经济与区域能源经济、能源产业发展、能源技术政策、能源供需预测、能源安全、能源与环境、节能与提高能源效率、可再生能源和替代能源发展等与经济社会发展相关的能源经济问题为主要研究方向。,Before Reading,UNFCCC 联合国气候变化框架公约（United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change，简称框架公约，英文缩写UNFCCC) 是1992年5月22日联合国政府间谈判委员会就气候变化问题达成的公约，于1992年6月4日在巴西里约热内卢举行的联合国环发大会（地球首脑会议）上通过。 联合国气候变化框架公约是世界上第一个为全面控制二氧化碳等温室气体排放，以应对全球气候变暖给人类经济和社会带来不利影响的国际公约，也是国际社会在对付全球气候变化问题上进行国际合作的一个基本框架。,Global Reading,Structure Text Analysis,Global Reading (Part Division of the Text),Text Analysis,1. In the lead or introduction part, the author uses examples and statistics to brings up the central idea of the news which are convincing and attractive. 2. In the body part, the author firstly describes the current situation of the fuel consumption in China and the difficulties China encounters in the emission reduction and then the author analyze the reasons for the problems. 3. In the conclusion part, the solutions of the emission reduction are provided.,Detailed Reading,Content Questions Vocabulary,Content Questions,1. Which country is the worlds largest emitter of greenhouse gases now? In para. 1. China is now the worlds largest emitter of greenhouse gases. 2. What is the energy consumption goal for China to achieve by 2020? In para. 1. The Chinese government has committed to reducing its CO2 emissions per economic unit by at least 40 percent by 2020.,3. What kinds of measures did the NDRC adopt to meet the 40 percent reduction goal? In para. 2. The NDRC has restricted coal-burning at Dandong and other power plants, part of the agencys plan to reduce national coal consumption by 4.9 million metric tons. Other efficient measures include keeping the lights off inside the plant at night. 4. Which Department is responsible for the command and control of Chinas energy consumption? In para. 5. The National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) commands and controls the energy consumption in China.,5. Is it possible that the nuclear and renewable energy will replace coal in China in near future? In paras. 7&8. No. Coal accounts for more than 70 percent of all of Chinas energy and for the foreseeable future, coal will continue to take up a big part of our energy mix.,Vocabulary,1. unprecedented:npresdentd adj. 空前的；无前例的 If there is any good to come out of these crises, it is that we have an unprecedented opportunity to reshape the rules and institutions that guide the international economy. 如果说这次危机可以带来一些好处的话，那就是我们获得一个空前的良机，去重塑带领国际经济体系的规条和机构。,2. surge:sd n. 大浪；汹涌澎湃；巨涌 v. 激增；汹涌；使颠簸 In anticipation of a demand surge, the oil majors have started opening their wallets for expensive gas projects like gas liquefaction plants and pricey gas shale wells. 由于预期需求将激增,石油业巨头已开始斥资投入昂贵的天然气项目,比如天然气液化厂和昂贵的天然气页岩井.。,3. noxious:nks adj. 有害的；有毒的；败坏道德的；讨厌的 At the turn of the century battery-powered vehicles were a common sight on city streets, because they were quiet and did not emit any noxious fumes. 在上世纪之交，电池驱动的汽车成为城市里的街道一景，因为它们行驶安静而且不排放有毒烟气。,4. gravity:grvt n. 重力，地心引力；严重性；庄严 If there is no charge on the plate, these droplets will simply fall under gravity. 如果在板子上没有电荷，这些液滴就只会由于重力掉下。,4. wreck:rek n. 破坏；失事；残骸v. 破坏；拆毁 失事；营救失事船只 In Cambodia and East Timor warfare and hardship wreck education systems and send millions into exile. 在柬埔寨和东帝汶，战争和艰苦的环境破坏了教育体系并使数百万人流离失所。,Vocabulary,5. aggregate:grgt v. 聚集；合计n. 合计；集合体 adj. 聚合的；集合的 Some modules and submodules collect data from run time entities, while the others aggregate the data over the run time entities. 一些模块和子模块是从运行时实体收集数据的，另一些聚集来自这些运行时实体的数据。,6. mandate:mndet n. 授权；命令；受命进行的工作 v. 授权；托管 Moreover, with the signing of the law, FDA will for the first time have a congressional mandate for risk-based inspection of food processing facilities. 更加重要的是，随着法律的签署，食品药品管理局将首次拥有国会授权，对食品加工企业进行风险检查。,7. contour:knt n. 轮廓；等高线；周线；电路；概要 v. 画轮廓 Coke developed its iconic contour bottle, got big name endorsements and expanded to Europe. 可口可乐开发了标志性的经典玻璃轮廓瓶，获得了广泛的认可，开始向欧洲发展进军。,After Reading,Exercises : True or False Statement Translation,True or False Statement,Do the statements below agree with the information in the passage. Write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information,True or False Statement,1. China is now the worlds largest emitter of greenhouse gases, along with all the other poisonous by-products of papermaking. (F) 2. Dandongs share of the consumption cut goal was met largely through efficiency measures. (T) 3. Chinas energy demand has doubled since 1990, and between 2000 and 2007 Chinas energy demand grew as much as all of North Americas energy demand combined. (F),4. The United States is the worlds largest emitter of greenhouse gases and China is the second. (F) 5. Coal will be abandoned in Chinas energy mix for the foreseeable future. (F),Translation,The NDRC also effectively sets energy pricesranging from the price paid for coal mined in Shanxi to the fee paid to operators of wind farms in Inner Mongolia as part of its mission “to maintain the aggregate balance and overall control of important commodities.“,Key to Translation,为了“确保综合平衡和对重要商品的总体控制”， 发改委工作任务的一部分是有效的制定各种能源价格，包括在山西煤炭开采的价格，以及支付给内蒙古风电场运营商的费用。,Translation,中国的煤价： 中国的燃料增长会不会给世界加温？ 多亏有了丹东的工厂以及无数类似这样的工厂，中国现正处于空前的经济增长中，也有着前所未有的能源消耗，主要依靠烧煤。煤是中国的燃料动力，而且短时间内不会改变。煤为中国提供了超过了70%的能源，而且在可见的将来也是如此，这对温室气体排放和其他空气污染不是一个好消息，因此中国现在是世界上最大的温室气体排放国，还伴着煤燃烧带来的其他有毒副产品。同时，中国政府承诺在2020年前将把二氧化碳的排放量每经济单位减少至少40%。国家发展与改革委员会（国家发改委）肩负起了这个重任，该政府机构制定了基本的中国能源和工业政策。,比如，为了达到40%的减排目标，国家发改委限制了丹东及其他发电厂的煤炭燃烧，这是该机构计划的一部分-把国家的煤消耗降低490万公吨。丹东电厂的减耗量为7,4000公吨-丹东电厂副经理石春（音）称通过有效的措施该工厂已大体完成这个目标，包括甚至晚上关闭厂区内的照明。,但是目前有效措施也只能仅限于此了，因为中国现在的任务是让几千万的居民脱贫致富。圣地亚哥加州大学研究亚洲及能源的专家Mikkal Herberg说：“中国已成为世界能源需求的中心。”“在过去20年，世界70%的能源需求增长都在亚洲，中国占据了其中的超过40%。”事实上，自1990年以来，中国的能源需求已经翻了三倍，而且在2000年至2007年间，中国的能源需求增长几乎是整个南美能源需求的总和。“他们在那个时期制造了一个新的大洲的能源需求。”,随着中国第12个五年计划马上要接近尾声，问题是：中国政府能否在继续发展经济的同时不破坏全球环境? 一直在中国研究其节能措施长达24年的加州劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室高级研究员Mark Levine 提出：“中国的二氧化碳排放会不会侵害整个世界？这是个严重的问题。”,能源使用是经济发展的核心-在中国这不仅简单意味着需要消耗更多的煤，还同时需要找到能够更有效和清洁使用它们的方法。国家发改委监管和敦促这个国家的快速发展，以及最近减少温室气体排放的自主努力，还有在国际会议上的谈判磋商，比如作为缔约方加入今年于墨西哥坎昆举行的联合国气候变化框架公约。为了“确保综合平衡和对重要商品的总体控制”， 发改委工作任务的一部分是有效的制定各种能源价格，包括在山西煤炭开采的价格，以及支付给内蒙古风电场运营商的费用。同时国家发改委管理一些授权-例如用更大型先进的锅炉代替小旧低效的设备，或者把重工业从城市中心转移到工业园区-这些举措确实能改变中国城市天空的颜色和周边的景象。,中国最近成立的国家能源局局长张（音）通过翻译称：“在中国经济发展的这个特殊时期，我们的经济结构的重心更多在工业上。我们的经济发展才进行短短三十年，现在我们面临来自国际社会关于环境保护的巨大的压力。”,煤占据中国能源消耗的7成多，包括发电，还有供给大型化工厂把又脏又黑的岩石转化成液体燃料。据美国能源信息管理局报告，中国煤的消耗量比美国欧洲和日本的总和还要多-2009年达到了30亿公吨。而且随着中国风电场，核电厂和其他发电设备的增长速度超过了世界上任何一个地方，煤负责其中超过80%的发电，这也是中国超越美国成为世界上最大的温室气体排放国的主要原因。”,张局长称：“中国面临着很大的减排压力。所以对我们来说很有必要分配使用清洁煤燃烧技术。“近期我们的首要任务就是在能源组合中提高核能和可再生能源的使用比例，或者将两者结合-不包括水坝-现在这两者仅占中国供电量的不足3%。但是在可见的未来，煤炭仍然是我们能源消耗组合的主体。”,Passage 3,How the U. S. Federal Government Pushes Energy Efficiency On Itself Before Reading Global Reading Detailed Reading After Reading Translation,Before Reading (The Introduction of Background Information,James Forrestal Building DOC President Obamas Energy Program,James Forrestal Building,詹姆士福斯特大楼是一栋位于华盛顿的低层建筑群，被戏称为“小五角大楼”。该楼建于1965至1969年间，以第一任美国国防部长名命名。1977年美国能源部成立后成为其总部。,James Forrestal Building,它包括三栋建筑：东楼有8层，北楼有4层，西楼有2层，而这三栋建筑由地下的 两层办公空间互相连接。,DOC,美国能源部（United States Department of Energy）是美国联邦政府的一个下属部门，主要负责美国联邦政府能源政策制定，能源行业管理，能源相关技术研发、武器研制等。,President Obamas Energy Program,奥巴马政府正在着手改变布什时期美国的能源政策，把能源改革放在其政策的优先位置上并把全球变暖当作世界面临的最紧迫的挑战。奥巴马政府的能源计划是，在未来的10年中投资1500亿美元，以实现三个目标：刺激经济，减少温室气体排放，提高能源安全。,Global Reading,Structure Text Analysis,Global Reading Part Division of the Text,Text Analysis,1. In the introduction part, the author provides detailed description of the James Forrestal Building which sets a good example of energy efficiency of the U.S. federal government. 2. In the body part, the author introduces the U.S. governments policies and the setbacks it faces. 3. In the conclusion part, governments determination of pushing the energy efficiency is stressed.,Detailed Reading,Content Questions Vocabulary,Content Questions,1. Whats special about the James Forrestal building? In paras.1&2&3. The James Forrestal building has the system with the black solar photovoltaic array lying flat against the cement tiles which generates 235 megawatt-hours of electricity annually in an effort to boost the energy efficiency of this office complex. Framed by gray concrete, the west offices 66,000-square-foot roof with the stark white coating reflects sunlight and heat, reducing the need for air conditioning. Inside the offices workers in different color regions monitor their energy usage and look for energy losses.,2. Whats the purpose of the trophy to the zone with the largest drop in energy consumption? In para 4. The trophy is used to try to whoop it up and try to make certain that each and every employee understands that they can make a difference in the amount of energy that they consume. 3. What did President Obama do to indicate the governments attitude? In para 5. President Obama announced a plan to do roughly $2 billion in energy retrofits over the next two years through energy savings and called for an additional $2 billion worth of efforts by the private sector.,4. How much does the government spend to operate and maintain its facilities? In para. 7. The government spends $47 billion a year to operate and maintain its facilities. 5. Why did Bill Dowd suggest tearing down the Forrestal building? In para. 9. Because he believes that the Forrestal Building which inherently is not designed to high energy efficiency standards doesnt support the urban vitality that people look for today and its not one of the top energy-efficient buildings in the city.,Vocabulary,1. gesture:dest n. 姿态；手势v. 作手势；用动作示意 They either view this as a gesture of charity or generosity, not as a moral or political obligation. 他们把这看作一种慷慨的姿态或是慈善行为，而不是做为一种道义和政治责任。,2. photovoltaic:,ftvltek adj. 光电伏的,光电的 As solar panel prices continue to fall and projects like Ordos bring further economies of scale, photovoltaic farms are expected to become more competitive with solar thermal power plants. 由于太阳能电池板价格持续下跌，像鄂尔多斯这样的项目带来规模效益，光伏电站将比太阳能热电站更具竞争力。,3. cement:sment v. 巩固，加强；接合；粘牢n. 水泥；接合剂 They have built the biggest solar