写作篇ChapterFourTypesofEssayWriting.ppt

Chapter Five Types of Essay Writing,Part Two Essay Writing,General Introduction,科技论文的格式： 1. 题目（Title) 2. 作者姓名及地址（Author & Address) 3. 论文摘要（Abstract)(中、英文） 4. 关键词（Keywords)(中、英文） 5. 论文主体部分（Body) A. 引言（Introduction） B. 正文（Body) C. 结论（Ending) 6. 致谢（Acknowledgment) 7. 参考文献（References, Bibliography),一、文题 定义：用短语形式集中反映一篇论文主要内容的一段文字 作用：供审稿、引起读者阅读兴趣、供编制索引等 构成：用一定逻辑关系连接起来的名词短语,一、科技论文题目的写、译,A. General Introduction 任何公开发表的科技论文、毕业生的毕业论文都需要英文题目。论文题目比较特殊，拟写时应注意： 1. 一般题目中除冠词、介词、连词外，其余所有实词的第一个字母都应大写，且当冠词、介词、连词在题目的开头或最末时第一个字母也应大写。（有些刊物要求题目的所有字母都应大写） 2. 题目不宜超过20词，在一行不够时，可分成两行，此时第二行的第一个字母必须大写。 3. 科技论文题目通常不加标点符号，也不使用引号（问号除外），但允许用破折号。 4. 题目一般不必用完整的句子，大多数应用短语，力求简、明、短。,B.科技论文题目常用结构,常见科技论文题目表达格式 1） 的研究 A Study on Studies on The Study of A Study of the 2） 的理论和实践研究 A Theoretical and Experimental Study on 3） 的实验研究 An Experimental Study on Experimental Investigation for ,4） 的研制 Development of the Research on . Development 5) 的最新研究 New Research on 6) 的初步研究 A Preliminary Study of 7) 的研究报告 Research Report on 8) 的研制及其应用 The Research and Application of the ,9) 优化设计的研究 Research on Optimum Design of 10) 研究最终报告 Final Study Report on 11) 的新进展 Recent Advances in Recent Progress in 12) 报告 A Report of 13) 方法 Methods of 14) 计算方法 A Computational Method of ,22) 的分析 An Analysis of 23) 的分析与计算 Analysis and Calculation of 24) 探讨 Exploration on A Study of Study on Investigation on Approach to Research on Discussion on ,25) 的理论探讨 A Research on the Theory of 26) 的应用 The Application of The Application of to An Application of The Use of 27) 及其应用 and Its Application and Their Application 28) 方法及其应用 Method of and Its Application 29) 对 的影响 The Effect of on ,30) 的影响 Influence of Influence on 31) 的几个问题 Some Problems of 32) 的几个重要问题 Some Important Problems in 33) 的特性 Characteristics of 34) 的性能比较 A Performance Comparison of 35) 的研制、性能评定和验证 Development, Performance Assessment and Verification of ,48) 目前和今后发展趋势 Present and Future Trends in 49) 的述评(评“ ”） Some Comments on 50) 商榷 A Discussion on 51) 简介 A Brief Description of 52) 论 On ,C. 论文题目范例,1. 科技英语文献的翻译研究 Research on the Translation of EST Literature 2. 论口译人员的综合素质 On Comprehensive Quality of Oral Interpreter 3. 大学英语教改的几个问题 Some Problems in Teaching Reform of College English 4. 浅谈当今国际金融业发展的新趋势 On New Trends of the International Financial Development 5. 期刊管理数据库的研制 Development of Periodical Management System,幼儿家庭教养方式研究 Case studies of early childhood family rearing patterns 高等教育管理效益的内涵及其提高 The Connotation of Higher Educational Management efficiency and its Improvement,论 幼 儿 园 文 化 Theory kindergarten culture,二、作者姓名、工作单位 作者姓名： 要列出全部作者的姓名； 姓的每个字母都要大写； 名的第一个字母大写，其余字母 一律小写，中间要带连字符；,举例： BAO Xin-hua, PEI Zhu-ying, QIN Jiong, WU Xi-ru. YANG Ming, YANG Yong-hong, Alexander Dmitriev, SHEN A-dong, TONG Yue-juan, SHEN Xu-zhuang, FAN Xun-mei.,如有两个或两个以上作者，作者姓名之间要用逗号分开，最后一位作者姓名后加句号。 港、澳、台作者姓名的拼写法与汉语拼音的拼写法不同，要按当地拼写法列出。 外国作者姓名写法，尚无统一规定，应是名在前，姓在后，但姓的全部字母要大写。有中间首字母的仍放在中间，但其后一定要有黑点(句号)，如： Melvin H. Freedmann,Abstract,An amazing torrent of new technical information comes to us each day, including scientific articles, technical reports, business studies, and daily memos, etc. Therefore, it is not surprising that even very bright people are being overwhelmed by the sea of information. The job for a technical writer is to turn the torrent of information into useful knowledge. And one of the most effective ways in doing this is the abstract,Abstract,国际标准化组织（ISO)的国际标准ISO214-1976(E)中规定，“摘要”一词统一为abstract, 其定义为：An abbreviated, accurate representation of the contents of a document without added interpretation or criticism(对文献内容准确、扼要的表述，而不加以解释和评论）。 其作用为：让读者快速、准确了解论文的主要内容，从而达到了解科学技术发展的最新动态,Abstract,Avoid repetition Are limited to one paragraph of no more than 250 words Can stand alone Use the third person Use the passive voice Are highly signposted,accomplish three tasks,* Help readers identify articles of interest,* To outline the main points of an article,* To guide the reading of longer documents,important measure,For retrieving papers and for promoting the international sic-tech exchange,V. Abstract,1. Types of Technical Abstract There are chiefly three types of abstracts according to their functions: descriptive abstracts, evaluative abstracts and informative abstracts.,Help busy readers decide whether they need or want the information in the report enough to read it entirely Merely tells what the full report contains Cannot serve as a substitute for the report itself Discusses the report, not the subject Not normally used with sic-tech papers,1-1 Descriptive Abstract,V. Abstract,descriptive abstracts/ Indicated Abstracts,A descriptive abstract indicates the type of information found in the work. It merely identifies the areas to be covered in the report. It is an extended statement of purpose or scope, but makes no judgments about the work, nor does it provide results or conclusions of the research. Some people consider it an outline of the work, rather than a summary. Descriptive abstracts are usually very short100 words or less,This report analyzes the principles of magnetic refrigeration with application to air conditioning. A comparison with the conventional evaporation-condensation gas cycle device is presented. The applicability of magnetic refrigeration to air conditioning is discussed. 该报告分析了磁制冷用于空调的原理。与传统的蒸发凝聚气体装置进行了比较。对于把磁致冷应用于空调进行了讨论。,1-2 Evaluative Abstract,Evaluative Abstract,analyzes,accuracy, completeness, usefulness, appeal, readability,emphasizes,the writers assessment of the original work,includes,your own comments and reactions,is used,in book reviews,not suitable,for research papers,V. Abstract,This article presents four strategies for reading technical information effectively. The article is both interesting and instructive, with each strategy described in detail and with examples.本文叙述了有效地进行专业信息阅读的四种策略。文章既有趣味性又有知识性，对每一种策略都进行了详细叙述并举例说明。,This article presents four strategies for reading technical information effectively. The article is both interesting and instructive, with each strategy described in detail and with examples.本文叙述了有效地进行专业信息阅读的四种策略。文章既有趣味性又有知识性，对每一种策略都进行了详细叙述并举例说明。,1-3 Informative Abstract The primary purpose of an informative abstract is to inform, that is, it is designed to present the principal facts and conclusions given in the original work. When most people use the word abstract they are probably referring to the informative abstract. No personal feelings or thoughts are injected; the main points of the material are presented objectively. It serves as a substitute of the original and is the proper form for paper retrieving. Sic-tech paper abstracts are usually written in this form.,V. Abstract,Informative Abstract,The purpose of the study,2. Abstract Writing,Five Parts,(1)Background: introduces the background, present situation, problems, etc., usually written in the present tense. (2)Purpose: states the premise, purpose, task, or thesis of the research, usually written in the past tense.,V. Abstract,(3) Method: states the principles, objects, materials, technology, methods or procedures of the research, usually written in the past tense. (4) Results: state the results, such as the data, effects or properties of the research, usually written in the past tense. (5) Conclusion: gives analysis, comparison or application of the results, or raises questions, recommendations or predictions on the basis of the results, usually written in the present tense.,V. Abstract,3. Reduced Abstract The reduced abstract typically focuses on only two or three elements, with the emphasis placed on the results of the study. Information concerning the purpose and method is presented first. The background information can be omitted. Then the most important results are summarized. Finally, conclusions and recommendations may be included in one or two sentences.,V. Abstract,Order of Information Elements in Reduced Abstracts (1) Purpose and method of the study (2) Results (3) Conclusions and/or recommendations,V. Abstract,Unidentified Curved Bacilli in the Stomach of Patients with Gastritis Abstract. To determine the bacteria causing stomach troubles, biopsy specimens were taken from intact areas of antral mucosa in 100 consecutive consenting patients presenting for gastroscopy. Spiral or curved bacilli were demonstrated in specimens from 58 patients. Bacilli cultured from 11 of these biopsies were gramnegative, flagellate, and,the purpose, the method,the result of the study,V. Abstract,microa