阅读理解讲义050723.ppt

MBA 联考阅读理解应试教程 A Course of MBA Reading Comprehension,第二章 阅读技巧,文章除了由词汇和语法规则构成外，还要考虑篇章的组织结构、句与句、段与段的逻辑关系等。 考生应该了解作者的写作思路，不必逐字逐句地进行研读，而可以根据文章的脉络，利用各种阅读方法和技巧，捕捉与考题相关的信息。 因此，了解篇章结构非常重要。,第一节 把握篇章结构 MBA联考阅读部分的体裁包括说明文、议论文、记叙文，从历年联考试题所选择的篇章来看，主要以议论文和说明文为主。 议论文和说明文一般都是用一系列的推理或事实阐述或说明一个中心议题，其结构一般为：提出论点论述/说明问题得出结论。 考生应有意识地培养把握篇章结构的能力，了解作者的推理过程，提高答题的正确率和时间效率。 议论文和说明文的写作方法主要是演绎法和归纳法。 演绎法首先提出问题，然后用一系列的论据来论证或说明这一问题，最后对问题得出结论。 归纳法首先通过具体的陈述，层层推理，最后归纳总结出主题。,篇章结构的类型： TYPE I 1）提出论点（主题句所在） 2）论证论点（使用具体数据、实例，引用名人名言或格言谚语，进行逻辑推理） 3）得出结论,例7 The old idea that talented children “burn themselves out” in the early years and therefore are subject to failure and, at worst, mental illness is unfounded. As a matter of fact, the outstanding thing that happens to bright kids is that they are very likely to grow into bright adults. To find this out, 1,500 gifted persons were followed up to their thirty-fifth years with these results: On adult intelligence tests, they scored as high as they had as children. They were, as a group, in good health, physically and mentally, 84 per cent of the group were married and seemed content with their lives. About 70 per cent had graduated from college, though only 30 per cent had graduated with honors. A few had even dropped out, but nearly half of these had returned to graduate.,Of the men 80 per cent were in one of the professions or in business management or semiprofessional jobs. The women who had remained single had office, business, or professional occupations. The group had published 90 books and 1,500 articles in scientific, scholarly, and literary magazines and had collected more than 100 patents. In a material way they did not do badly either. Average income was considerably higher among the gifted people, especially the men, than for the country as a whole, despite their comparative youth. In fact, far from being strange, most of the gifted were turning their early promise into practical reality.,1. The old idea that talented children “burn themselves out” in the early years is _. A. true in all senses B. refuted by the author C. medically proven D. a belief of the author 2.The survey of the bright children was made to _. A. find out what had happened to talented children when they became adults. B. prove that talented children “burn themselves out” in the early years C. discover the percentage of those mentally ill among the gifted D. prove that talented children never burn themselves out,3. Intelligence tests showed that _. A. bright children were unlikely to be mentally healthy B. between childhood and adulthood there was a considerable loss of intelligence C. talented children were most likely to become gifted adults D. when talented children grew into adults, they made low scores.,TYPE II 1）提出论点（以否定口气） 2）通过论据指出问题存在的地方及其存在的原因 3）得出结论（对如何改进现状提出建议；指出正确的看法或认识；指出问题存在的根本原因；指出将来可能产生的后果等） 该类型的文章多是批评性或指责性的。,例8 Personality is to a large extent inherent A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children. One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the “win at all costs” moral standard and measure their success by sporting（炫耀） achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: “Rejoice, we conquer!”,By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful. Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A-youngsters change into Bs. the world needs A-types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a childs personality to his possible future employment. It is top management. If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A-type stock. Bs are important and should be encouraged.,From the passage we can draw the conclusion that . A. the personality of a child is well established at birth B. family influence dominates the shaping of ones characteristics C. the development of ones personality is due to multiple factors D. B- type characteristics can find no place in competitive society,TYPE III 1）陈述问题，层层推理（可有若干段） 2）归纳总结出主题 例9 Americans are people obsessed with child-rearing. In their books, magazines, talk shows, parent training courses, White House conferences, and chats over the back fence, they endlessly debate the best ways to raise children. Moreover, Americans do more than debate their theories; they translate them into action. They erect playgrounds for the youngsters pleasure, equip large schools for their education, and train skilled specialists for their welfare. Whole industries in America are devoted to making children happy, healthy and wise.,But this interest in childhood is relatively new. In fact, until very recently people considered childhood just a grief, unimportant prelude to adulthood and the real business of living. By and large, they either ignored children, beat them, or fondled them carelessly, much as we would amuse ourselves with some little dogs. When they gave serious thought to children at all, people either conceived of them as miniature adults or as peculiar, unformed animals. Through the ages the experiences of childhood have been as varied as its duration. Actions that would have provoked a beating in one era elicit extra loving care in another. Babies who have been nurtured exclusively by their mothers in one generation are left with day-care workers in another. In some places children have been trained to get through dangerous mountain passes, and carry heavy objects on their heads. In other places they have been taught complicated piano concerto.,But diverse as it has been, childhood has one common experience at its core and that is the social aspect of nurture. All children need adults to bring them up. Because human youngsters take so long to become independent, we think that civilization may have grown up around the need to feed and protect them. The main purpose of this passage is to _. A. show that Americans are overworried about child-nurturing B. argue that children, though they are not adults, should be respected. C. propose that our civilization should center on children problems D. call our attention to the social aspect of child-rearing,TYPE IV 1）引子 2）提出问题 3）分析问题 4）解决问题 例10 Joe Templer should have known better: after all, he works for a large auto-insurance company. It wont hurt to leave the key in the truck this once, he thought, as he filled his gas tank at a self-service gas station. But moments later, as he was paying the money he saw the car being driven away. In 1987, 1.6 million motor vehicles were stolen in the United States one every 20 seconds. If current trends continue, experts predict annual vehicle thefts could exceed two million by the end of the decade.,Vehicle theft is a common phenomenon, which has a direct impact on over four million victims a year. The cost is astonishing. Many police officials blame professional thieves for the high volume of theft. It is a major money-maker for organized crime. Typically, stolen cars are taken to pieces and the parts sold to individuals. But as many as 200,000 cars are smuggled out of the country every year. Most go to Latin America, the Middle East and Europe. Only about 15 percent car thefts result in an arrest, because few police departments routinely conduct in-death auto-investigations. When thieves are arrested, judges will often sentence them to probation, not immediately put them in prison because the prisons are overcrowded with violent criminals. One exception is a Michigan program that assigns 92 police officers to work full-time on the states 65,000 car theft cases a year. Since 1986, when the effort began, the states auto-theft rate has fallen from second in the nation to ninth.,How can you protect your car? If you live in a high-theft area or drive an expensive model, consider a security system. It may cost anywhere from $25 to $1,000. Some systems engage automatically-simply removing the key disables the fuel pump and the starter. When cars are equipped with such systems, thefts may drop by one-third. In some states, you may be able to use a device that transmits radio signals, allowing stolen cars to be tracked by police. What is the passage mainly about? Vehicle theft in the U.S.,TYPE V 1）提出问题（涵盖两三个方面） 2）论述第一方面 论述第二方面 3）总结（涵盖上文提到的几个方面） 论述第一方面和第二、三方面时，可在一段中进行，也可每个方面各占一段。 例11 Modern mass- production methods lower the cost of making goods, and thus give us better values. At the same time, American ingenuity science is constantly at work improving the quality of products. In this way, better quality products at good values are continually being brought to the people of all income groups.,As an example of how this works, when facial tissues were first put on the market in 1924, they were made in limited quantities and sold at 65 cents per box of 200. People liked these facial tissues immediately and began asking for them when they went into different stores. Because there was such a demand for the product, manufacturers were making tissues in greater quantities; their production cost were lowered, so that the cost of tissues went down. In the meanwhile, the quality of facial tissues was constantly improving, because more manufacturers went into the business of making tissues, and each manufacturer strove to make his product better than his competitors. Today, instead of costing 65 cents, a box of 200 facial tissues costs are around one third of that price, and they are both softer and stronger. When people are free to compete - when they are free to make more things and make them better-everyone benefits.,1. In regard to the production of goods in greater quantities, the author states that the . A. price of goods should rise B. price of goods should drop C. quality and price should both rise D. quality should rise and the price should drop 2. Improved quality of facial tissues resulted from . A. mass-production methods B. popular demand for a better product C. competition among manufacturers D. a decrease in price,TYPE VI 实验型文章 提出要调查/实验的问题或题目 调查/实验对象的选定与描述 调查/实验结果与发现 对调查/实验结果与发现的分析 提出对调查/实验结果与发现的意义（有些实验型文章也可能无此内容）,例12 Taste is such a subjective matter that we dont usually conduct preference tests for food. The most you can say about anyones preference is that its one persons opinion. But because the two big cola companiesCoca-Cola and Pepsi Cola are marketed so aggressively, weve wondered how big a role taste preference actually plays in brand loyalty. We set up a taste test that challenged people who identified themselves as either Coca-Cola Classic or Pepsi fans: Find your brand in a blind tasting. We invited staff volunteers who has a strong liking for either Coca-Cola Classic of Pepsi Diet Coke, or Diet Pepsi. These were people who thought theyd have no trouble telling their brand from the other brand.,We eventually located 19 regular cola drinkers and 27 diet cola drinkers. Then we fed them four unidentified samples of cola one at a time, regular colas for the one group, diet versions for the others. We asked them to tell us whether each sample was Coke or Pepsi; then we analyzed the records statistically to compare the participants choices with what mere guess-work could have accomplished. Getting all four samples right was a tough test, but not too tough, we thought, for people who believed they could recognize their brand. In the end, only 7 out of 19 regular cola drinkers correctly identified their brand of choice in all four trials. The diet-cola drinkers did a little worse-only 7 of 27 identified all four samples correctly.,While both groups did better than chance would predict, nearly half the participants in each group made the wrong choice two or more times. Two people got all four samples wrong. Overall, half the participants did about as well on the last round of tasting as on the first, so fatigue, of taste burnout, was not a factor. Our preference test results suggest that only a few Pepsi participants and Coke fans may really be able to tell their favorite brand by taste and price. The authors purpose in writing this passage is to . A. show that taste preference is highly subjective B. argue that taste testing is an important marketing strategy C. emphasize that taste and price are closely related to each other D. recommend that blind tasting be introduced in the quality control of colas,第二节 先看文章后看问题 三种处理方法： 1）先看文章后看问题，做题的把握性大； 2）先看问题再读文章，带者问题读，有的放矢； 3）不看文章直接做题或边看文章边做题。 三种方法因人、因题而异，结合使用。 例如一篇讲步骤的说明文，就可以边看文章边做题。 例13,A proven method for effective textbook reading is the SQ3R method developed by Francis Robinson. The first step is to survey ( the S step ) the chapter by reading the title, introduction, section headings, summary and by studying any graphs, tables, illustrations or charts. The purpose of this step is to get an overview of the chapter so that you will know before you read what it will be about. In the second step ( the Q step ) , for each section you ask yourself questions such as “What do I already know about this topic?” and “ what do I want to know?” in this step you also take the section heading and turn it into a question. This step gives you a purpose for reading the section. The third step ( the first of the 3 Rs ) is to read to find the answer to questions. Then at the end of each section, before going on to the next section, you recite (the second of the 3 Rs ) the answers to the questions that you formed in the question step. When you recite you should say the information you want to learn out loud in your own words. The fifth step is done after you have completed steps 2,3 and 4 for each section. You review (the last of the 3 Rs ) the entire chapter. The review is done much as the survey was in the first step. As you review, hold a mental conversation with yourself,as you recite the information you selected as important to learn. The mental conversation could take the form of asking and answering the questions formed from the headings or reading the summary, which lists the main ideas in the chapter, and trying to fill in the details for each main idea. 1. The SQ3R method consists of steps. A. three B. four C. five D. seven 2. According to the passage, the first step helps the readers . A. read first several paragraphs B. scan the whole chapter C. study the graphs D. get the theme of the chapter 3. Which of the following is the fourth step? A. To question yourself. B. To read for information. C. To utter your answers. D. To draw a conclusion.,建议处理方法： 用略读法，结合篇章结构先把文章“顺”一遍，对文章大致内容做到心中有数；用查读法，将细节问题在文章中迅速定位；用研读法，对需要推理引申、判断作者的态度观点的句子、段落仔细推敲。,第三节 识别信号词 信号词在文章中的作用非同小可，它不仅可以帮助读者抓住文章的脉络，掌握句与句、段与段之间的关系从而迅速捕捉文章的重要信息，还可以帮助读者判断文章的下文将要谈论的内容，使读者可以决定阅读下文的速度。 识别和利用信号词对提高阅读速度、对文章进行判断和推理都是非常重要的。考生在进行第一遍阅读时，应该将这些信号词作上标记。 信号词的种类： 第一类：表示“继续前进”的信号词 （1）表示增添： 在英语阅读文章中，最常见的一类信号词就是暗示读者下文内容是对上文所阐述信号词的进一步说明，没有新的观点出现，所以考生要继续快速地往下读。这类信号主要有：and, also, more, furthermore, in addition, moreover, besides, likewise等。,例14 Opposites supposedly attract, but there is more to it than that. Japan and America share, to different degrees, some large experiences and broad skills which have bred a certain kind of sympathy. Both, for example, have transplanted cultures. Each nation has a “mother” society China and Great Britain that has influenced the daughter in countless ways: in language, religion, social organization, art, literature and national ideals. Japan, of course, has had more time than the United States to work out its unique interpretation of this older culture. But even today the debt to China is perceivable and gracefully acknowledged. Both societies, moreover, have developed the brokerage art, the business of buying and selling, of advertising and mass producing, to the highest levels. Few sights are more representative than the tens of thousands of bustling stores to be seen in Japan, above all the disciplined and enticing department stores. To American eyes they seem comforting,and reassuring as an expression of the commercial spirit. Both people love to shop, to travel and to record. And both peoples have always emphasized the importance of work and are paying penalties for their commitment to development and modernization.,（2）表示先后顺序： 这类信号词主要表示事情的先后顺序，使文章层次分明，有助于读者有条理地掌握作者的观点，这类信号词主要有：first, second, third, firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally, then, next, before, after, and so on等。 例15 A third big difference between the drama detective and the real one is the unpleasant pressures: first, as members of a police force they always have to behave absolutely in accordance with the law. Secondly, as expensive public servants they have to get results. They can hardly ever do both. Most of the time some of them have to break the rules in small ways.,（3）表示举例： 作者常常使用一些具体的事例使自己的观点更有说服力。举例部分不用读，作上记号即可。如果阅读文章后的问题涉及到例子，再回头细看。 表示举例的信号词有：for example, for instance, take for example, such as 等。 例16 Th