Adjectiveclause定语从句及TYPESOFSENTENCES.ppt

,Types of sentences,Kinds of Sentences Simple sentences Compound sentences Complex sentences Compound-complex sentences Review Clauses Adjective clauses Sentence problems,contents,Group discussion,Full-time university students need to spend a lot of time studying, but it is essential to involve other activities. To what extent do you agree or disagree?,More Examples,侧重一边 outweigh 1. From my point of view, it is more advisable to choose A than to choose B. 2. Though A has some advantages and it is popular to some extent, B will continue to play a more important role and will not fade out in peoples life.,两边 Balanced 1.As to whether it is a blessing or a curse, however, people take different attitudes. 2.Before giving my opinion, I think it is important to look at the argument on both sides.,Coordinating Conjunctions,Compound sentences,1) Air is not visible, but it is matter. 2) His birthday is next Sunday, so we must buy him a present. 3) The dish must be kept in a refrigerator, or else it will go sour. 4) Modesty helps one to go forward, and conceit makes one lag behind. 5) The roots of education are bitter, but the fruit is sweet. 6) We must all hang together, or we shall all hang separately.,Review,A simple sentence has a subject and the verb combination, the subject may be compound and the verb may also be compound. A compound sentence is two simple sentences connected by a comma and a coordinating conjunction.,. Tourism can _ and it can keep the customs and beauty of the local place. 旅游业改善当地居民的福利，同时保护了当地的风俗和美景。 . improve the well-being of local inhabitants . Sending children to study in _ is a good idea but it is a luxury to many families. 把小孩送到寄宿学校是个好主意，但是对于许多家庭而言它是个奢侈的梦想. . a boarding school . _ modern education, so some optimistic people claim that our children no longer need to go to the traditional school to receive formal education. 远程教育在现代教育中起到日益重要的作用，于是有些乐观的人声称我们的孩子不必去传统的学校接受正规教育。 .Distance education has been playing an increasingly important role in,Translation,4. The government may _ on private car owners, or it will develop the public transport. 政府或许会对私家车主课以重税，不然就得发展公共交通。 4. levy heavy taxes 5. _ will not be replaced by _, nor will fast food _ traditional food. 传统印刷的书籍不会被电子图书所取代，正如快餐不会取代传统食物一样。 5.P-books, e-books, replace 6. Zeng Qiyu has applied for a _, and Wu Lijin has requested _. 曾启宇申请了奖学金，而吴丽瑾申请了助学金。 6.scholarship, financial aid 7. The government has made great efforts to _, yet there are still many being severely damaged. 政府已经尽力去保护文化遗产，然而还有许多正遭受严重的破坏。 7. preserve cultural legacy,.Since tourism helps _ ，it will finally _other nations，and make the world a more peaceful one 因为旅游业有助于增进人们之间的了解，它将最终消除对其他国家的偏见，从而使世界变得更加和平。 . increase understanding between people，wipe out prejudice against .Watching television is _ of entertainment；_，it is a good way to learn English 看电视是一种便宜的娱乐形式，此外，它还是学习英语的好途径。 . an inexpensive form， .Smoking pollutes the air and the people will_ if someone smokes _ ，such as buses and trains. 吸烟污染空气，如果有人在封闭的公共场所公共汽车和如火车上吸烟的话，其他人就要受罪了。 .suffer terribly， in an enclosed public place,Are these sentences?,When we went on a long journey through the woods on a sunny Friday morning. It was fine. Because he was not only tall but also one of the hardest workers in the area. Sing that song. (View answers on the next slide.),Clause （从句）,A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb. Independent clause (独立从句） Dependent clause (从属从句）,What is an independent clause? A subject, verb and complete idea it can be a sentence on its own! Everyone was celebrating. A simple sentence = An independent clause,Review,A compound sentence contains two independent clauses that are joined together. She works in the city, but she lives in the suburbs .,Independent Clause,Independent Clause,What is a dependent clause? A group of words with a subject and verb, but not expressing a complete idea. A subordinating conjunction is added to the beginning. Because the profits had been so great. Although it was late. Until the early hours of the morning. Whether they wanted to or not. Even if theyd rather be at home reading the newspaper. A dependent clause cannot stand on its own!,A dependent clause,Cannot stand on its own because it does not express a complete thought because It begins with a subordinating conjunction (because, although, after, when, etc.) BUT It can join an independent clause (simple sentence) to become a Complex sentence!,Subordinating Conjunctions（从属连词）,Because reason表原因 before, after, when, while time表时间 Although, but contrast 表对比 If condition 表条件,After how Until Although if Unless As in as much as if in order that When as long as At least Whenever as much as now that whereas soon wherever as though Since While because so that Before even if That even though though,3. 复合句（complex sentence） 复合句通常包含一个主句和一个或多个从句。由连接词引导的从句可以充当主句的主语、宾语、表语、定语或状语等。主要意思通过主句表达，而从句表达次要意思。正确使用复合句可使表达的思想主次分明，也可避免由于过多使用独立的简单句或并列句所造成的单调和罗嗦，减少不必要的重复，使表达更加简练和完整。 （从句虽有主语和谓语，但不能独立成为一个句子，通常由关联词引导，并由关联词将主句和从句连在一起。）,John cannot set up his typewriter because the wall has no outlet.,Complex Sentences,A complex sentence contains an independent clause and one or more dependent clause.,Independent Clause,Dependent Clause,Subordinating Conjunction,When I first moved to the city, I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets.,Complex Sentences,Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence.,Subordinating Conjunction,Independent Clause,Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence.,The Complex Sentence,Complex sentences have a different structure from simple and compound sentences:,Independent Clause + Dependent Clause,or,Dependent Clause + Comma + Independent Clause,= Complex Sentence,A complex sentence contains 1 independent clause and 1 or more dependent clauses.,Complex Sentence,Bob,is popular,he,is ugly.,even though,旅游业改善当地居民的福利，同时保护了当地的风俗和美景。 Tourism can improve the well-being of local inhabitants and it can keep the customs and beauty of the local place.,因为旅游业有助于增进人们之间的了解，它将最终消除对其他国家的偏见，从而使世界变得更加和平。 Since tourism helps increase understanding between people，it will finally wipe out prejudice against other nations，and make the world a more peaceful one 吸烟污染空气，如果有人在封闭的公共场所公共汽车和如火车上吸烟的话，其他人就要受罪了。 Smoking pollutes the air and the people will suffer terribly if someone smokes in an enclosed public place，such as buses and trains.,看电视是一种便宜的娱乐形式，此外，它还是学习英语的好途径。 Watching television is an inexpensive form of entertainment；besides，it is a good way to learn English,. 把小孩送到寄宿学校是个好主意，但是对于许多家庭而言它是个奢侈的梦想。 Sending children to study in a boarding school is a good idea but it is a luxury to many families.,Compound Sentences vs. Complex Sentences (coordination vs. subordination) 并列与从属,Good writing requires a mixture of all four kinds of sentences. A composition with only short, simple sentences is boring and ineffective, as is writing that uses too many compound sentences. Writing with complex sentences and participial phrases, structures that use subordination, is generally considered more mature, interesting, and effective in style.,Review,A simple sentence has one independent clause. A compound sentence has two or more independent clauses joined by a comma and a coordinating conjunction. A complex sentence has one independent and one or more dependent clauses.,Exercises,1.More sentences for you ! 2. Practice: simple, compound, and complex sentences P31-32,4. 并列复合句 （compound- complex sentence) （P162） 并列复句由两个或两个以上的从句并列组合而成，这些分句叙述相关的几件事情，或说明相关的几种情况，它们之间没有主次之分 。,Exercise,1当每个人都充分意识到环保的重要性就会采取可行的措施，我坚信我们能享有更干净的环境。 people will take some feasible actions When everyone is fully conscious of the significance of environmental protection, and I am fully confident that we can enjoy a cleaner environment 2奥运会能增进友谊和促进主办国经济的发展，但这并非意味着奥运会是完美无缺的。 It is true that the Olympic games can promote goodwill and boost the host nations economy, but this is not to say that they are without disadvantages,3因为旅游业有助于增进人们之间的了解，它将最终消除对其他国家的偏见，从而使世界变得更加和平。 Since tourism helps increase understanding between people，it will finally wipe out prejudice against other nations，and make the world a more peaceful one 4吸烟污染空气，如果有人在封闭的公共场所如公共汽车和火车上吸烟的话，其他人就要受罪了。 Smoking pollutes the air and the people will suffer terribly if someone smokes in an enclosed public place，such as buses and trains.,Adjective Clauses,Complex sentence,Main clause + Subordinate clause Subordinate clauses Adverbial clauses Nominal clauses (Noun clauses) Attributive clauses,Nominal clauses,Subject clauses 主语从句 Object clauses 宾语从句 Predicative clauses 表语从句 Appositive clauses 同位语从句,Adjective Clauses,An adjective clause functions as an adjective. It modifies a noun or pronoun It should come right after its antecedent,Relative Pronouns used in the Adjective Clauses,who,who/whom (formal),whose,*that,*that,which,which,whose/ of which,*that,*that,* that can only be used in defining clauses,How to form adjective (relative) clauses?,Subject of a verb: who/which/that Example 1 I met a woman. She can speak six languages. l-(2 sentences)-l She who = I met a woman who can speak six languages. l-(1 sentence)-l l-main clause-l-adjective clause/ relative clause/-l subordinate clause,Subject of a verb: who/which/that,Example2 A policeman stopped our car. He wasnt very friendly. l-(2 sentences)-l policeman who = A policeman who wasnt very friendly stopped our car. l-(1 sentence)-l l-main-l-adjective clause/ relative clause/-l-clause-l subordinate clause,Object of a verb: whom/who/that/which,The car is very fast. I bought it yesterday. (it=object) it (car) which The caris very fast. I bought which (itwhich) yesterday =The car (which) I bought yesterday is very fast. l-main-l- adjective clause/-l-clause-l relative clause/ subordinate clause Note: we can omit who(m), that & which when it is the object of an adjective clause. =The car I bought yesterday is very fast.,2 sentences,Possessive (for people/things): whose,Example 1 (for people): An orphan is a child. His parents have died. = An orphan is a child whose parents have died. Example 2 (for things): We saw a car. Its wheels had been stolen. =We saw a car whose/of which wheels had been stolen.,Relative Pronouns & Adverbs,Pronouns for people: who, whom, whose, that Pronouns for animals and things: which, whose, that Adverbs for time and place: when, where,Adjective Clause Punctuation,2 types of adjective clauses: Restrictive-identifies the antecedent no commas pronoun that is used only in restrictive clauses Nonrestrictive-only gives extra information, use commas pronoun which is only used in nonrestrictive clauses,Combine the following sentences:,1. Ka Hing did not do well at school. He was interested in films. (non-defining) = Ka Hing, who was interested in films, did not do well at school. The boy felt ill. He had eaten six ice-creams. (defining) = The boy who had eaten six ice-creams felt ill. The guard made the man get off the train. The man had no ticket. (Defining) = The guard made the man who had no ticket get off the train.,4. My sister usually scared of heights. She did a bungy jump. (non-defining) = My sister, who is usually scared of heights, did a bungy jump. 5. He took the wallet to the police. He found it in a lift. (defining) = He took the wallet that he found in a lift to the police. 6. I have lost my wallet. I bought it six years ago. (Non-defining) = I have lost my wallet, which I bought six years ago.,Review,Mary went to the park, but John stayed at home. Tom wanted to exercise, so he went for a walk. The dog that ate my homework is sick. Mary likes reading; John likes television. Bill is the one who usually sits here. When the movie was over, we went to Moo Moos for ice cream, but my favourite flavour was all gone. John who sits behind me is on the basketball team. While we were away, the girl who was looking after our cat discovered that she had an allergy to them. You can study now or