英汉语言对比物称与人称.ppt

Part III Personal vs. Impersonal,Please try to translate the following sentence: 我兴奋得什么话也说不出来 I was so excited that I couldnt say a word. Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance,English: Impersonal Chinese: Personal,English often use impersonal subject. Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance 我兴奋得什么话也说不出来,英语常用物称表达法。也就是： 不用人称主语来叙述，而是表达客观事物如何作用于人的感知，让事物以客观的口气呈现出来。,Impersonal English： the writer and the reader are out of the picture, hiding themselves behind impersonal language,1）我(吓得)就是说不出话来 2）我突然想到了一个主意。 3）凡是到底特律来的客人，一定会去参观汽车工厂。 Words fail me! An idea suddenly struck me. A must for all visitors to Detroit is a visit to an automobile factory.,G. Leech and J.Svartvik point out: 1) Formal written language often goes with an impersonal style including official style, news, science and technology style etc.,非人称表达法是英语常见的一种文风，尤其常见于书面语，如公文、新闻、科技论著以及散文、小说 等文学作品。 这种表达法使叙述显得客观、冷静、结构趋于严密、紧凑、语气较为委婉、间接。,2) Some of the common features of impersonal language are : A. passives B.sentences beginning with introductory “it“ C.abstract nouns,J. Perlmutter: When the writer and reader are out of the picture, writing lacks warmth and sincerity, personal reference and human touch. Hence, the artical appears abstract and official, even cold and inhuman.,Please compare: Impersonal: It was noted that this office did not reply to the letter of July 22. Please be advised that apologies are hereby tendered. Human: We sincerely apologize for not replying to your July 22 letter.,Impersonal: Applicants for these positions must file forms by August 1. Human: Please apply by August 1.,Conclusion: 1)Impersonal subjects are often used in English 英语常用非人称主语 ,注重“什么事发生在什么人身上” 2)Personal subjects are often used in Chinese 汉语常用人称主语 ,注重“什么人怎么样了”,1) 我们没有听到任何声音 Not a sound reached our ears 2) 她独处时便感到一种特殊的安宁 A strange peace came over her when she was alone. 3) A great elation overcame them 他们欣喜若狂。 4) Alarm began to take entire possession of him 他变得惊恐万状,Impersonal subject in English is also called inanimate subject which is employed to express abstract concept, feeling, object, time and place etc.,But predicate often employ animate verb to express action and behavior of people and social group. animate verb includes: see, find, bring, give, escape, surround, kill, deprive, seize, send, know, tell, permit, invite, take, drive, prevent-from,英语用“无灵主语”与“有灵动词”搭配的句式带有隐喻或拟人化的修辞色彩，反映英美民族的幽默感。,汉语也有类似情况但常见于形象的比喻或轻松的文体。如： 什么风把你吹来了？ 爱情把我们的心连在一起。 高山低头，河水让路。 树欲静而风不止。 汉人缺乏幽默感，注重“什么人做什么事”。,3) 一踏上中华人民共和国国土，我们就随时随地感受到关怀与照顾。 From the moment we stepped into the peoples Republic of China, care and kindness surrounded us on every side. 4) 从1840至1880这四十年中，近一千万移民移居美国。 The forty years, 1840-80, brought almost ten million migrants to America.,5) 这小伙子长相老实，看上去脾气也好，到处有人缘。 The little chaps good-natured honest face won his way for him. 6) 我很幸运，能够得到你，让我们永不分离吧。 My good fortune has sent you to me, and we will never part.,Friday started with a morning visit to the modern campus of the 22,000 student University of Michigan in nearby Ann Arbor, where the Chinese table-tennis team joined students in the cafeteria line for lunch and later played an exhibition match.,星期五那天，中国乒乓球队一早就到 安亚伯附近去参观拥有两万两千名学生的 密执安大学现代化校园。他们和该校学生 在校园内自助餐厅排队取午餐，然后举行 了一场表演赛。,Personal Chinese 汉语较注重主体思维，这种思维模式以“万物皆备于我”做主导，从自我出发来叙述客观事物，或倾向于描述人及其行为或状态，因而常用人称。,汉语的“有灵动词”一般只能与人称搭配.因为根据汉人的思维习惯： 人或社会团体才有这类有意识、有意志的行为。 非人类的、无生命的事物一般只能有一些无意识、无意志的状态、运动或变化。,汉语“无灵主语”与“有灵动词”搭配通常用做一种修辞手段-拟人化。例如： 1) 北京目睹过许多伟大的历史事件。 2) 星光很早以前就踏上了旅程。 Beijing has witnessed many great historical events. The light from the starts started on its journey long long ago.,在汉英转换中，用“物称”代替“人称”常是一种有效的手段。,1) 近来忙于其他事物，未能早些复信，深感抱歉。 I am very sorry that the pressure of other occupations has prevented me from sending an earlier reply to your letter. 2) 恕我孤陋寡闻，对此关系一无所知。 My total ignorance of the connection must plead my apology. 3) 凭良心讲，你待我礼貌有加，我却受之有愧。 My conscience told me that I deserved no extraordinary politeness.,4) 五四运动以后，开始了“新红学”时代，代表人物有胡适、俞平伯等这样一些学者。 The May Forth Movement of 1919 saw the beginning of the “ New Redology”, represented by scholars such as Hu Shi and Yu Pingbo 5) 小梅心地善良，性情温和，对她朋友这种没有心肝的行为，实在看不顺眼。 Xiaomeis kindly and gentle nature could not but revolt (反抗,起义,反叛,反感,厌恶)at her friends callous(无情的,冷淡的) behavior.,Exercises: 1调查结果证明，他就是那婴儿的生父。 2我怎么也想不起你的名字 3丛林中死一般寂静，但他还是毫无睡意 4发怒之后，我不难过，也不后悔。,1 Investigation fathered the baby on him 2 Your name obstinately escapes me. 3 Sleep did not visit him although the silence of a dead world was on the jungle. 4 Neither sorrow nor regret followed my passionate outburst.,一则图书馆的通告： It has been noted with concern that the stock of books in the library has been declining alarmingly. Students are asked to remind themselves of the rules for the borrowing and return of books, and to bear in mind the needs of other students. Penalties for overdue books will in the future be strickly enforced. (abstrct cold & inhuman),The number of books in the