基础急救.ppt

Awareness of Basic First Aid 基础急救,1 Introduction,1.1本节目的是讲解最基本的急救要求。在专门的急救人员或医疗人员到达现场前，这些要求是处理事故或突发病情时需要的 The purpose of this Training Course is to provide with an awareness of the most basic first aid requirements needed to deal with an accident or the sudden onset of sickness until a qualified First Aider or Medic can attend the scene. 1.2 必须清楚，这个课程不能培训出合格的急救员。 It is extremely important to recognize that attendance on this course alone will not make you a qualified First Aider.,2. 人身伤害的原因 Likely causes of injury,工作中使用不正确的人身防护装备。Not using the correct PPE for the job. 使用有故障的人身防护装备。Using faulty PPE 人身防护装备使用不当。Using PPE incorrectly 工作中使用错误的工具。Not using the correct tools for the job 使用有故障的工具。Using faulty tools 使用工具不当。Using tools incorrectly 没按照工作许可要求进行工作。Not following the requirements of the PTW 未经授权取消隔离。Unauthorized removal of an isolation 未经授权进入非工作许可范围内的区域。Unauthorized entry to any area not covered by the PTW 从高处摔下。Falling from a height 掉进没有遮盖的沟里或其他没有遮盖的区域。Falling into a trench or other uncovered space,被坠落物砸伤。Being struck by a falling object 搬运方法不正确。Incorrect manual handling 被工地上遗留的障碍物绊倒。Tripping over obstacles left in the workplace 碰到转动着的机器。Contact with moving machinery 电击 Electrocution 化学灼伤 Chemical burns 烫伤 Heat burns 冻伤 Cold burns 中暑 Stroke 体力或热量耗散 Physical or heat exhaustion 烟、气中毒致残 Incapacitation by gas or fumes 窒息 Asphyxiation 车辆事故 Vehicle accident,3, 事故处理 Dealing with an accident,3.1急救时注意事项,3.1.1 保持冷静并表现出有信心 Remain calm and maintain an appearance of confidence,3.1.2 除非生命危在旦夕，现场急救者需要做的第一件事是通知主管尽快安排专门的医疗急救人员到场 Unless the life casualty is in immediate danger, the top priority of the first person on the scene is to alert the authorities so that qualified medical assistance may be obtained as quickly as possible,3.1.3 如果事故涉及电、火或危险物质，应先注意回避这个危险，然后再照顾伤者。对于电击的情况，尤其要小心，对此，你在接触伤者前，必须先关掉电源。If the accident has involved electricity, fire or dangerous substances, attend to the danger before attending to the casualty. This is particularly true in cases of electrocution where you must turn off the supply before touching the casualty. (Also, being trapped in a confined space),3.1.4 一定不要让不合格的急救者来挪动伤者。此条规定的唯一例外是：如果伤者陷入迫在眉睫的生命危险，比如硫化氢（H2S）的包围、窒息性的氛围、火险、石块坠落，等（但须牢记，在前连两种情况下，营救者必须带上呼吸面罩。The casualty must not be removed by personnel unqualified in First Aid. The only exception to this rule is if the casualtys life is in immediate danger, e.g. from H2S gas, asphyxiating atmosphere, fire, falling masonry, etc., (but remember that, in the first two cases, the rescuer must be wearing breathing apparatus).,3.2 急救 First aid,不合格的急救者也能在合格的急救人员到达前提供许多宝贵的帮助。Even someone unqualified in First Aid can provide a lot of valuable help until qualified assistance arrives.,3.2.1 轻伤 Minor injury,对于轻度受伤且能够走动、其生命没有直接危险的伤者来说，靠身体来搀护（human crutch）伤者不失为一个好的办法：A method known as the human crutch can be used to help support a slightly injured casualty who is able to walk and whose life is in immediate danger: A 站在伤者受伤的一侧，将离你较近的伤者胳膊挽住你的脖子，扶住伤者的手。Stand at the casualtys injured side and put the arm nearest you around your neck and hold on to his hand. B 将你的另一只胳膊搂住伤者的腰并用手抓住伤者的后裤裆。Put your other arm around his waist and grasp the clothing at his hip. C 如果伤者需要更多搀扶，给他一根棍或请其他人来搀护他的另一边。If more support is needed by the casualty, give him a stick or ask another person to help support him on the other side.,3.2.2 休克 Shock,休克的症状： 面色苍白 皮肤冰凉且冒虚汗 脉搏弱且快 呼吸短促 烦躁、打哈欠并叹气（缺氧症状） 口干,一个相对较小的伤也会导致休克，而休克会是极其危险的，具有致死性。Even a relatively minor injury can lead to shock which can, in itself, be an extremely dangerous condition, which can result in death.,Pale, grey complexion. Skin cold and moist with sweat. Pulse weak and rapid. Breathing shallow and fast. Restless, yawning and sighing (symptoms of oxygen starvation). Thirst.,如果怀疑有人休克，你应采取以下步骤：The following procedure should be adopted if you suspect anyone of being in shock: 可能的话，对严重的流血实施止血或减少流血（见下文）。If possible, try to stop or reduce any serious bleeding (see below). 让伤者躺下，将伤者的腿略微抬高。Lay the casualty down and raise the legs slightly 安慰伤者。Try to reassure the casualty. 给伤者保暖，如果衣服太紧，则放松些。Keep the casualty warm and comfortable; if clothing is tight loosen it.,不要 Dont 给伤者任何食物或饮料。这只能由合格的医疗人员在权衡伤者的全身情况后来决定。Give the casualty anything to eat or drink. This decision may only be made by a qualified medical person who will be able to assess the casualtys overall condition.,3.2.3止血 control of bleeding,通常情况下，止血应该留给合格的急救或医疗人员来实施。但是，有的时候，第一位到达事故现场的人可能没有别的选择，而只能通过阻止流血来防止伤者死亡。Normally, control of bleeding should be left to qualified First Aiders or Medics. There are, however, circumstances when the first person to arrive on the scene of an accident has no choice but to attempt to stem the flow of bleeding to prevent the death of the casualty. 通过使用消过毒的绷带来勒住伤口可阻止血的流出。如果现场没有消毒绷带，则用一块布料、毛巾、或撕下一截衣服，或用拇指、指头或手将伤口压住。只要不是使用消过毒的绷带，当然是违反医疗救治规范的。但是，感染风险已经让位给伤者因失血过多而死亡的危险。It may be possible to stem the flow of blood by direct pressure on the wound using a sterile dressing. If a proper dressing is not available, use a rag, towel, a piece of clothing, or your thumb, fingers or hand. To use anything other than a sterile dressing is, of course, contrary to good medical practice; risk of infection is, however, of secondary importance if the casualtys life is in immediate jeopardy as a result of loss of blood.,应该注意到，在一定时间内保持压住伤口是必要的。坚持直到合格的急救人员到达现场。It should be noted that it may be necessary to maintain pressure for some time; be prepared to do this until qualified assistance arrives. 只要压住了伤口，就要保持不要松动。如果绷带浸血，在旧的绷带上缠上新的绷带（不要换下旧的绷带）。出血的伤口破坏越小，越容易止血。Once pressure is applied, keep it in place. If dressings become soaked with blood, apply new dressings over the old dressings (not in place of). The less a bleeding wound is disturbed, the easier it is to stop the bleeding.,3.2.4 哽咽 Choking,如果可能，将口腔中的假牙或食物取出，以防哽住伤者。If possible, remove any objects such as false teeth or food which may cause the casualty to choke.,3.2.5 呼吸困难 Breathing difficulty,如果伤者表现显出呼吸困难，检查伤者的呼吸道（比如鼻、口）有否阻塞。如果伤者向前趴伏，将头侧向一边则可进行这样的检查。If the casualty appears to be having difficulty in breathing, check that airways, i.e. nose and mouth, are unobstructed. If the casualty is lying on his front, it may be possible to turn his head to one side to achieve this. 将横在伤者胸前妨碍伤者呼吸的东西挪开（如落在伤者身伤的石块、木