silent_spring.ppt

Silent Spring,Rachel Carson蕾切尔卡森,What is meant by “silent spring”? Take the Yangtze River for example:,tens of years agothe yangtzs river was,but now,Could people imagine such a living environment decades ago?,however nowadays,？,Rachel Carson,and her work,Introduction to Rachel Carson (1907-1964),She grew up on a small Pennsylvania farm, went to the Pennsylvania College, majored in zoology, and then went to John Hopkins for a masters degree in genetics. Publications: Under the Sea-Wind The Sea Around Us The Edge of the Sea Silent Spring While she was working on Silent Spring, she learned she had breast cancer. She died two years after Silent Spring was published, at age 56.,Significance of the Book,It roused a new public awareness that nature was vulnerable（vlnrbl 易受攻击的 ） to human intervention. She proposed that, at times, technological progress is so fundamentally at odds with natural processes that it must be curtailed. Conservation had never raised much broad public interest, for few people really worried about the disappearance of wilderness. But the threats she had outlinedthe contamination of the food chain, cancer, genetic damage, the deaths of entire specieswere too frightening to ignore.,Lesson 11 Silent Spring,Text Analysis,Out of his ignorance and lack of concern for the integrity of nature, man is tampering with nature by abusing chemicals, causing irrecoverable harms on environment and people.,Part 1 (paras. 12) : Part 2 (paras. ) : Part 3 (paras. ) : Part 4 (paras. ): Part 5 (paras. ):,Lesson 11 Silent Spring,Text Analysis,35,6 9,1023,beauty and harmony enjoyed by both nature and all its life,evil spell,transitional paragraphs, directing readers attention to the very cause of the nationwide disaster a white powder, the chemical,explanation of how the ecological disasters were created,2425,proper solution to the disasters,II. Detailed Discussion of the Text,1. There was once a town in the heart of America where all life seemed to live in harmony with its surroundings. (-para1) heart: the central or most important part Note the various meanings of the word “life” in the text. In this sentence it means “living things”. in harmony with: in a state of peaceful co-existence and agreement Paraphrase: Once upon a time， there was a town in the central part of America where all living things seemed to co-exist peacefully with their environment.,2. The town lay in the midst of prosperous farms, where, in spring, white clouds of bloom drifted above the green fields. (-para1) The town lay among booming (or well growing) farms. In spring, white clouds floated above the green fields just like flowers. Prosperous: booming; promising: (of plants) growing well,3. In autumn, oak and maple and birch set up a blaze of color that flamed and flickered across a background of pines.(-1),set up: to cause, produce, raise: a wall a blaze of color: an impressive and noticeable show of colors Para: In autumn, the oak, maple and birch trees turned yellow, red or brown, thus making a beautiful show of colors against the dark green of pine trees. Pay attention to Carsons use of color in describing the town before its environment was contaminated: white clouds floating above green fields in spring, the blaze of color in autumn, etc.,4. Then foxes barked in the hills and deer silently crossed the fields.(-1),(Now animals are introduced after plant life) from the noisy foxes to the quiet deer, they cried and moved as they liked. 5. delighted the travelers eye.(-para2 line1) gave the traveler great satisfaction / enjoyment (what a harmonious and fascinating view),5. Then some evil spell settled on the community: mysterious diseases swept the flocks of chickens; the cattle and sheep sickened and died. （3）,-Then, as if by some evil power, disaster fell on the community: Strange diseases quickly struck down large numbers of chicken; the cattle and sheep became ill and died. Spell: words that make magical things happen Note the use of unit words in English: a flock of chicken/sheep/tourists; a herd of cattle/elephants,6. The feeding stations in the backyards were deserted.(-para4 line 2),feeding station: a dish-like container fixed on top of a post where people regularly leave sunflower seeds or the like for passing birds to feed on. Feeding stations are generally put up in the backyards. -No birds came to feed on what was there at the feeding stations. Deserted: forsaken; visited by nobody (here birds) A street /island,7. On the mornings that had once throbbed with the dawn chorus of scores of bird voices there was now no sound;(-4),- The morning air used to vibrate with (vaibreit振动；颤动 )the singing of birds, but there was now no sound. Or: The chorus of many birds caused the morning air to shake rhythmically, giving the place life. scores of bird: many birds,8. Considering the whole span (跨度 )of earthly time, the opposite effect, in which life actually modifies its surroundings, has been relatively slight.(-P10 L3),-When we think of the long history of life on earth, the degree (or extent) that living things affect their environment has been insignificant as compared with the effect of the environment on plant and animal life. 9.during but it has changed in character.(-P11 ) but the nature of this power to alter the environment has changed.,10. This pollution is for the most part irrecoverable.(-P11 L4),-In most cases, the polluted air, soil, and rivers and the sea cannot be restored to their original natural state. - Irrecoverable: irreparable (not reparable); incurable; irremediable不可逆转的,11. Chemicals sprayed on croplands or forests or gardens lie long in soil, entering into living organisms, passing from one to another in a chain of poisoning and death.(-P11 L6),lie long in soil: they stay in soil for a long time because they dont break down chemically there entering into living organisms, passing from one to another in a chain of poisoning and death:,12. Given time-time not in years but in millennia-life adjusts, and a balance has been reached.(-12),-When the environment changes, living things can adapt to their new surroundings, but it is a long process and it takes millennia of years for life to be in harmony with their modified world again. millennia of years: thousands of years,13. But in the modern world there is no time.(-12) -But in the modern world, life has no time to adjust itself to the change of environment, for mans power to temper with nature has become too great. (Man is so eager to change nature for short-term benefits, he does not think of the long-term interest of his own species.),14. The rapidity of change follows the impetuous pace of man rather than the deliberate pace of nature.(-13) The environment no longer changes slowly according to the laws of nature. Rather, it is rapidly changed by shortsighted, profit-seeking mankind. Therefore adjustment can never keep up with change, and a new balance between living things and their environment can hardly be reached.,15. Radiation is now the unnatural creation of mans tampering with the atom.(-13) -In the past, radiation was only sent out from radioactive substances in certain rock; today man creates such harmful rays by splitting the nucleus of the atom of such substance as radium.,17.Among them are many that are used in mans war against nature.(-15),mans war against nature: This refers to the doctrine of “conquering nature” The question: Can man really conquer the nature?,18. and other organisms described as “pests”; and they are sold under several thousand different brand names.(-15) described as “pests”: referred to as “pests” that harm or destroy food supplies for man. The quotation marks show that Carson does not regard the so called pests as that harmful. Any species, when its population is kept under control, forms a part of nature. Wiping a species out would destroy the balance between life and the environment.,19. These chemicals are now applied almost universally to farms, gardens, forests, and homes(-16) apply sth to: to put or spread sth on the surface of, e.g. She never goes out without applying sun cream to/on her face and neck. Apply this lotion(洗液；洗涤剂 )liberally to the bitten area and the pain will wear off.,21. The whole process of spraying seems caught up in an endless spiral.(-17) The more insecticides are sprayed, the less effective they will become in destroying the “pests”. Then more deadly chemicals will be developed to kill them. This process will go on endlessly. be caught up in: to become involved in, often against your wishes, e.g. The local government was caught up in a dispute between labor and management of the coal mine. an endless spiral: a never-ending, continuous upward movement, e.g. If the government doesnt take effective measures, the country is in danger of getting into an inflationary spiral.,23. Immune to (-17): unable to be harmed or affected because of special qualities in yourself, e.g. Vaccinations(,vksinein ) are being given to students for free to make them immune to H1V1 flu. 24. Natureholds the species within bounds by the built-in checks and balances. (-20) Nature keeps living things in proportion, regulating their number through the check and balance mechanisms of itself. In other words, when the population of one species is too big/small, Nature has a way of leveling it off.,26. Insect problems arose with the intensification of agriculture the devotion of immense acreage to a single crop.P20 L10, Insect problems resulted from the intensification of agriculture, that is, the practice of planting a single crop on a large area of cropland. Acreage: an area of land measured in acres, e.g.: The farm has a considerable acreage. Enormous acreages of soya beans are grown in the United States.,27. we need the basic knowledge of animal populations and their relations to their surroundings that will “promote an even balance and damp down the explosive power of outbreaks and new invasions.” (-P24 L2) the explosive power of outbreaks and new invasions: the power of insects to multiply quickly and their power to invade new territories damp down: to control and reduce: to suppress, e.g. The man was too keen on betting on horse races, and his wife decided to damp down his enthusiasm.,29. We have subjected enormous numbers of people to contact with these poisons, without their consent and often without their knowledge.(-P25 L3) -By spraying insecticides on food grains, vegetables and fruit, we have caused large numbers of people to absorb harmful chemicals without asking whether they would like to do so and often without their knowing it. Subject sb/sth to sth: (written) to make sb/sth suffer or be affected by sth, usually sth unpleasant, e.g. Diogenes was constantly subjected to ridicule. Before launching the new car, they subjected it to severe tests.,Lesson 11 Silent Spring,For Reference,Question: Why did Carson say the chemical war is never won?,Chemicals kill indiscriminately, reduce biodiversity (,baiudaiv:sti生物多样性 )and contaminate the entire environment. They cannot solve the pest problem, for pests can adapt to the chemicals and evolve into super races immune to chemicals, and they can undergo a “flare-back”. The vicious circle will never end until man is killed along with other lives.,word study,consider,consider vt.认为，把.看做；考虑；关心 vi.考虑，细想 considering prep.考虑到，关于 considerable adj.相当大的，相当多的 considerate adj.体贴的，考虑周到的 consideration n.考虑；关心；要考虑的事,all things considered从各方面考虑起来 be considerate of 为着想，考虑周到 be under consideration在考虑中 on no consideration在任何情况下都不 out of consideration for出于对考虑 leave out of consideration忽略，没有考虑,accidental adj.意外的，偶然的 accident n.意外的事；事故 搭配： by accident 偶然 on purpose故意 without accident 平安无事地 by accident of 靠的机遇 助记： incident(附带的)事件 incidental 附带的，伴随的 incidentally 附带地 accident意外的事 accidental意外的，附属的 accidentally意外地 辨析： accident指不幸的意外事故 incident指突然发生的重大事件 event普通用语，可指大小事件，如前加修饰语，常指历史上重大事件,abundance 大量，丰富，充裕,n. a large quantity that is more than enough(=grea plentyt),(adj.)abundant丰富的 （n.）abundance丰富 （v.）abound富于,Example: There is a great abundance of sunshine here. Laughing were in abundance on that trip abundant a. (be in) This area is abundant in fish resource. abound v. (with) 搭配： in abundance 丰富地 an abundance of 大量的，充裕的 be abundant in(with)丰富的，大量的,Exercise,For the advertised position,the company offers a(n)_salary and benefits package. A.generous B.plentiful C.abundant D.sufficient,答案：A 句意：对于广告中的职位，该公司提供了非常慷慨丰厚的工资和福利待遇。考查的是形容词词义辨析。 generous的意思是“慷慨的，大方的，丰富的，充分的”，plentiful的意思是“许多的，丰富的，大量的”，abundant的意思是“丰富的，充裕的”，sufficicient的意思是”充分的，足够的“,access n.接近（或进入）的机会，享用的机会； vt.存取（计算机文件等）,辨异：assess,access,excess assess v.估价，评价 access n.接近，进入，通道，入口 excess n.超越，超过，过剩 accessible adj.易于得到（接近、达到）的 inaccessible adj.(to)达不到的，难得到的 不可进入的，不易接近的,industry n.工业，产业勤劳，勤奋,Diligence is the mother of good luck,and God gives all things to industry. 勤奋是幸运之母，上帝将万物赐予勤劳。,industrial adg.工业的，产业的 industrious adg.勤劳的，勤奋的 industrialize v.（使）工业化 industrialization n.工业化,landscape n.（陆上）风景，景色 全景风景画 v.美化,辨异：landscape,scenery,view,scene scenery是从美的观点来看部分乡间景色，为不可数名词 We passed through some beautiful scenery on our journey through the Lake District.我们在穿越英国湖泊区的旅途中，看到了不少美丽的景色。 landscape是指在某一地区内见到的由丘陵、山谷、原野等构成的风景，为可数名词 The landscape was typical of the Lake District,with high mountains,lakes,and deep valleys.这种由高山，湖泊和深谷构成的景色是英国湖泊区的典型景色。 可数名词view表示从某处可以见到的远景，着重点在你能够看到的部分 Youll get a fine view of the town from the top of the hill. scene用以指所看到的远近各处的景色，亦包括人和动作 a happy scene of children playing in the park孩子们在公园里嬉戏的欢乐情景,bounds: accepted or furthest limit, e.g. His energy knows no bounds (=He is very energetic.) Quite a few Congressmen insist that military spending be held/kept within bounds. Build in/into: to cause to be an indispensable part of sth, e.g. The cupboards are built in to the walls of the house. I hope youll build some entertainment into the schedule for the training. built-in adj: included as an indispensable part of sth; inherent e.g. a built-in wardrobe; a built-in advantage/disadvantage of a system,chorus n.group of singers合唱团，合唱 v.sing,speak in chorus齐声唱，齐声说,搭配：a chorus of protest一片抗议声； in chorus齐声地 female chorus女生合唱； male chorus男生合唱； mixed chorus混声合唱,考题：The whole class replied in_to the teachers questions. A.together B.line C.chorus D.queue,答案：C 句意：全班同学齐声回答老师的问题。 in together无此搭配 in line与in a queue站成一排；in chorus异口同声地,confine vt.keep or hold,restrict,within limits限制，限于. 范围内keep shut up关起来，禁闭 Example:No longer is the possession of information confined to a privileged minority.信息不再只是掌握在少数特权层的手中了。,考题:Our knowledge about agriculture has so far been exclusively_to books. A.restricted B.controlled C.confined D.restrained,答案：C 句意：我们对农业知识的了解到目前为止仅仅局限于书本。confine指某人被限制在狭窄的范围或领域内，后接介词to；restrict指把某人的行为限制在或控制住确定的范围内，后接介词to; control指通过权利和影响等对某人加以监督和控制；restrain多指感情上的克制,consent vi.give agreement or permission同意，答应 Example:I asked my mother if I could go out,and she consented. 我问妈妈我是否能出去，她答应了。,搭配：with one consent全体一致地 辨析： consent同意或赞成某人的申请或建议，正式用词。agree往往指原先意见有分歧，经过商讨后达到意见一致，有时也可用来代替assent和consent,表示同意某项提议、意见、决议等，一般用语。approve通常指官方正式批准所赞同的事物或长辈对晚辈的请求、意见等表示同意，因此后面往往只接物。,flicker v.to burn unsteadily;shine with an unsteady light (火光等)摇曳，闪烁，闪动 n.a flickering movement or light摇曳，闪烁 搭配：flicker out（火光）摇摇曳曳地熄灭,考题：The candle_in the wind. A.sparkled B.flickered C.flashed D.twinkled,答案：B 句意：蜡烛在风中闪烁不定。 sparkle尤指由发光的物体闪烁出来的光。还可指强烈的、瞬息即逝的光，有时含有充满活泼的、生气勃勃的意思；flicker指光或火光闪烁不定，摇曳，通常指微弱柔和的光；flash指有规则发出的，时亮时灭的闪烁；twinkle用来描述星光等的闪烁。,Lesson 11 Silent Spring,shadows flickering on the wall a flicker of doubt leaves flickering in the wind The candle flickered in the wind. flames that flickered in the night,flicker v./n. a. to move waveringly= twinkle; blink; limmer b. to burn unsteadily or fitfully,墙上摇曳的影子 一丝疑虑 在风中摇晃的树叶 蜡烛在风中闪烁不定。 黑夜中闪烁的火光,rather,(1)adv. to a certain extent,fairly(usu indicating criticism,disappointment,or surprise)相当，颇 The situation there is rather serious. (2)or rather (idiom)used to introduced a more precise expression或者说得更准确些 I worked until two oclock last night,or rather this morning. (3)would rather(often shortened to “ d rather“).than prefer to 宁愿 I would rather finish this today than leave it till tomorrow.,to intend,(1)to intend to do sth.想要，打算，计划 to intend sb./sth. to do sth.-to have sth. in mind as a plan or purpose打算让.做某事 We intend to replace coal with gas in order to get pollution under control. (2)to be intended for-to be meant for准备把.用于 Jeans were at first intended for cowboys.But later they became a fashion. intention n.打算，意图 It is not our intention to create a big gap between the rich and poor. have no intention of doing没有做某事的打算 intentional adj.故意的，有意的 It was not inentional.It was just an accident.,Harmony （para1） n. a. agreement in feeling, interests, an opinions, etc. b. pleasing combination of related things,racial harmony domestic harmony Everyone lives in harmony. Tourism should develop in harmony with environment. harmonious relationships harmonize different approaches into unified strategies,种族和睦 家庭和睦 每个人和睦生活在一起。 旅游业应与环境和谐发展。 和睦的关系 将不同的方法统一起来使其成为统一的策略,Modify （para10）修改，修饰,v. a. change in form or character;alter b. make less extreme, severe, or strong,The equipment may be modified to produce VCD sets. refuse to modify her stand on the issue Association： change, alter, vary He then changed overalls and spent the next eight hours as a dustman. She had her dress altered the other day. The action he takes varies according to the nature of the complaint. 他所采取的行动，根据怨言的性质，而有所不同。,assault（para11）侵犯，攻击,v./n. violent physical or verbal attack (usually implies sudden, intense violence) Muggers often assault their victims on dark stree