子宫肌瘤的个性化治疗原则ppt课件

Individualized treatment for uterine myoma,子宫肌瘤的个性化治疗原则,子宫平滑肌瘤是最常见的妇科良性肿瘤，发病率占育龄期妇女20%-40%。,Background,Uterine myomas are the most common benign uterine tumors, present in 20%40% of women at reproductive age.,Hysterectomy has been the most common treatment modality for symptomatic fibroids in the past.,Background,过去，子宫切除的有症状的子宫肌瘤的最主要治疗方式。,Based on data from 1990 to 1997, the presence of uterine fibroids formed the main indication for hysterectomy in the United States.,资料显示，从1990年至1997年，子宫肌瘤在美国是子宫切除术的主要适应症。,Despite the frequency with which fibroids are diagnosed and treated, there remains considerable uncertainty and controversy among clinicians and women regarding the best way to manage them.,Myomectomy, the removal of fibroids surgically without hysterectomy, is the second most common surgical procedure for this condition.,子宫肌瘤剔除术，即只切除肌瘤而保留子宫的手术，是子宫肌瘤第二主要的手术治疗方式,关于子宫肌瘤的最佳治疗方式，临床医生及患者仍存在相当的争议。,Background,factors affecting the choice of therapeutic approach,age（年龄）,parity（产次）,childbearing aspirations（生育要求）,extent and severity of symptoms（症状的程度）,size, number and location of myomas(大小、数目、位置),associated medical conditions（相关适应症）,the risk of malignancy（恶性的风险）,proximity to menopause（距绝经的时间）,the desire for uterine preservation（保子宫的愿望）,Hence, the treatment should be individualized.,Background,（影响治疗方式的因素）,因此，应当采取个性化的治疗。,Treatment,1. Expectant management（期待治疗）,Asymptomatic women with leiomyoma of the uterus of less than 12 weeks size , especially those approaching menopause.,小于12周大小的无症状子宫肌瘤患者，特别是接近绝经期。,follow-up every 36 months,Treatment,carriy out,a detailed history,clinical examination,to note,the uterine size,rate of growth of the tumor,2. Medical therapy（药物治疗）,Treatment,2.1 Antifibrinolytics（抗纤维蛋白溶解药）,Tranexamic acid（氨甲环酸）,Fist-line nonhormonal therapy for heavy bleeding associated with uterine fibroids and dysfunctional uterine bleeding.,作为一线非激素药物，用于治疗子宫肌瘤及功能失调性子宫出血所致的大量出血。,Prolonged treatment may theoretically increase the risk of deep vein thrombosis,Treatment,长期应用可能会增加患深静脉血栓的风险,Treatment,2.2 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)(非类固醇抗炎药),antagonists of prostaglandins 前列腺素抑制剂,reduce dysmenorrhea and heavy menstrual losses,Stimulate uterine contractility resulting in pain,eg. Aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen,如：阿司匹林，布洛芬，萘普生,缓解痛经，减少经量,Treatment,long-term use,gastric ulcers（胃溃疡）,gastrointestinal bleeding（胃肠道出血）,gastrointestinal adverse effects（胃肠道副反应）,anemia （by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase-1 enzyme）,（长期应用）,贫血（通过抑制环加氧酶-1）,Treatment,2.3 Oral contraceptive pills（口服避孕药）,However, as myomas are estrogen dependent,they may exhibit an increase in size with combined pills.,control menorrhagia and dysmenorrhea（控制月经过多及痛经）,For some women, the benefits of hormonal contraception outweigh the risk of this adverse affect.,由于肌瘤是雌激素依赖性的，该药可能导致肌瘤增大,对于某些女性来说，激素避孕的益处超过了其副作用,Treatment,2.4 Danazol（达那唑）,creates a high androgen and low estrogen environment,resulting in the wasting of endometrium and shrinkage of fibroids.,Has been reported to be an effective therapy to shrink fibroids and control their symptoms.,造成高雄激素、低雌激素环境,导致子宫内膜和肌瘤萎缩,已证实是一种缩小肌瘤、控制症状的有效治疗方式,Treatment,side effects,acne（粉刺）,hirsutism（多毛症）,weight gain（体重增加）,irritability（易激惹）,musculoskeletal pain（肌肉骨骼痛）,hot flushes（热潮红）,breast atrophy（乳房萎缩）,However, there is no reliable evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) regarding the benefits and/or harms of use of this drug for treating uterine myomas,副作用,然而，并无来自随机对照实验的可靠证据表明该药治疗子宫肌瘤的益处或危害。,Treatment,2.5 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs (GnRHa)(促性腺激素释放激素类似物),achieve hypoestrogenism,conservative therapy for myomas,an adjunct to myomectomy,hysterectomy become technically easier and quicker after,eliminate the need for surgery for perimenopausal women,造成低雌激素环境,保守治疗,子宫肌瘤切除术辅助治疗,围绝经期妇女避免手术,子宫切除变得容易、迅速,Treatment,adverse effects,menopausal symptoms(更年期症状）,osteoporosis（骨质疏松症）,pelvic pain（盆腔痛）,a hormonal add-back,prolong the therapeutic effects of GnRHa.,improve the reducetion of bone mineral content,副作用,激素反向添加,延长GnRHa的治疗效果,改善骨密度的减少,Treatment,tibolone（替勃龙）,raloxifene （雷诺昔芬）,progestogens alone（单纯孕激素）,estrogens alone,a combination of estrogens and progestogens,Some add-back regimes,（单纯雌激素）,雌孕激素联合,Treatment,3. Uterine artery embolization(UAE)（子宫动脉栓塞）,This procedure, first described for management of myomas in 1995, attempts to limit growth by limiting the blood supply.,该方法于1995年首次被用于子宫肌瘤的治疗，通过抑制肌瘤血供来抑制其生长,Be recommended for large symptomatic myomas in women who do not wish or are poor candidates for major surgery.,对于肌瘤较大，有症状，又不愿或不适合进行手术的妇女，推荐采用该方法。,Treatment,Compared with hysterectomy,merits（优点）,demerits（缺点）,a short hospital stay （住院时间短）,improvement in quality of life （改善生活质量）,much fewer serious adverse effects （副作用少）,more minor complications （小并发症多）,unscheduled hospital visits （不定期随访）,higher readmission rates （再入院率高）,Treatment,may be considered,abnormal uterine bleeding that is unresponsive to conservative management,a high degree of suspicion of pelvic malignancy,growth of myoma after menopause,distortion of endometrial cavity or tubal obstruction in infertile women,those with recurrent pregnancy losses, pain, or pressure symptoms interfering with quality of life,anemia secondary to chronic uterine blood loss,4. Surgical management（手术治疗）,may be considered in patients （可适用于以下患者）,large myomas（大肌瘤）,a distorted endometrial cavity(子宫腔扭曲),unexplained in vitro fertilization failures （不明原因的体外受精失败）,may interfere with oocyte retrieval （可能影响卵的拾取）,before gonadotrophin （促性激素应用之前）,Treatment,4.1 Abdominal myomectomy（经腹子宫肌瘤切除术）,Treatment,with menstrual irregularities（月经失调）,with risk of endometrial patholog （子宫内膜病变高危因素）,particularly if aged more than 35 years （特别是超过35岁）,require endometrial histologic evaluation before myomectomy （子宫肌瘤切除前应行内膜组织学检查）,A thorough preoperative evaluation is advisable prior to myomectomy.,全面的术前评估是必要的,Treatment,The procedure can be carried out by laparoscopy（腹腔镜） or laparotomy（剖腹手术）.,laparoscopic myomectomy,less hemoglobin drop,reduced operative blood loss,more patients fully recuperated at day 15,diminished operative pain,diminished operative pain,Superficial subserous or pedunculated myomas are best suited for laparoscopic removal.,表浅的浆膜下肌瘤或带蒂的肌瘤非常适合腹腔镜切除,Treatment,The patient was a 21-year-old nulliparous woman presenting with a lump in the abdomen and infertility.,A clinical intraoperative photograph taken during myomectomy of an anterior isthmic fibroid and a normal-sized body of the uterus.,Treatment,The quality of uterine repair would influence the risk of uterine rupture during a subsequent pregnancy event.,子宫的恢复情况将影响以后妊娠时子宫破裂的风险,Hemorrhage and adhesion formation continue to be other areas of concern after myomectomy.,出血和粘连形成也是肌瘤切除术后值得关注的问题,For those who desire conception, a delay of 46 months before attempting pregnancy is recommended after myomectomy to allow for myometrial healing.,对希望妊娠的患者，建议子宫肌瘤切除术后休息4-6个月再妊娠，以利于子宫肌层的恢复。,Treatment,4.2 Hysteroscopic myomectomy（宫腔镜子宫肌瘤切除术）,Indication （适应症）,abnormal bleeding（异常出血）,history of pregnancy loss（流产史）,Infertility（不孕）,pain（疼痛）,suspicion of endometrial malignancy（怀疑内膜恶变）,inability to distend the cavity （无法膨胀宫腔）,tumor extension deep into the myometrium（肌瘤深入子宫肌层）,Contraindications （禁忌症）,Treatment,Classification of submucous myomas,Category T:O and T:I can be removed hysteroscopically by a surgeon with modest previous experience,reserved for highly skilled hysteroscopic surgeons,Treatment,a hysteroscopic view of a submucus myoma arising from the uterine fundus.,4.3 Vaginal myomectomy（经阴道子宫肌瘤切除术）,Treatment,Large myomas arising from the uterine body may fill the vagina and result in intermenstrual bleeding, unhealthy discharge, or urinary retention.,来源于宫体的大肌瘤可能填满阴道，导致月经间期出血，不洁分泌物或尿潴留。,Most of these can be enucleated per vaginum and the stalk ligated.,大部分这类肌瘤可经阴道剜出，并将瘤蒂结扎。,Treatment,an intraoperative clinical photograph of partial (right-sided) inversion of uterine fundus caused by a large stalked myoma arising from the fundus.,来源于宫底的带蒂大肌瘤导致部分（右侧）子宫底的内翻,Treatment,Hysterectomy,When childbearing considerations have been fulfilled,there is reasonable likelihood of malignancy,the most common major gynecological surgical procedure,33.5% are done for myomas,4.4 Hysterectomy（子宫切除）,Treatment,Hysterectomy,eliminates the need for progestational agents,a high degree of patient satisfaction,enables the woman to take unopposed estrogen therapy,Treatment,A clinical photograph of leiomyosarcoma arising in a leiomyomatous uterus as seen at hysterectomy.,子宫切除术中所见子宫平滑肌肉瘤,Treatment,a nondescent vaginal hysterectomy of a myomatous uterus in progress.,正在进行的阴式子宫切除术,Treatment,An intraoperative photograph of a false broad ligament myoma taken at hysterectomy.,子宫切除术时见一假性阔韧带肌瘤,Treatment,An intraoperative clinical photograph of enucleation of a true broad ligament myoma.,子宫切除术中见一真性阔韧带肌瘤,Treatment,A normal sized uterine body sitting atop a large posterior cervical myoma after hysterectomy.,一正常大小子宫位于一个大的宫颈后肌瘤的上方,Treatment,5. High Intensity Focused Ultrasound(HIFU),High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) is a highly precise medical procedure that applies high-intensity focused sonic energy to locally heat and destroy diseased or damaged tissue through ablation.,Treatment,the basis of this treatment modality,The rise in temperature of the tissue,the resultant protein denaturation,irreversible cell damage,Treatment,The method uses multiple exposures of high intensity focused ultrasound energy on the target fibroid to raise the tissue temperature to levels high enough to destroy it.,Symptomatic women who are desiring a noninvasive therapeutic outpatient