英美文学重点作者汇总

精品文档一、 早期和中世纪的英国文学u Geoffrey Chaucer ii1. 简介：Geoffrey Chaucer is the founder of English poetry and a forerunner of humanism. He was regarded as the founder of English realism. 代表作：Troilus and Criseyde特洛伊斯洛与克瑞西达(改变于意大利)；The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集（包括：“The Prologue”总序；“The Wife of Bath”巴斯妇人）。l The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集的影响：It shows a true-to-life picture of Chaucers time. (之所以说乔叟是The founder of realism，是因为早期英国文学歌颂英雄(Anglo-Saxon poetry)，中期英国文学歌颂骑士精神(The Romance)，之后虽然有了piers the plowman,也不曾直接写社会不公，直到乔叟真实描写中世纪及各层人民。) Taking from the stand of rising bourgeoisie, Chaucer affirms men and opposes the dogma of asceticism preached by the Church. His tales expose and satirize the evils of his time, attack degeneration of the noble, the corruption of the Church.2. 语言特色/贡献：He is the first great poet who wrote in the English language. He introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the Heroic couplet to English poetry. He is good at the terza rima, which makes his language a high style.二、 英国文艺复兴u Thomas More ii1. 简介：Thomas More is an English humanism churchman. 代表作：Utopia乌托邦。2. 评价：More dared to fight against the feudalism ruler and he was a humanist. But, he was no revolutionary in the sense of wishing to arouse the people or to start any revolutionary movement. The system of bondsmen suggested to solve the problem of social productivity still remains the features of class exploitation. He could never find the means by which socialism could be realized.u Francis Bacon1. 简介：He is the founder of English materialist philosophy, the first English essayist and the founder of English Modern Science. He is the one who introduced essay, the literary form, to England. 代表作：Advancement of Learning学问的演进；New Instrument新工具；The Essays随笔（58篇）“Of Studies”论学习；“Of Beauty”论美；“Of Wisdom for a Mans Self”论自私。l “Of Studies”论学习：Its message is conveyed with sweeping effect and overwhelming power, which lie in the unity of the message and the consistence of forceful argumentations. 内容：The text focuses on one controlling idea“studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.”l “Of Beauty”论美：Unlike many of his contemporaries, Bacon makes full use of so meager a vocabulary to explicate his great theme: the criterion of beauty. He makes a conclusion that only the beauty of virtue can “shine” eternally, beyond time and space.2. 主题/技法：Bacons essay writing is classified into Classic Essay. The classic essay is as comprehensive in subject matters and styles as in all classic literature. In subjects, the classic essay deals with a variety of themes: philosophy, literary criticism, arts, politics, history, social problems, travels and other aspects of life. In style, Bacon is weight and highly sententious. Many of his sentences have become wise old sayings.u Edmund Spenser1. 简介：Edmund Spenser was recognized as the “Poets poet”. 代表作：The Shepherds Calendar牧羊人日历；Epithalamion结婚曲；Amoritti爱情小唱；The Faerie Queene仙后。l The Spenserian Stanza: It refers to a nine-line-stanza with the following rhyme scheme: ababbcbcc. The first eight lines are written in iambic pentameter. The ninth line is written in iambic hexameter which is called an alexandrine.l The Faerie Queene仙后：A long poem planned in 12 books, of which he finished only six. It is set in the mythical world of King Arthur and his knights. theme: Nationalism, Humanism and Puritanism.2. 地位：The publication of The Shepherds Calendar marked the budding of the Renaissance flower in the northern island of England(Ireland). The language had changed into Modern English distinguished from the Middle English of Chaucers day. Spenser is the first master to make that language the natural music of his poetic effusions. He invented the Spenserian stanza, which became a popular verse form in the historical development of English poetry.u Christopher Marlowe ii1. 简介：Christopher Marlowe was the most preeminent figure among the “university wits”, as well as the greatest playwright before the rise of Shakespeare. 代表作：Tamburlaine帖木儿大帝(对权力的贪婪)；The Jew of Malta马耳他的犹太人(对金钱的贪欲)；Doctor Faustus浮士德博士。l Doctor Faustus浮士德博士：The play deals with themes including sin, redemption, and damnation. The chief feature of Faustuss character is an insatiable thirst for knowledge. The tragedy of Doctor Faustus is characteristic of a humanist in the age of Renaissance.2. 社会意义：Marlowes plays show the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie. The heroes of his plays are typical images of the era of the primitive accumulation of capital. The theme of Marlowes plays is the praise of individuality freed from the restraints of medieval dogmas and law. However, the heroes in Marlowes plays are merely individualists. Their individualistic ambition often brings ruin to the world and sometimes to themselves.3. 文学成就：Marlowe was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama. He reformed the English drama and perfected the language and verse of dramatic works. He first made blank verse the principal instrument of English drama. Although his plays lack of variety in characterization and construction, he was famous for his “mighty line”.u William Shakespeare1. 简介：Shakespeare is the most remarkable playwright and poet all over the world. 戏剧分期： 1590-1594初期，实验各种戏剧类型。早期人物塑造不够丰满，历史精确性不够，以诗剧为主要形式却无法摆脱押韵诗的死板僵硬。Henry VI亨利六世；Richard III理查德三世；The Comedy of Errors错中错；The Taming of the Shrew驯悍记；Loves Labours Lost爱的徒劳；Romeo and Juliet罗密欧与朱丽叶。 1595-1600成熟期，史剧、十四行诗都很成熟。总体上积极向上但已有了些许苦痛，人物成熟饱满，史料丰富，采用马洛的无韵诗写法。Richard II理查德二世；Henry IV亨利四世；Henry V亨利五世；The Merry Wives of Windsor温莎的风流娘们；Julius Caesar朱利尤斯凯撒；伟大喜剧“Great Comedies”A Midsummer Nights Dream仲夏夜之梦，The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人；As You Like it皆大欢喜；Twelfth Night第十二夜。 1601-1607伟大悲剧时期，由于社会剧变，作品悲观。Alls Well That Ends Well终成眷属；Measure for Measure一报还一报；Antony and Cleopatra安东尼和克里奥佩特拉；伟大悲剧“Great Tragedies”Hamlet哈姆莱特；Othello奥赛罗；King Lear李尔王；Macbeth麦克白。 传奇剧时代。Cymbeline辛白林；The Winters Tale冬天的童话；The Tempest暴风雨；Henry VIII亨利八世。 诗歌：Venus and Adonis维纳斯和阿多尼斯；The Rape of Lucrece鲁克丽丝受辱记；Sonnets十四行诗集。u Ben Jonson1. 简介：Ben Jonson was one of the leading dramatists of the Renaissance period. 代表作：Every Man in His Humour个性互异；Volpone, or the Fox福尔蓬奈（或狐狸）；The Alchemist炼金术士；Bartholomew Fair巴梭罗缪市集。2. 作品特点： Jonsons comedies are “comedies of humours”. His portrayal of characters is one-sided, flat, and lacking development instead of being round and flexible. Jonson took a firm stand for the “three unities” (time, place and action) and strongly disapproved of a mixture of serious and comic episodes in a play. He advocates a truthful and realistic description of life and people. He was a forerunner of classicism in English literature.三、 英国资产阶级革命时期u John Milton1. 简介：John Milton is the third greatest English poet after Chaucer and Shakespeare. 早期写诗歌，中期写宣传册，晚期写史诗。代表作：“Lycidas”利西达斯（悼亡诗）；“On his Deceased Wife”致亡妻；Areopagirica论出版自由；Defence of the English People为英国人民辩护（查理二世雇人写文章讨伐英国人民，因为当年他们支持处死查理一世，米尔顿写此文为英国人民辩护。）；Paradise Lost失乐园；Paradise Regained复乐园；Samson Agonistes力士参孙。l Paradise Lost失乐园: 概况：Paradise lost, consisting of 12 books, naturally divides into three equal parts of four books each. The stories were taken from the Old Testament and written in blank verse. In this work Milton tried to answer the old question challenging all Christians, namely: if God is all-good and all-powerful, why is there so much suffering and evil in this world? 主题：There are three striking aspects of his intention can be felt in this epic: his faith in God, his inclination for classicism, and his yearning for reformation and freedom. 人物： Satan, though defeated, still sought revenge, is the most striking character in the poem. Though feebler in force, he remains superior in nobility, since he prefers independence to happy servility. Satan is the spirit of questioning the authority of God. In the poem God is no better than a selfish despot, seated upon a throne with a chorus of angels about him eternally singing his praises. However, we can never take it for granted that Milton is attacking God. The God Milton cursed was, in fact, not the Christian Providence but a mere symbol for anything he believed to be bad or immoral. Adam and Eve embody Miltons belief in the powers of man.2. 贡献/技法： Milton was political in both his life and his art. He wrote the greatest epic in English literature. He and Shakespeare have always been regarded as two patterns of English verse. He is a master of the blank verse. He first used blank verse in non-dramatic works. He is a great stylist. He is famous for his grand style. (a). His style is characterized with the epic elements in it. (b). He always inverse the word order. (c). His writing is circumlocution (累赘的陈述). (d). His use of immensely long sentences and the epanalepsis (语句间隔反复) He has always been admired for his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.四、 十八世纪英国文学(思想启蒙时期)u Alexander Pope1. 简介：Alexander Pope was known as representative of the Enlightenment. He is one of the first to introduce rationalism into England. He believed in the necessity of universal education, especially that of social morality, classic culture and scientific knowledge. He also assumed the role of champion of traditional civilization. (为什么说他是启蒙运动的代表)。 代表作：Essay on Criticism论批评(用英雄双韵体作)；The Rape of the Lock卷发遇劫记；The Dunciad群愚史记；Essay on Man人论（启蒙主义重要的作品）。2. 成就/局限性： Pope was an outstanding enlightener and the greatest English poet of the classical school in the first half of the 18th century. He usually writes in the form of heroic couplets. His style is direct and compact. He was at his best in satire and epigram. Almost all his works are satires. He is good at saying brilliant and true things in a sparkling way. But he lacked the lyrical gift. u Daniel Defoe（赏析）ii1. Desert Island Fiction：is a form of fiction in which a remote and uncivilized island is used as the venue of the story and action. Usually it can be placed right outside the “real” world and may be an image of the ideal, unspoiled or primitive existence, for it is often presented as an example of inner goodness, bravery, dignity and nobility, or adolescent innocence and purity uncorrupted by the evil force in civilization.2. 写作技巧：Defoe wrote in a plain factual, almost documentary style without elaborate, romantic extravagances and encouraged the development of realistic fiction. His vocabulary is colloquial, uncoloured and free-running, but firm and concrete. The first-person narration is vivid, authentic and impressive with unadorned realism. Defoe creates, with no sigh of deliberate intent, the realistic fictionthe dominant literary form for the following centuries.3. 内容：Here Defoe describes how the hero, after years of solitude and hardships, managed to construct for himself a habitable and even prosperous settlement by his unaided effort.殖民主义表现：Actually Crusoe did more than mere survival, for he established a plantation, opened up a colony, and created even a civilization in the wilderness. 人物精神：Defoe presents here in Crusoe a heroic image of the bourgeois man, a man who is daring, persistent, resourceful and ambitious, adventurous, enterprising as well; a man who richly represents the spirit of capitalism. 赞颂了：The adventure romance becomes an optimistic song of humanity, singing of mans ability to survive, his courage to struggle against nature, his ambition to conquer new land.u Henry Fielding1. 简介：Henry Fielding is the founder of the English realistic school in literature with Samuel Richardson. 代表作：Joseph Andrews约瑟夫安德鲁；Jonathan Wild大伟人乔纳森魏尔德；Tom Jones汤姆琼斯。2. 特点：Fielding is the founder of the English realistic novel and sets up the theory of realism in literary creation. Fieldings way in telling the story of a novel is the story may be told by the author. Fieldings way of satire is to slash the evils of the corrupt ruling classes as in Jonathan Wild.u Jonathan Swift1. 简介：Jonathan Swift was an Irish satirist, essayist, poet and political pamphleteer. 代表作：The Battle of the Books书战；A Tale of a Tub一个木桶的故事；Bickerstaff Almanac比克斯塔辅历书；Gullivers Travels格列夫游记；The Drapiers Letters一个麻布商的来信；A Modest Proposal一个小小的建议。2. 风格：Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose. His language is simple, clear and vigorous. He said, “Proper words in proper places, makes the true definition of a style.” He is a master satirist and his irony is deadly.u William Blake（前浪漫主义诗人）1. 简介：William Blake is a British poet, painter and engraver. 代表作：Songs of Innocence天真之歌；Songs of Experience经验之歌；The Marriage of Heaven and Hell天堂与地狱的婚姻。2. 地位：The whole temper of Blakes genius was essentially opposed to the classical tradition of that age. His lyric poetry displays the characteristics of the romantic spirit. Blakes revolutionary passion came near that of Shelly.五、 英国浪漫主义时期u 浪漫主义时期的主要特点：1. 时间： At the turn of the18th and 19th centuries, romanticism appeared in England as a new trend in literature. It rose and grew under the impetus of the Industrial Revolution and French Revolution.2. The Romantic Period is one of poetical revival. It is a period of poetry. Emotion, imagination and intuition of humankind are what the romanticists emphasize in their works. The general feature of the works of the romanticists is the dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society. They pay more attention to the spiritual and emotional life of man. Nature plays an important role in their works.u William Wordsworth （湖畔诗人，消极浪漫主义诗人，早期浪漫主义诗人）1. 简介：The representative of the passive Romantic poets, who expressed the deepest aspirations of English Romanticism. He has innovated the traditional form of ballad. He and Coleridge jointly published the Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集 in 1798.l The preface to the Lyrical Ballads: (诗歌创作原则) Wordsworth based his own poetical principle on the premise that “all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling”. He appealed to individual sensation as the foundation in the creation and appreciation of poetry. Poetry “takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility”. 诗歌要用普通人的语言写普通生活中的普通事。2. 代表作：“To the Cuckoo”致杜鹃；“I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”我如行云独自游；“She Dwelt among the Untrodden Ways”独自幽居（Lucy Poems中的一首）；“I Travelled among Unknown Men”我曾在海外的异乡漫游。3. 写作手法/特色：simplicity and purity of his language; His theme is “back to nature” which is originated from his dissatisfaction with the social reality under capitalism; Nearly all of his good poetry was written during the first decade of his literary career.u Samuel Taylor Coleridge1. 简介：Samuel Taylor Coleridge was the first critic of the Romantic school. 代表作：“The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”古舟子咏；“Kubla Khan”忽必烈汗；Biographia Literaria, or Sketches of My Literary Life and Opinions文学传记或我的文学生涯和文学观点。 2. 贡献：His Biographia Literaria afforded the new Romantic poetry a new principle of criticism, whose task was not to judge but to appreciate and interpret.u George Gordon Byron （晚期浪漫主义诗人，积极浪漫主义时期）1. 简介：Byron is one of the greatest romantic poets in England. He created the “Byronic hero”, which had a great influence in the literary field. 代表作：Childe Harolds Pilgrimage恰尔德哈罗德游记；The Prisoner of Chillon锡隆的囚徒；Don Juan唐璜；“She Walks in Beauty”她走在美的光影中； “Elegy on Thyrza”赛沙挽歌（即：“And Thou Art Dead”你已经长逝）；“Elegy”挽歌。l “And Thou Art Dead”你已经长逝：It is an elegiac poem written by Byron who attempts to express his feelings of loss upon the death of an oriental girl and also show his great affection to this young beautiful lady. l Byronic heroes（拜伦式英雄）：It refers to characters described in Byrons works who are men with fiery passions and unbending will and express the poets own ideal of freedom. 缺点：These heroes rise against tyranny and injustice, but they are merely lone fighters striving for personal freedom and some individualistic ends.u Percy Bysshe Shelley1. 简介：Shelley and Byron are justifiably regarded as two great poets of revolutionary romanticism in England. He loved the people and hated their oppressors and exploiters. He called on the people to overthrow the rule of tyranny and injustice and prophesied a happy and free future for mankind. 代表作：Queen Mab麦布女王；The Revolt of Islam伊斯兰的起义；Prometheus Unbound解放了的普罗米修斯；The Masque of Anarchy假面的游行；Adonais阿多尼（给济慈写的挽歌）；A Defence of Poetry诗辩（散文）；“Ode to the West Wind”西风颂；“One Word is Too Often Profaned”有一个字常被人亵渎；“To a Sky-Lark”致云雀。l Queen Mab麦布女王：It is a revolutionary poem. It contains almost all Shelleys major social and political ideas. 缺：However,. Shelley in this poem was mealy a Utopian-socialist in views, looking forward to a happy future for mankind but rejecting the path of revolution by violence.u John Keats1. 简介：A representative of the second generation English Romantic poets. 代表作：长诗：Endymion恩底弥翁（纪念Thomas Chatterton，女神与美丽的牧羊人）；Isabella伊莎贝拉（根据薄卡丘的十日谈所改，讲伊莎贝拉将爱人的头颅放在花盆里，每天守护他）；The Eve of St. Agnes圣阿格尼斯前夜（与罗密欧朱丽叶的故事相似，圣阿格尼丝前夜，虔诚的少女可以梦见自己的丈夫）；Lamia拉米亚（有点类似白蛇传，蛇女爱上凡人）。短诗：“Ode to a Nightingale”夜莺颂；“Ode on a Grecian Urn”希腊古瓮颂；“To Autumn”秋颂。l “Ode on a Grecian Urn”希腊古瓮颂 : （部分内容赏析)Though the sculpture on the urn were quiet forms, the human beauty and love captured in the figures on its freeze can never fade or die as they do in real life. Thus the urn remains forever a testimony that “beauty is truth, truth beauty”, for its silent loveliness has the profound stability of the eternal.l “To Autumn”秋颂：（部分内容赏析）Although the last stanza falls on a mixed note of subdued joy and mild melancholy, the whole poem gives us vivid and delightful scenes of the rural environment in the autumn season. Keats celebrates the world of nature in the autumn season, with “autumn” personified as a figure in various autumnal landscapes. He describes the fruitfulnes