直接引语间接引语.doc

直接引语和间接引语直接引语就是直接地引用或复述别人的话，并放在引号内。间接引语则是说话人用自己的话转述他人的原话，被转述的内容不放在引号内。间接引语是说话者站在自己的角度进行转述，因此，不同的直接引语要用不同的句式来进行转述，且直接引语中的代词、动词的时态以及时间或地点状语都要有相应的变化，部分引述动词有时也需做适当的调整。这些变化有一定的规则，但在具体运用时往往呈现复杂的情况。本章的学习重点是要掌握陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句等由直接引语变为间接引语最基本的规则，特别是特殊疑问句转换成间接引语时的词序变化、时态的前后呼应以及规则以外的不同变化。准确地进行直接引语和间接引语的转换有助于我们准确地进行交际。一、直接引语与间接引语的转换 在将直接引语转换为间接引语时，不仅句式上要有变化，而且要在时态、人称、时间、地点等方面作相应的变化。1、引语转换时的句式变化不同的直接引语句式，如：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句，转换成间接引语时要遵循一定的句式转换规则，还要注意根据句意，使用适当的引述动词。（1）陈述句的间接引语将陈述句转换为间接引语，通常用that引导的宾语从句来表达。连词that 在不引起歧义的情况下可以省略。引述分句的动词常见的有say 和tell等。He said, “I caught a cold yesterday.” 他说：“我昨天感冒了。”- He said (that) he had caught a cold the day before. 他说他前天感冒了。Helen said to me, “Im tired of taking such exams.” 海伦说：“我讨厌参加这种考试。”- Helen told me (that) she was tired of taking such exams. 海伦说她讨厌参加这种考试。【点津坊】在下列情况下，往往要保留that。 that 的省略会产生歧义。Linda said disappointedly that when she arrived at the station, the train had already left.琳达很失望地说，她到达车站时火车已经开走了。（如不用that，when状语从句既可以理解为修饰said, 又可以理解为修饰had left） 当引述动词后面不止跟一个that引导的从句时，第二个that不能省略。He said (that) he was leaving for Europe the next week and that he would stay there for half a year. 他说他下周要到欧洲去并在那里呆半年。（第二个that不能省略）（2）疑问句的间接引语直接引语如果是疑问句，变成间接引语后，叫做间接问句。引述的动词常用ask, inquire, wonder, want to know等。间接问句的词序一般都用正常词序，句末不用问号，用句号。一般疑问句的间接引语直接引语为一般疑问句时，用连词whether或if 引导，某些表示请求的疑问句也可以转换成间接祈使句。I asked him, “Are you satisfied with the results?” 我问他：“你对这结果满意吗？”- I asked him whether he was satisfied with the results. 我问他对这结果是否满意。“Did you go to the British Museum yesterday?” asked Kate.凯特问：“你昨天有没有去大英博物馆？”Kate asked me if I had gone to the British Museum the day before.-凯特问我昨天有没有去大英博物馆。The old man said to a passer-by, “Will you tell me the way to get to the Great Wall Hotel?”那位老人跟一位过路人说：“请问到长城饭店的路怎么走。”-The old man asked a passer-by to tell him the way to the Great Wall Hotel.那位老人请一位过路人告诉他去长城饭店的路。 选择疑问句的间接引语直接引语为选择疑问句时，用连词whether/ifor引导。He said, “Are you interested in English or not?” 他说：“你是否对英语感兴趣?”- He asked (me) whether I was interested in English or not. 他问我是否对英语感兴趣。“Do you like Chinese food or Japanese food?” he asked. 他问：“你喜欢中国食物还是日本食物？”- He asked whether / if I liked Chinese food or Japanese food. 他问我喜欢中国食物还是日本食物。 特殊疑问句的间接引语直接引语为特殊疑问句，转换为间接引语时，仍用原来的疑问词引导。“What do you do in your free time?” he asked me. 他问我：“你业余时间干什么？”-He asked me what I did in my free time. 他问我业余时间做什么。“Why did she go to America?” Paul asked. 保罗问：“她为什么去美国？”- Paul asked why she had gone to America. 保罗问她为什么去了美国。【小帖士】“Whats the matter with you?”和“Whats wrong with you?”改为间接引语时词序不变。He asked me what was wrong with me. 他问我出什么事了。 He asked me what was the matter with me. 他问我怎么了。（3）祈使句的间接引语 直接引语如果是祈使句，变成间接引语后，叫间接祈使句。祈使句表示命令时，要把直接引语的动词say变成command, order, tell等动词，被转述的部分改为动词不定式。否定祈使句改为not to do结构。“Stay where you are,” she said. 她说：“呆在原地。”- She told me to stay where I was. 她告诉我呆在原地。“Dont smoke in the room,” he said. 他说：“别在房间里抽烟。”-He told me not to smoke in the room. 她叫我别在房间里抽烟。祈使句表示请求时，常把直接引语的动词say变成ask, beg, request, urge等动词。She said to me, “Please wait till I return, will you?” 她说：“请你一直等到我回来，好吗？” -She begged me to wait till she returned. 她请求我一直要等到她回来。 以Lets开头的祈使的句，通常将引述动词改为suggest，然后再接that从句。John said to Bill, “Lets go hiking tomorrow.”约翰对比尔说，“我们明天去徒步旅行吧。”-John suggested to Bill that they (should) go hiking the next day.约翰向比尔提议第二天去徒步旅行。（4）感叹句的间接引语直接引语是感叹句，变成间接引语后，叫做间接感叹句。间接感叹句多采用宾语从句结构，既可用what或how引导，也可用that引导，还可以根据句子表达的不同感情选用适当的动词和状语来转换。He said, “What a beautiful view it is!” 他说：“多么漂亮的景色！”-He said that it was a very beautiful view. 他说景色非常漂亮。- He cried out what a beautiful view it was. 他大声说这景色是多么地漂亮。She often says, “What a great country China is!” 她常说：“中国是一个多么伟大的国家！”-She often says that China is a very great country. 她常说中国是一个非常伟大的国家。- She often remarks with admiration (that) China is a great country.她常常赞赏地说中国多么伟大（5）并列句和复合句的间接引语当转述的内容为并列句或复合句，或有两种以上的句子时，应根据不同的句式来选择不同的引述动词和连接词。He said, “I told her to wait, but she went away.”他说：“我告诉她等一下，但她还是走了。-He said (that) he had told her to wait but that she went away.他说他已经告诉她等一下，但她还是走了。She said, “It is cold here. Is the window shut?”她说：“这儿很冷。窗户关了吗？”-She said that it was cold there and asked if the window was shut.她说那儿很冷，并问窗户是否关了。Fenwick said to me, “Go and see Robin. He will tell you everything you want to know.”芬威克对我说：“去看看罗宾吧，他会告诉你想要知道的事情。”-Fenwick advised me to go and see Robin, and said that he would tell me everything I wanted to know. 芬威克建议我去看罗宾，因为他会告诉我想要知道的事情。二、引语转换时的各种相应变化直接引语转换成间接引语除了有句式的变化外，还要掌握动词时态、人称代词、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和词序的变化。（1）动词时态的变化 如果引述动词为现在时态，间接引语的动词可以保持原来的时态。He says, “I have been writing a novel.” 他说：“我一直在写一本小说。”- He says that he has been writing a novel. 他说他一直在写一本小说。 如果引述动词为过去时态，间接引语中的时间就要往后推，即现在时间推至过去时间，过去时间推至过去的过去，将来时间推至过去将来时间。具体变化见下表：直接引语时态间接引语时态一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时现在完成时过去完成时现在完成进行时过去完成进行时一般过去时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时一般将来时过去将来时将来进行时过去将来进行时The teacher said, “You are doing OK.” 老师说：“你们干得很不错。”- The teacher said we were doing OK. 老师说我们干得很不错。（现在进行时变为过去进行时）I asked her, “Where have you spent your holiday?” 我问她：“你去哪里度假了？”- I asked her where she had spent her holiday. 我问她去哪里度假了。（现在完成时变为过去完成时）She said, “I went to Shanghai.” 她说：“我去过上海。”- She said that she had gone to Shanghai. 她说她去过上海。（过去时变为过去完成时）He said, “I had finished my work before 10 oclock.” 他说：“我在十点钟前就完成工作了。”- He said that he had finished his work before 10 oclock. 他说他在十点钟前就完成工作了。（过去完成时不变）The mayor said: “The people of Beijing will be preparing to light the Olympic torch to welcome athletes and fans from all over the world.” 这位市长说：“北京人民将准备点燃奥运火炬来迎接来自全世界的运动员和运动迷。”- The mayor said that the people of Beijing would be preparing to light the Olympic torch to welcome athletes and fans from all over the world.这位市长说北京人民将准备点燃奥运火炬来迎接来自全世界的运动员和运动迷。（将来进行时变为过去将来进行时）（2）情态动词的变化 在间接引语中，有些情态动词没有过去式，转换为间接引语时仍用原来的形式，或用其它表示法。 直接引语间接引语 must （必然）（推测） mustmustnt（禁止）mustntmust（必须）had to/ would have to shallshould shouldshould willwould wouldwould maymight mightmight cancould couldcould daredared needneed ought toought to He said, “I really must go.” 他说：“我一定得走了。”- He said that he really must go. 他说他一定得走了。“Must we hand in our exercise this afternoon?” he asked. 他问：“我们得今天下午交作业吗？”-He asked if they had to hand in the exercise that afternoon. 他问他们是否那天下午得交作业。“You need not take an umbrella with you,” he said. 他说：“你不用带雨伞。”-He said that I need not take an umbrella with me. 他说我不用带雨伞。【点津坊】因为人称发生了变化，在直接引语中可用shall或should，而在间接引语中则用would。“I should be glad to come.” “我会很愿意来的。”- He said he would be glad to come. 他说他会很愿意来。（3）人称代词的变化人称代词的变化要以转述者的立场作适当的改变。改变方式通常与汉语基本相同，即第一、三人称转换成第三人称；第二人称转换成第一、三人称。“Im fond of surfing the Internet,” he said. 他说：“我喜欢网上冲浪。”-He said he was fond of surfing the Internet. 他说他喜欢网上冲浪。“You should pay more attention to your pronunciation,” the teacher said.老师说：“你应该更注意你的发音。” -The teacher said that I should pay more attention to my pronunciation. 老师说我应该更注意我的发音。【小帖士】但如果说话人引述自己的话，人称代词不必改动。I said, “ I had a good time at the party.” 我说：“我在晚会上玩得很开心。”I said that I had had a good time at the party. 我说我在晚会上玩得很开心。（4）指示代词的变化在间接引语中，指示代词this转换成that，these转换成those。He said, “Please show me this one.” 他说：“请拿这个给我看一下。”- He asked me to show him that one. 他要我拿那个给他看一下。He said, “Id like to see these sunglasses.” 他说：“我想看这些太阳镜”- He said that he wanted to see those sunglasses. 他说他想看那些太阳镜。（5）时间状语和地点状语的变化根据转述的时间和地点不同，时间状语和地点状语存在着较多的变化。 直接引语 间接引语todaythat daythis morning/ afternoon/eveningthat morning / afternoon / eveningyesterdaythe day before, the previous dayyesterday morning /afternoon etc.the previous morning / afternoon etc.the morning before, the afternoon before the day before yesterdaytwo days beforetomorrowthe next day, the following daythe day after tomorrowin two days time, two days afternext week / month / year etc.the next week / month / year, etc.the following week / month / year etc.last night / month / year, etc.the previous night / month / year etc.the night before, the month before etc.two weeks / months / years agothe weeks before, two months beforenowthenso far by thenin 1990in 1990herethere“Well leave here tomorrow,” he said. 他说：“我们明天离开这里。”-He said that they would leave there the next day.他说他们将在第二天离开那里。“I met him the day before yesterday,” she said.她说：“我前天遇见过他。”-She said that she had met him two days before.她说她前两天遇见过他。(6) 间接引语的词序变化直接引语为疑问句时，间接引语要把倒装词序变为正常词序。He asked, “How did these differences come about?” 他问：“这些不同之处是如何产生的？”- He asked how those differences had come about. 他问那些不同之处是如何产生的。“What is adventure travel?” he asked. 他问：“冒险旅游是什么？”-He asked what adventure travel was. 他问什么是冒险旅游。【试题播报】No one can be sure_ in a million years.A. what man will look like B. what will man look likeC. man will look like what D. what look will man like【分析】本题考查宾语从句的词序。宾语从句引导词为what，充当介词like的宾语，先排除C项。B和D的词序仍是疑问句的倒装词序。故本题正确答案是A。一、选择填空1. He asked _ for the violin. A. did I pay how much B. I paid how much C. how much did I pay D. how much I paid2. Can you make sure _ the gold ring? A. where Alice has put B. where had Alice put C. where Alice had put D. where has Alice put3. These photos will show you _.A. what does our village look like B. what our village looks likeC. how our village look like D. how our village looks like4. You cant imagine _ when they received these nice Christmas presents. A. how they were excited B. how excited they were C. how excited were they D. they were how excited5. _ she said suggested that she hadnt decided _ to go or not. A. What, if B. That, whether C. What, whether D. What, whichever6. Ill ask my parents _. A. whether they will agree to go B. if they let me go C. if they will let me go D. whether they allow me to7. -Do you mind if Jim will come to help? -I really dont know _ a person like him can help me with. A. what B. that C. how D. if8. He asked me if _. A. the train will late B. the train always arrived late C. the train arrives on time D. the train stops here9. It is said in the book that Thomas Edison (1847-1931) _ the world leading inventor for sixty years. A. would be B. has been C. had been D. was10. Sorry to have interrupted you. Please go on. -Where was I? -You _ you didnt like your fathers job. A. had said B. said C. were saying D. had been saying二、把下列直接引语变成间接引语1. “You have done a good job,” said the teacher.2. He said, “Ill help you with it later.”3. “Be careful with the dog,” I said.4. “Are you sure about this?” ha asked.5. She asked, “Whats the matter wit