段和结论段的写作.ppt

大学英语写作首末段句型示例,文章的结构,一个完整的段落包括三部分：主题句， 推展句和结论句。 一篇完整的四六级作文包括三部分：引言，正文和结论。又称：三段论。 因此，可以说， 文章是段落的扩展，段落是文章的压缩。,段落的结构,文章的结构,十句作文法,具体地说，四六级作文实际是一个十句话短文（十句作文法） 引言段两句或三句话：开头句+主题句（中心思想句+承上启下的组织句） 正文段四句话：主题句+三个扩（推）展句 结论段四句或三句话：主题句+扩（推）展句+结论句,Example,Losing Weight 1）减肥已成为时尚。 2）人们热衷于减肥的原因。 3）减肥的有效方法。 1）2 sentences 2）4 sentences 3）4 sentences,Losing Weight,1)Nowadays, many people are very much worried about being overweight. 2)And people, the young and women in particular, are trying various ways to lose weight.,3)There are many reasons why more and more people are concerned about losing weight. 4)To begin with, they are all aware of the danger of being overweight, which may lead to many diseases such as hyper-tension, diabetes and heart attacks. 5)Secondly, more people have become concerned about their shape and they want to appear energetic and young. 6)Whats more, losing weight can help them feel mentally healthier and build up their self-esteem.,7)There are different means through which people can achieve their goal of losing weight. 8)First of all, some of the people who want to remove their fat eat less or eat nothing. 9)Besides, they take weight-reducing drugs. 10)But the most effective and healthy way to lose weight is to take proper exercises.,文章的开头,常言道：“织衣织裤，贵在起头”，不落俗套，别致新颖的开头（引言段）能吸引读者，紧紧抓住读者的注意力。 在四六级考试作文评分中，采用global scoring的评分原则， 因此，文章的引言段是否能吸引assessor/examiner， 是文章分数高低的一个关键。,文章开头写作的两点原则,要紧扣文章标题，即开头点题。 要能顺利地引出下文，和下文（文章中间部分正文）的内容相联系，引发读者兴趣，使人想读下去。,首段写作 （1） 谚语法 由于谚语一般已经被大家所接受，用谚语提出自己的观点也容易被读者所接受。 例如： As the saying (proverb) goes, “Haste makes waste.” We are now living in an age of rapid pace and high efficiency. Everyone wants to set the quickest result within the shortest time. But if too much emphasis is laid upon speed, people will ignore the quality of what they are doing, and thus yield unsatisfying results.,Shakespeare said: “One who is unhappy can never get a beneficial result.” That is to say, happiness is very important in our life. Francis Bacon once said, “Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.” Perhaps this is the best advice on how to read.,此种开头段的构成,引用的谚语或名言+意义+主题（中心思想） Late Chairman Mao is right in his saying that failure is the mother of success. We should draw a lesson from failure rather than be defeated by failure. Walk through failure and we will succeed.,There is an old English saying which goes “No pains, no gains.” It illustrates the importance of hard work in the process of success. In other words, diligence is a key factor to success.,“All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.” is a popular saying in English. There is much truth in this old saying. It means that in order to keep us in good health, we must take sufficient recreation.,常用的句型有： There is an old saying that People often say It is often quoted that One of the great men once said that,（2） 定义法 定义法是通过对文章中的关键词做一些简单或正面或反面的解释，限定其范围，这样比较有利于引出主题。,例如： Fashion means a general tendency among people in a certain society, for example, their common interest in clothes, in one type of hair style and so on. Some people like fashion.,My Favorite Hobby A hobby is an interesting way of spending ones free time. My favorite hobby is playing chess. In my free time, I often play chess with my father. I like playing chess in my spare time because of the following three main reasons. 这种文章开头方法就是用定义开头法。解释文章的标题或话题。下定义,常用的句型有： Sth. is ./ is called. / is considered to be. /is taken to be. / refer to. / means. /signifies,（3） 提问法 通过提问一个或一连串的问题，可以激发读者的兴趣，从而引出主题。 例如： Do you have many friends? Are they similar to you or different from you? Which kind of friends do you prefer?,What is essential for happiness? Our world is a big world, complex and full of many diverse people. So different people may have different opinions. In my opinion, happiness lies in the service that you give other people.,此种开头段的构成,这种开头段的构成方法如下： 问题+答案（过渡句+提供答案的进一步论述）+中心思想句,What is a true student meant? A true student is one who possesses good morality, sound health, perfect knowledge and various abilities. To attain this end, I shall give a few suggestions as follows.,（4） 现象描述法 指先总结文章内容所涉及的现状，然后引出主题。 例如： In recent years, while our industries and businesses have developed quickly, the number of trees in many big cities has dramatically reduced. Efforts are being made to prevent people from cutting more trees, but to realize the significance of making cities greener is of importance.,（5）主题句开篇法 即开门见山直接陈述主题。 例如： As a human being, one can hardly do without a friend. Society is made up of individuals, and making friends is a very important part of our life. Friends can give you a lot.,（6）故事法 故事法指用简单有趣的故事激发读者的兴趣，从而提出自己的观点。 例如： Most of us may have such experiences: when you go to some place far away from the city where you live and think you know nobody there, you are supposed to find that you run into one of your old classmates on the streets, perhaps both of you would cry out: “What a small world!”,（7）引语法 例如： “Just as eating without liking harms the health, learning without interest harms the memory and cant be retained.“ From Vincis words we can see how important it is to motivate the students in language learning.,（8）调查法 为了得到读者的认可，文章的开始可以引出调查数据等，借以提出主题。 例如： It was reported that scientific studies had been made to determine whether smoking was a hazard to health. Evidence had shown that there was a serious health risk.,（ 9）假设法 假设法是指通过假设提出一种选择，交代文章要涉及的问题，从而提出文章的主题。 例如： Suppose you were offered two jobs, one is highly-paid but rather demanding, the other is less demanding, but poorly-paid, which would you prefer? ,文章的结尾,常言道：“编筐编篓，全在收口”。一篇优秀的文章其结构和气势应为：“虎头，牛身，豹尾。” 我们的考生四六级考试时所写的文章往往由于时间紧张而“虎头，蛇尾”。 其实，文章结尾的好坏也在很大程度上影响文章的global impression.,文章结尾的作用,1. 归纳总结概括全文，得出结论。 All in all, traveling on ones own has both advantages and disadvantages.,2. 突出主要论点，重申强化主题（中心）。 In a word, my life on campus is really colorful and meaningful.,3. 表达自己观点，阐述立场。 As for me, I take the position that a test of spoken English is extremely necessary and it should be included in CET.,文章结尾的常用写作方法,重申主题句法 总结（结论）法 发表个人看法，总结全文 反问结尾法 引言结论法 提倡议号召（喊口号）法,(1) 重述或总结主题 重述主题指于结论处以另外一种表达方式重申主题，与首段照应。,重申主题句法,In conclusion, nothing is more valuable than health. In good health, we can absorb knowledge more readily. In good health we can achieve more success and make more contribution to our country.,例如： Influence on Young Adults一文的开头段是：The process of growing up is very complex for every person. Among countless factors which influence a persons growth, there are two conspicuous aspects: the family and the friends. 结尾段： Families offer us warmth and care. Friends give us strength and horizon. They both help us understand the world as it is. Both of them are the dearest parts in our life.,常用句型表达,In conclusion To conclude In all All things considered,To conclude, no success can be achieved without laboring. Success is simply the fruit of hard work. In all, our school life is really interesting and colorful.,（2）提建议、倡议号召法 例如： Since postcards do us more harm than good, since we have many other ways to convey our feelings and promote our friendship, I hope everyone will take actions now to stop using postcards.,Lets join in our efforts to fight against the fake commodities and protect the interests of our people and our nation. Lets spare no efforts to protect our environment from being further damaged and save our planet.,常用句型,Lets join in the efforts to do Lets spare no efforts to do Lets take effective measures to do Lets take immediate actions to do Lets take practical steps to do ,On the whole, as a pernicious (harmful) hobby, smoking will do you more harm than good. For your own health (For the sake of your own health and also for that of the others around you), please keep away from smoking (please give up smoking, please quit/stop smoking).,发表个人看法，总结全文,In my opinion, the balance of these two kinds of activities might be more useful to those who live in retirement. In other words, physical activities are necessary for good health but intellectual recreation provides the most pleasure.,常用句型,In my opinion Personally, I think /believe I take the position that I hold/take the attitude that As far as I am concerned Were it left to me to decide,As a student, busy as I am with my study, I also do many interesting things such as reading novels, writing articles at the two-day weekend. I am firm in my belief that All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.,（3） 概括总结 文章最后用几句话概括全文内容，并进一步肯定文章的中心思想或作者的观点。 例如： To sum up, in order to keep the respectable life, the students ought to behave well according to the four rules mentioned above: 1. be ambitious; 2. be broadminded; 3. be brave; and 4. be honest.,（4）提出预测和希望 例如： In a word, TV advertisement, I think, are a newborn thing in the development of our economy, of course, there is much room for improvement in the TV ads. I believe the TV ads will benefit both the advertisers and consumers.,(5)用反问结尾: 虽然形式是问句，但意义却是肯定的，具有明显的强调作用，引起读者思考。 1. Therefore, listening skills must be consciously improved. Since it is s