张维友〈词汇学教程〉答案第三版.pdf

英语词汇学教程英语词汇学教程 （202015 15 年版年版）练习答案练习答案 【Chapter 1】 7 tart: loose woman bloke: fellow gat: pistol swell: great chicken: coward blue: fight smoky: police full: drunk dame: woman beaver: girl 8. haply = perhaps albeit = although methinks = it seems to me eke = also sooth = truth morn = morning troth = pledge ere = before quoth = said hallowed = holy billow = wave/ the sea bade = bid 12. Denizens Aliens Translation loans Semantic loans kettle die wall skirt husband confrere pro patria Wunderkind mikado parvenu chopstick typhoon black humour long time no see dream 13. 1) slangs; 2) jargon; 3) argot; 4) content words; 5) native words; 6) translation loans; 7) neologisms; 8) denizens; 9) semantic loans; 10) basic vocabulary 【Chapter 2】 1. The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately. 2. Indo-European Language Family Balto-Slavic Indo-Iranian Celtic Italic Hellenic Germanic Hindi Breton Spanish Greek English Lithuanian Persian Scottish French Dutch Prussian Irish Italian German Polish Portuguese Norwegian Bulgarian Roumanian Swedish Slovenian Icelandic Russian Danish 6. When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of natures God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. Most of the content words are either of Greek or Latin origin. What are left are mostly functional words. This shows that Greek and Latin play a very important part in the English vocabulary. 8. eventful Latin + English hydroplane Greek + Latin falsehood Latin + English pacifist Latin + Greek saxophone German + Greek heirloom French + English joss house Portuguese + English television Greek + Latin 9. amateur (late) finac (late) empire (early) peace (E) courage (E) garage (L) judgement (E) chair (E) chaise (L) grace (E) servant (E) routine (L) jealous (E) savat (L) genre (L) gender (E) dbut (L) morale (L) state (E) chez (L) ballet (L) 11. allegro, f 轻快 andante, j 行板 diminuendo, g 渐弱 largo, d 缓慢 pianoforte, a 轻转慢 alto, i 女低音 crescendo, b 渐强 forte, e 强 piano, h 轻 soprano, c 女高音 12. cherub (Hebrew) snorkel (G) coolie (Hindi) tulip (Turk) lasso (Sp) wok (Ch) shampoo (Indian) chocolate (Mex) tepee (Am Ind) jubilee (Gr) kibitz (G) Sabbath (Heb) chipmunk (Am Ind) tamale (Mex) cotton (Arab) voodoo (Afr) loot (Hindi) sauerbraten (G) 13. a. alligator b. loco c. rodeo d. bonanza e. igloo f. blitzkrieg g. wigwam h. canoe i. hurricane j. boomerang k. ponchos 【Chapter 3】 1. a. morpheme b. allomorph c. bound morpheme d. free morpheme e. affix f. inflectional affix g. derivational affix h. root i. stem j. base 6. individualistic undesirables individualist stem, base undesirable stem, base individual stem, base desirable stem, base dividual stem, base desire root, stem, base dividu root, stem, base 7. free morpheme = free root morpheme bound root bound morpheme inflectional affix affix prefix derivational affix suffix 【Chapter 4】 Affixation 5. non-smoker incapable impractical disobey insecurity irrelevant immature inability/disability unofficially unwillingness illegal disagreement illogical disloyal inconvenient non-athletic 6. harden horrify modernize memorize falsify apologize deepen glorify sterilize lengthen intensify beautify fatten sympathize a. apologized b. beautify c. lengthening d. sympathized e. fattening f. falsify g. memorizing h. Sterilize 7. a. employee b. politician c. participant d. waitress e. conductor f. teacher g. pianist h. examinee/examiner 8. trans- = across: transcontinental, trans-Siberian mono- = one: monorail, monoculture super- = over, above: superstructure, supernatural auto- = self: autobiography, automobile sub- = below: subdivide, subsection mal- = bad, badly: malpractice, malnutrition inter-= between: international, interdependent mini- = little, small: mini-library, miniskirt pre- = before: prehistorical, preelection ex- = former: ex-president, ex-convict Compounding 2. heartbeat S + V brainwashing V + O movie-goer V + Adverbial (place) baking powder V + Adverbial (instrument) far-reaching V + Adverbial dog-tired noun-adverbial + adj. lion-hearted noun-adverbial + adj. love-sick noun-adverbial + adj. boyfriend S + complement peace-loving V +O snap decision V + O easy chair S+ C on-coming V +adv tax-free noun-adverbial + adj. light-blue adj + adj goings-on V +adv 3. well-bred / well-behaved culture-bound / homebound needle-work / homework praiseworthy / trustworthy bar-woman / sportswoman nation-wide / college-wide clear-minded / strong-minded military-style / western-style self-control / self-respect budget-related / politics-related water-proof / fire-proof once-fashionable / once-powerful news-film / news-letter mock-attack / mock-sadness sister-in-law / father-in-law home-baked / home-produced half-way / half-done ever-lasting / ever-green age-conscious / status-conscious campus-based / market-based Conversion 7. a. stomach n v b. room n v c. wolf n v d. come / go v n e. familiar a n f. innocent a n g. flat a v h. ah / ouch int v i. warm a n j. has-been / might-have-been finite v n k. Hamlet proper n v l. buy v n m. smooth a v Blending motel (motor + hotel) 汽车旅馆 humint (human + intelligence) 人工情报，谍报 advertisetics (advertisement + statistics) 广告统计学 psywarrior (psychological warrior) 心理战战士 hoverport (hovercraft + port) 气垫船港口 chunnel (channel + tunnel) 水底火车隧道 hi-fi (high + fidelity) 高保真 cinemactress (cinema + actress) 电影女演员 Clipping copter (helicopter): front clipping dorm (dormitory): back clipping lab (laboratory) : front clipping prefab (prefabricated house): phrase clipping gas (gasoline): front clipping prof (professor): back clipping scope (telescope): front clipping champ (champion): back clipping sarge (sergeant): back clipping mike (microphone): back clipping ad (advertisement): back clipping tec (detective): front and back clipping Acronymy 1. kg = kilogram ft = foot cf = confer cm = centimeter $ = dollar ibid = ibidem etc. = et cetera VIP = very important person OPEC = Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries TOEFL = testing of English as a foreign language 2. a. SALT b. radar c. AIDS d. BASIC e. Laser f. WHO g. sonar h. G-man Backformation 2. lase (laser) escalate (escalator) babysit (babysitter) peeve (peevish) orate (orator) commute (commuter) Commonization of Proper Names 3. a. tantalizeTantalus b. Argus-eyedArgus c. narcissismNarcissus d. sabotagesabots e. martinetMartinet f. yahooYahoo g. ShylockShylock h. hooveringHoover i. utopiaUtopia j. Uncle TomismUncle Tom 【Chapter 5】 6. apesb birdsa cattlem cricketn dovesc foxesj geesek sheepf wolvesg monkeyse pigsl hyenash turkeysd swansi 9. a. A scientist working in a project to develop industrial uses for nuclear power might have all the positive associations with “atomic”, such as “benefit, energy”, etc. b. A Japanese resident of Hiroshima, victim of the atomic explosion at the end of World War II, might have all the negative associations with “atomic”, such as “suffering, killing, death, horror“, etc. c. To a student of nuclear physics, “atomic” might be associated with “mystery, science, knowledge”, etc. 10. talkative: implying a fondness for talking frequently and at length (neutral) articulate: expressing oneself easily and clearly (positive) gossip: indulging in idle talk or rumours about others (negative) rambling: talking aimlessly without connection of ideas (negative) fluent: speaking easily, smoothly, and expressively (positive) mouthy: overtly talkative, especially in a rude way (negative) 11. No Appreciative Neutral Pejorative 1 particular fastidious / fussy 2 critical fault-finding / picky 3 style/vogue fad 4 artful cunning / sly 5 unstable fickle / capricious 6 developing underdeveloped / backward 7 encourage/ promote instigate 8 group clique / gang 14. bull -HUMAN +MALE +ADULT +BOVINE cow -HUMAN -MALE +ADULT +BOVINE calf -HUMAN OMALE -ADULT +BOVINE rooster -HUMAN +MALE +ADULT +GALLINE hen -HUMAN -MALE +ADULT +GALLINE chicken -HUMAN OMALE -ADULT +GALLINE -HUMAN bull cow calf +BOVINE rooster hen chicken +GALLINE +MALE -MALE -ADULT 【Chapter 6】 Polysemy 4. The word board first denoting “a table“ has later acquired two very divergent senses. Each of them has given rise to another sense from which the original notion has disappeared. The process can be shown as follows: Homonymy 4. 1) Make both ends meat is a parody of make both ends meet which means “have enough money for ones needs”. Here the butcher cleverly uses the pair of homonyms meat and meet to make a pun. It makes a proper answer to the ladys question. (1) Butchers cannot make both ends meat (make whole sausages with all meat) because they cannot make both ends meet (If they made sausages with all meat, which is more costly, they would not earn enough money to survive.) (2) Dont complain. All the butchers do the same. I am not the only one who is making sausages with bread. 2) Swallow is a bird which is seen in summer. But by one swallow we see, we cannot deduce that it is already summer time. Swallow can also mean a mouthful of wine. On a cold winter day, if one has a swallow of wine, one may feel warm. 3) Arms has two meanings: weapons; the human upper limbs. Since “a cannon ball took off his legs”, the soldier was not able to fight on, so he “laid down his arms”, which means “surrender”. It can also mean he laid down his upper limbs. Synonymy 3. avaricious: greedy courteously: politely emancipate: set free customary: usual width: breadth adversary: opponent gullible: deceived remainder: residue innocent: sinless obstacle: obstruction vexation: annoyance 5. a. identifiable b. safety c. motivates d. delicate e. surroundings f. artificial g. prestige h. perspire i. accomplishment j. silent k. impressive l. evaporate 6. run move spin turn whirl roll 7. a. stead b. gee-gee c. ripe d. mature e. effective f. efficient g. fatigued, children h. tired, kids i. declined j. refused k. rancid l. addled m. Penalties n. fines o. rebuked p. accused Antonymy 5. a. similar/same b. safe c. sharp/ smart d. send e. stingy/ selfish h. simple f. significant/sensible i. sure g. skeptical/ suspicious l. smooth j. slipshod/ slovenly/ sloppy k. sleepiness/ sleep / slumber m. subjective n. sob/ scowl 6. a. old-fashioned b. completely c. moisture d. special e. essential f. similarity g. innocent h. rigid i. loosen j. clarity k. deserted l. fruitful m. peremptory n. depressed o. indifferent 7. a. feedstarve, cold-fever b. wisdomfollies c. hasteleisure d. pennypound, wisefoolish e. speechsilence f. absencepresence g. admonishpraise i. wise menfools h. youngold privatepublic saintdevil j. mindbody k. foulfair l. dangersecurity m. deliberate-prompt n. childrenparents o. bullycoward p. headtail 8. rightwrong singlereturn drysweet hardeasy strongfaint roughcalm lightdark coldwarm highlow/deep Hyponymy 3. furniture: desk, chair, table, bed matter: liquid, gas, solid meat: pork, beef, mutton go: run, fly, walk 4. profession workplace surgeon: clinic, hospital plumber: house, building lawyer: office, law courts mechanic: garage photographer: studio foreman: worksite, factory 5. 6. In Sentence 1), got, furniture, recently are superordinates because they are general and convey a very vague idea whereas in Sentence 2), the three words are replaced respectively by bought, cupboard, three days ago, which are subordinates, conveying a definite and clear idea. So Sentence 2) is better than Sentence 1. In Sentence 3), it is said, magnificent building, destroyed, yesterday are superordinate terms, which are comparatively much more general than the news says, Royal Hotel, burnt down, last night respectively in 4), which can be described as subordinates. Since 4) is clearer than 3) in meaning, it is better. Semantic field 3. Group 1 is synonymously semantic field and Group 2 is semantic filed. The difference lies: In 1 the words are synonyms, none of them covers the meaning of another, and they differ only in style and emotive values. In 2 the words are not synonyms, but each refers to a specific type of horse. Horse is a cover term or superordinate, and others are subordinates. These terms have no difference in style or affective meaning. 【Chapter 7】 4. 1) extension 2) extension 3) narrowing 4) degradation 5) elevation 6) narrowing 7) extension 8) extension 9) narrowing 10) narrowing 11) elevation 12) degradation 13) degradation 14) degradation 5. a. associated transfer b. abstract to concrete c. concrete to abstract d. abstract to concrete e. abstract to concrete f. abstract to concrete g. associated transfer h. associated transfer i. synesthesia (transfer of sensation from sight to hearing) j. synesthesia (transfer of sensation) 6. a. objective b. subjective, objective c. objective d. subjective e. subjective f. subjective g. subjective h. subjective, objective 7. a. die b. graveyard c. bedlam 疯人院 d. old people e. strike f. Policeman g. stupid pupil h. poor people i. toilet j. fat person k. unemployed mother 【Chapter 8】 2. 1) a. to repair b. measurement and determination of ones position c. predicament d. injection 2) a. a single complete dividing part (of a rocket) b. the theatre or acting as a profession c. a particular point or period in a process of development d. to plan, arrange and carry out 3) a. interchange and discussion of ideas, esp. for mutual understanding or harmony b. conversation c. a written conversation (of a play, etc.) 3. a. synonymy b. explanation/ definition c. exemplification d. relevant details e. relevant details f. relevant details 4. a. stop people drinking stop drinking by themselves b. a stone house which is big a house built of big stones c. a picture possessed by Betty a photograph of Betty d. aunts who are visiting paying a visit to aunts e. take Jane as his wife preside over Janes wedding f. a weapon that can fly over long distance and that it explodes when it hits the thing it aims at an object that is thrown at somebody in order to hurt him 【Chapter 9】 6. a2) b9) c3) d6) e1) f8) g5) h4) i7) j10) 7. a. stand out against b. approve of c. get over with d. looking into e. come up with f. comply with g. cashed in on h. go without i. to profit by / from j. dut down to 8. a cool cat = a really calm person blow ones stack = lose control over oneself fly off the handle = become excessively angry whats more = furthermore get away with = commit an illegitimate act without penalty of course = naturally get on = get old pepper and salt = grey (hair) make up for = compensate for lost time = time wasted take it easy = relax, not worry get up = rise from bed turn in = go into bed take care of = manage or look after like a breeze = without effort or easily time off = time for rest get it made = be successful this is it = be in a position or place, or have possession of an object beyond which more of the same is unnecessary Sam is really a calm person. He never loses control of himself and hardly ever becomes too angry. Furthermore, he knows how to manage his business financially by using a few tricks Needless to say, he, too, is getting older. His hair is beginning to turn grey, but he knows how to compensate for wasted time by relaxing. He rises early, exercises, and goes to bed early. He manages his frankfurter dispensary without visible effort, until it is someone elses turn to work there. Sam is successful, he has reached his lifes goal. 9. a. “Well, its the old story of the stitch in time,” he said. A stitch in time saves nine. b. Fleurs head was lost in the tool-box, but her voice was heard saying: “Too many cooks, better let me.” Too many cooks spoil the broth. c. But not many other people held that view discerning his finger still very large in every pie so much so that there often seemed less pie than finger. have a finger in the pie d. Im thinking of putting up a “Silence is golden” placard in his office. Nobody can hear themselves think. Speech is silver, silence is golden. e. They four had one likeness: their appearance and their work was as it were a wheel in the middle of a wheel. wheel within wheels f. He quotes them extensively nevertheless, together with other equally suspect evidence, because otherwise he would have no straw with which to make his bricks. make bricks without straw 10. wind and weather wheeling and dealing waifs and strays town and gown top and tail time after time rules and regulations rise and fall rags and tatters puff and blow pick and shovel peace and quiet over and above one and only off and on neck