东北垄作区机械免耕播种工艺.pdf

第 30 卷 第 9 期 农 业 工 程 学 报 Vol.30 No.9 50 2014 年 5 月 Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering May 2012 Mechanical no-tillage sowing technology in ridge area of Northeast China Lin Jing, Song Yuqiu, Li Baofa (College of Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China) Abstract: In order to establish the Northeast ridge patterns of conservation tillage technology and provide theoretical guidance for optimal design of its ancillary equipment, this paper details the status of ridge tillage development in China and some other countries to achieve conservation tillage for northeast ridge area of China. A new ridge shape was put forward based on survey and statistic analysis and the seed bed tillage geometric models and related dimensions of no-tillage sowing was set up. According to results of field surveys and test, the experiment, analysis and evaluation of two forms of no-tillage corn ridge seeder (rolling disc and strip rotary cultivation) were conducted based on the geometric models, and the results showed that the stubble cutting and clearing of rolling disc seeder can meet the requirements of ridge geometric model in corn production, but new disc coulter need to be developed to reduce working resistance and loading techniques need to be explored to ensure the demand of down pressure of the machine. This study may provide a basis and method for innovative design, improvement and evaluation of ridge no-tillage seeder. Key words: agricultural machinery; cultivation; models; ridge tillage; seed bed; ridge shape; no-tillage doi：10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.09.007 CLC number: S223.2 Document code: A Article ID: 1002-6819(2014)-09-0050-08 Lin Jing, Song Yuqiu, Li Baofa. Mechanical no-tillage sowing technology in ridge area of Northeast ChinaJ. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2014, 30(9): 5057. (in English with Chinese abstract) 林 静，宋玉秋，李宝筏. 东北垄作区机械免耕播种工艺J. 农业工程学报，2014，30(9)：5057. 0 Introduction 0F Since 2001, the promoting of conservation tillage in the northeast area of China has made significant economic, social and ecological benefits. As for Liaoning Province, there is a reduction of tractor into the field of 4 times per year, the production cost reduced by 10%-30%, the yield increased by 15%-17% and the income increased by 20%-30%. Compared with traditional cropping patterns, the new one has advantages in storing water, high earbearing tiller, drought and coldness enduring, and strong stress resistance. But the research on the key technology of ridge conservation tillage is weak, and there is no practical no-tillage ridge seeder. In recent years, the new corn no-tillage ridge seeders 2BML-2 and 2BJM-4 employ strip rotary cultivator to break and clear stubble which is superior in anti-blocking, but it broadcasts the soil and is of high power consumption and more moisture loss1; Deforms the original ridge Received date：2013-12-22 Revised date：2014-04-13 Foundation item：Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51275318) Biography：Lin Jing (1967), professor, Tutor of ph.D students, College of Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866, China. Email：synydxlj69 shape, forms a new ditch and slows down crop emergence, so it loses the advantage of ridge planting. The systematical study on mechanical no-tillage sowing technology in ridge tillage area was carried out and it may provide basis and methods for development of no-tillage ridge seeder and field operation based on combination of theory and practice. 1 Ridge tillage developments 1.1 Developing The northeast area of China is frigid and drought-prone, the temperature is low, and the frost-free period is short. In winter and spring, it suffers from coldness, strong wind, and a serious erosion and drought; Due to the effect of seasonal climate, rainfall concentrates in summer season, as the raining and hot period. Drought and water logging control are characteristics of this area. Increasing soil temperature helps to compensate for the shortcoming of low soil temperature. Due to climate and natural conditions, ridge tillage is an effective farming methods still used in northeast area for drought and water logging control. Traditional ridge tillage practices include two types of Kou-seeding (a local ridge sowing method), and Huai-seeding (another 第 9 期 林 静等：东北垄作区机械免耕播种工艺 51 local ridge sowing method which seeds on the previous ridge, it includes Laolong-huai and Kaoshan Huai), refer to Table 1. The two types seeding may be followed by inter-cultivation (loosening soil, weeding and ridging). The features of the two seeding patterns are the combination of tillage and seeding, the combination of tillage and management, and the interval subsoiling which realized the coexistence of hard and soft soil2. In recent years, the main maize seeding method in northeast area is stubble ploughing, ridging with a machine and seeding with a small ridge seeder driven by small four-wheel tractors3. Ridge cultivation is employed in corn, sorghum and sugar beet production in northern China, Inner Mongolia and some other areas and it is also used in growing sweet potatoes, potatoes, etc. In some other areas; In the past 20 years, the experiment of ridge tillage in production of rice, canola, cotton, peanuts, soybeans and other crops on a large areas achieved good results 4. Ridge cultivation has also been used in some foreign countries and areas such as the far east coast of Russia, the and northern and northwest part of Europe, the Republics along Baltic sea, United Kingdom, United States, Israel and Africa, etc. The United States started trials on ridge cultivation on the Great Plains area in the 1930s, and in 1951 ridge cultivation was used to reduce soil erosion, which makes soil loss decreased by 33% and water loss reduced by 50%. Now ridge tillage has been used on 15% of the area and it will be widely used in conservation tillage in the future 5. The conservation ridge tillage has been employed in more than 10 states in the U.S. to prove its merits6: 1) Reducing soil erosion; 2) Increasing soil temperature, for early sowing; 3) Applying herbicide on the Seedling strip and mechanically weeding inter rows to reduce the use of chemicals; 4) Using small power tractors to reduce fuel, equipment and labor costs. 1.2 Reference from ridge tillage To develop no-tillage ridge seeder suitable for northeast area of China based on the successful experience of China and some other countries and the actual level of agricultural production economic development is one of the important issues to be solved to accelerate the development of conservation tillage technology and ensure the quality of no-tillage sowing in China. Comparison of ridge tillage is shown in Table 1. Features of traditional ridge tillage of northeast area such as the combination of tillage and planting, the combination of tillage and management, and the coexisting of hard and soft soil resulted from interval subsoiling should be inherited and carried forward. Foreign till plant and ridge till are similar to Huai-plant and Laolong seeding of northeast area of China respectively. The advantages of traditional and foreign ridge tillage technologies should be uptaken and utilized to develop high stubble mulching no-tillage ridge planting technology in northeast area of China7-12. Table 1 Comparison of ridge tillage Category Traditional ridge tillage in northeast area of China American ridge tillage Ridge spacing wide ridge of 650 mm (Heilongjiang province) Small ridge of 600 mm (Liaoning, Jilin province dominated by 600 mm). Typically greater than 30 inches (762 mm); Some up to 36 inches (914.4 mm) Ridge height after ridging: 180-230 mm; at seeding: 90-130 mm; after sowing: 50-80 mm. Usually 6-8 inches high (150-200 mm) after the second cultivation. 4-6 inches high (100-150 mm) at sowing in spring. 3-5 inches (76-127 mm) after sowing Ridge shape Narrow stand, wide bottom and square head ridge, the ridge stand should be flat, and the furrow should be narrow and deep,with loose soil on the ridge and wet soil beneath. Ridges that are nearly flat,or slightly rounded, are fairly wide present less problems with holding planters on ridges. Seeding operations Huai-plant: the left stubbles of last year are raked in early spring and the seeds are planted on the top of the ridge at the depth of 30-40 mm; Lao-long-Huai: the stubble of last year was left on the original ridge over winter, before sowing, the first layer dry soil of the original ridge, the stubble and grass seeds into are thrown to the ditch, and then seeding in the middle of the ridge at the depth of 50-60 mm; Kao Shan Huai: seeding directly on the ridge side. Till plant：the left stubble of last year was left on the original ridge without tillage to increase the soils fertility,the coulter of no-tillage planter cut stubble root section. Ridge cleaning device converts the stalks, grass seeds and dry soil to furrow, and then sowing in the middle of the ridge. Ridge till: Before seeding, 2-3 inches of dry ridge-top soil, grass seed and straw are pushed to furrow (with ridge cleaning device), and then sowing in a central ridge. Maintaining 30%-50% coverage of the field after sowing. Inter cultivation Ridge shoulder needs shoveling at the depth of 40-50 mm, loosening oil and weedings; The first cultivation earths soil to ridge shoulder to form closing ridge to conserve rainwater in the seeding area; The last ridging leaves the loose soil on the ridge stand, the height should be 180-230 mm. It needs three weedings and three ridging. Perform the first time of soil looseing, weeding and fertilizer applying on ridge shoulder when the corn grows 4-6 leaves; Perform the second time of soil loosening, weeding and train ridging, Built the ridge at the height of 6-8 inches, when the corn grows 12-18 inches in height. It can be concluded from the above that the key reason for increasing soil temperature and overcoming drought and waterlogging of ridge tillage is the reasonable ridge shape and the different compactness of topsoil layer structure of the ridge(as shown in Fig.1). The key of a reasonable ridge shaped is the height of the ridge. The ridge height at seeding in America is 4-6 inches (10-15 cm), it is 9-13 cm of 农业工程学报 2014 年 52 traditional ridge in northeast area of China, but it is only 8-11 cm based on the field surveys in recent years. The USDA NRCS requires that the height of the ridge must reach the standard of 3-5 inches (7.62-12.7 cm) after sowing to protect the soil from erosion. However, some of the no-tillage planters used in northeast area may ruin the original ridge and form new ditch, and some of the machines are too heavy and flatten down the original ridge under pressure. These are problems need attention and correction. The ridge top is round or flat in the U.S. for the greater ridge spacing (such 36 inches in Iowa State). The ridge spacing in northeast area of China is small, so it is appropriate for the ridge to have a narrow top and a wide bottom with a square head and small and deep furrow to achieve a proper ridge height. Fig.1 Moisture content and temperature at various parts of ridge soil（Hou Zhongtian Northeast Agricultural University） The process of crushed stalk covered ridge tillage suitable for no-tillage ridge cropping in Liaoning province is as following: 1) Harvesting with a maize combine harvester, not digging out the stubble and spreading the crushed straw in the field; 2) No-tillage planter sowing in April; 3) The first weeding and soil loosening cultivation after the emergence of maize; 4) The second inter cultivation of furrow subsoiling, applying fertilizer and earthing up in mid-June. The layer structure of the ridge is that the loose soil on the ridge surface (including seat soil of furrow, floating soil of ridge shoulder and earthing soil of ridge top), and there are more non-capillary pores not only preventing water from evaporation, but also promoting the mineralization of nutrients in the soil, and accepting the rainwater during rainfall; As the fineness and compactness of inner soil of ridge body, the radical of the seed can root into the fine and compact soil and solidly contact with the soil, holding soil moisture to overcome drought, so to ensure robust growth of the seedling. The solid ridge and the stubbles on it can reduce the speed of wind, and the air vortex created by furrow holds the blown soil and prevents from wind erosion. The solid ridge and rotten roots of stubble are easy for accumulation of organic matter and increase of fertility, the can not be dug out of the soil. Even the corn seed is sown in the previous stubble cut section root (commonly known as the Wu Chagu), it may emerge and grow for the wet soil under the seed, and corn seedling can grow upward through the breaking stubble, as shown in Fig.2. It is the test carried out by our scientific research group in May 2013. Fig.2 Corn seedling growing through stubble gap 2 Ridge shape of ridge tillage The ridge shape which changes twice a year, should be the basis for ridge tillage just like the plow furrow cross-sectional view is the basis for plow body design. The advantages of traditional ridge tillage should be inherited and subsoiling should be employed during inter-cultivation to overcome its shortcoming of shallow tillage13. The depth of stubble Ridger planter driven by popular small four-wheel tractor is about 120 mm while the standard of the depth should be 160-180 mm. The Author has used Guanghua hiller (made by Guanghua Agricultural Machinery Factory) which buring depth is 160 mm and ridge height is 270 mm14, the ridge height Poland hiller OZ-1 can reach 250 mm15. There should be seat soil in furrow, floating soil at the ridge shoulder, earthing soil on ridge top. The cross- sectional view of ridge shape of conservation tillage suitable for northeast ridge area of China is presented in this paper which may be applied in ridge tillage practices. According to survey, the ridge spacing in Liaoning Province and Jilin Province is of an average of 600 mm, and 650 mm in some areas, and 550 mm can be found in western Liaoning ridge area. A standard ridge spacing of 600 mm is recommended for the convenient operation of maize harvester and to realize the standard ridge production of maize. The seed spacing can be adjusted to meet local requirements for seeding rate. 第 9 期 林 静等：东北垄作区机械免耕播种工艺 53 1. Ridge top 2. Original surface 3. Ridge shoulder 4. Ridge surface Note: m is ridge spacing, 600 mm; b is ridge top width, mm; a1 is seat soil thickness in furrow, mm; a2 is depth of ridge (for ridging), mm; a3 is ridge height (from the bottom of the furrow to the ridge top), mm; a4 is thickness of earthed up soil, mm; a5 is thickness of floating soil on ridge shoulder, mm, A is actual height of ridge, mm; is ridge base angle, 40, which is the angle of ridge side to horizontal plane. should be less than the natural reposing angle of soil (40-50) to hold floating soil on ridge shoulder. Fig.3 Ridge shape cross section view of ridge tillage Inheriting combination of tillage and planting of ridge tillage, the stubble ploughing depth and width for no-tillage seeding are 70-100 mm and up to 50 mm respectively during planting, and at the width, To creating create a suitable soil condition for the germination of corn seed, the sowing at the depth of should be 45-50 mm, conducive to the emergence. Inheriting the combination of tillage and management of ridge tillage, three weedings and three ridgings are required by Huai-planting on original ridge during inter-cultivation. According to the experience of the U.S. two cultivations can be employed in the application of the machine16-17. Table 2 Parameters of ridge shape No. Symbol Definition Ridge shape of inter cultivation Ridge shape of no-tillage sowing 1 m Ridge spacing /mm 600 600 2 b Ridge top width /mm 210 210 3 a1 Seat soil thickness /mm 30 70 4 a2 Tillage depth/mm 175 175 5 a3 Ridge Height /mm 250 220 6 a4 Earth up soil thickness/mm 75 45 7 a5 Floating soil thickness /mm 40 40 8 A Actual ridge height/mm 220 150 9 Ridge base angle/() 40 40 The first cultivator cultivation is mainly to loosening soil, clearing furrow weeds, help to hold moisture and increasing temperature of soil; The second cultivator cultivation is mainly to earth up soil and supporting the ridge, it is necessary used to clear the furrow weeds seedlings and burry them weeds between corn seedling, meanwhile to subsoiling and apply fertilizing fertilizer to the furrow, to achieve the goal of an interval of subsoiling and coexisting of hard and soft soil. A conservation ridge tillage cultivator is necessary to be developed to achieve these purposes. 3 Geometric model of seed bed for mechanical no-tillage sowing in northeast ridge tillage area The geometric model of seed bed for mechanical no-tillage sowing was set up based on the established ridge shape for ridge tillage to be a process standard. Detailed and specific requirements and related dimensions of the topsoil seed bed are proposed to ensure the achievement of the required corn seed bed environment for seed germination. 3.1 Requirement of seed bed environment for germination The germination and emergence of crop need proper moisture, temperature and oxygen, while rooting requires nutrients. Mechanical tillage is to adjust the porosity of the soil, to keep the coordination and balance of the desired water, fertilizer, gas and heat. The soil temperature up to 10-12 at dept h o 50100 mm is an important basis for sowing time of spring corn; Corn seeds need absorbing moisture, which requires the soil field water capacity reaches 60%, about 13% of moisture content a