国际原子能机构(IAEA)总干事巴拉迪在XX年的讲话.doc

国际原子能机构(IAEA)总干事巴拉迪在XX年的讲话 TheInternationalAtomicEnergyAgencyandIarehumbled,proud,delightedandaboveallstrengthenedinourresolvebythismostworthyofhonours.Mysister-in-lawworksforagroupthatsuortsorphanagesinCairo.Sheandhercolleaguestakecareofchildrenleftbehindbycircumstancesbeyondtheircontrol.Theyfeedthesechildren,clothethemandteachthemtoread.AttheInternationalAtomicEnergyAgency,mycolleaguesandIworktokeepnuclearmaterialsoutofthereachofextremistgrou.Weiectnuclearfacilitiesallovertheworld,tobesurethatpeacefulnuclearactivitiesarenotbeingusedasacloakforweapoprogrammes.Mysister-in-lawandIareworkingtowardsthesamegoal,throughdifferentpaths:thesecurityofthehumanfamily.Butwhyhasthissecuritysofareludedus?Ibelieveitisbecauseoursecuritystrategieshavenotyetcaughtupwiththeriskswearefacing.Theglobalizationthathassweptawaythebarrierstothemovementofgoods,ideasandpeoplehasalsosweptwithitbarriersthatconfinedandlocalizedsecuritythreats.ArecentUnitedNatioHigh-LevelPanelidentifiedfivecategoriesofthreatsthatweface:1.Poverty,InfectiousDisease,andEnvironmentalDegradatio2.ArmedConflict?bothwithinandamongstate3.OrganizedCrime;4.Terrorism;and5.WeapoofMaDestruction.Theseareallthreatswithoutborders?wheretraditionalnotioofnationalsecurityhavebeeoolete.Wecaotreondtothesethreatsbybuildingmorewalls,developingbiggerweapo,ordiatchingmoretroo.Quitetothecontrary.Bytheirverynature,thesesecuritythreatsrequireprimarilymultinationalcooperation.Butwhatismoreimportantisthatthesearenotseparateordistinctthreats.Whenwescratchthesurface,wefindthemcloselycoectedandinterrelated.Weare1,000peopleheretodayinthisaugusthall.Imagineforamomentthatwerepresenttheworldspopulation.These200peopleonmyleftwouldbethewealthyoftheworld,whocoume80percentoftheavailableresources.Andthese400peopleonmyrightwouldbelivingonanineoflethan$2perday.Thisunderprivilegedgroupofpeopleonmyrightisnoleintelligentorleworthythantheirfellowhumanbeingsontheothersideoftheaisle.Theyweresimplybornintothisfate.Intherealworld,thisimbalanceinlivingconditioinevitablyleadstoinequalityofoortunity,andinmanycasesloofhope.Andwhatisworse,alltoooftentheplightofthepoorispoundedbyandresultsinhumanrightsabuses,alackofgoodgovernance,andadeepseeofinjustice.Thisbinationnaturallycreatesamostfertilebreedinggroundforcivilwars,organizedcrime,andextremisminitsdifferentforms.Inregiowhereconflictshavebeenlefttofesterfordecades,countriescontinuetolookforwaystooffsettheiriecuritiesorprojecttheirpower.Insomecases,theymaybetemptedtoseektheirownweapoofmadestruction,likeotherswhohaveprecededthem.*LadiesandGentlemen.Fifteenyearsago,whentheColdWarended,manyofushopedforanewworldordertoemerge.Aworldorderrootedinhumansolidarity?aworldorderthatwouldbeequitable,inclusiveandeffective.Buttodaywearenowherenearthatgoal.WemayhavetorndownthewallsbetweenEastandWest,butwehaveyettobuildthebridgesbetweenNorthandSouth?therichandthepoor.Coiderourdevelopmentaidrecord.Lastyear,thenatiooftheworldentover$1trilliononarmaments.Butwecontributedlethan10percentofthatamount?amere$80billion?asofficialdevelopmentaistancetothedevelopingpartsoftheworld,where850millionpeoplesufferfromhunger.MyfriendJamesMorrisheadstheWorldFoodProgramme,whosetaskitistofeedthehungry.Herecentlytoldme,IfIcouldhavejust1percentofthemoneyentonglobalarmaments,nooneinthisworldwouldgotobedhungry.Itshouldnotbeasurprisethenthatpovertycontinuestobreedconflict.Ofthe13milliondeathsduetoarmedconflictinthelasttenyears,9millionourredinsub-SaharanAfrica,wherethepoorestofthepoorlive.Coideralsoouraroachtothesanctityandvalueofhumanlife.IntheaftermathoftheSeptemberxxterroristattacksintheUnitedStates,weallgrieveddeeply,andexpreedoutrageatthisheinouscrime?andrightlyso.Butmanypeopletodayareunawarethat,astheresultofcivilwarintheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo,3.8millionpeoplehavelosttheirlivessince1998.Arewetoconcludethatourprioritiesareskewed,andouraroachesuneven?*LadiesandGentlemen.Withthisbigpictureinmind,wecanbetterunderstandthechanginglandscapeinnuclearnon-proliferationanddisarmament.Therearethreemainfeaturestothischanginglandscape:theemergenceofanexteiveblackmarketinnuclearmaterialandequipment;theproliferationofnuclearweapoandseitivenucleartechnology;andthestagnationinnucleardisarmament.Today,withglobalizationbringinguseverclosertogether,ifwechoosetoignoretheiecuritiesofsome,theywillsoonbeetheiecuritiesofall.Equally,withthereadofadvancedscienceandtechnology,aslongassomeofuschoosetorelyonnuclearweapo,wecontinuetoriskthatthesesameweapowillbeeincreasinglyattractivetoothers.Ihavenodoubtthat,ifwehopetoescapeself-destruction,thennuclearweaposhouldhavenoplaceinourcollectivecocience,andnoroleinoursecurity.Tothatend,wemusteure?aolutely?thatnomorecountriesacquirethesedeadlyweapo.Wemustseetoitthatnuclear-weaponstatestakeconcretestetowardsnucleardisarmament.Andwemustputinplaceasecuritysystemthatdoesnotrelyonnucleardeterrence.*Arethesegoalsrealisticandwithinreach?Idobelievetheyare.Butthenthreesteareurgentlyrequired.First,keepnuclearandradiologicalmaterialoutofthehandsofextremistgrou.Inxx,theIAEAtogetherwiththeinternationalmunitylaunchedaworldwidecampaigntoenhancethesecurityofsuchmaterial.Protectingnuclearfacilities.Securingpowerfulradioactivesources.Traininglawenforcementofficials.Monitoringbordercroings.Infouryears,wehavepletedperha50percentofthework.Butthisisnotfastenough,becauseweareinaraceagaittime.Second,tightencontrolovertheoperatioforproducingthenuclearmaterialthatcouldbeusedinweapo.Underthecurrentsystem,anycountryhastherighttomastertheseoperatioforcivilianuses.Butindoingso,italsomastersthemostdifficultsteinmakinganuclearbomb.Tooverethis,Iamhopingthatwecanmaketheseoperatiomultinational?sothatnoonecountrycanhaveexclusivecontroloveranysuchoperation.Myplanistobeginbysettingupareservefuelbank,underIAEAcontrol,sothateverycountrywillbeauredthatitwillgetthefuelneededforitsbonafidepeacefulnuclearactivities.Thisauranceofsulywillremovetheincentive?andthejustification?foreachcountrytodevelopitsownfuelcycle.Weshouldthenbeabletoagreeonamoratoriumonnewnationalfacilities,andtobeginworkonmultinationalarrangementsforenrichment,fuelproduction,wastediosalandreproceing.Wemustalsostrengthentheverificationsystem.IAEAiectioaretheheartandsoulofthenuclearnon-proliferationregime.Tobeeffective,itiseentialthatweareprovidedwiththenecearyauthority,information,advancedtechnology,andresources.AndouriectiomustbebackedbytheUNSecurityCouncil,tobecalledonincasesofnon-pliance.Third,aeleratedisarmamentefforts.Westillhaveeightorninecountrieswhopoenuclearweapo.Westillhave27,000warheadsinexistence.Ibelievethisis27,000toomany.Agoodstartwouldbeifthenuclear-weaponstatesreducedthestrategicrolegiventotheseweapo.Morethan15yearsaftertheendoftheColdWar,itisinpreheibletomanythatthemajornuclear-weaponstatesoperatewiththeirarsenalsonhair-triggeralert?suchthat,inthecaseofapoiblelaunchofanuclearattack,theirleaderscouldhaveonly30minutestodecidewhethertoretaliate,riskingthedevastationofentirenatioinamatterofminutes.Thesearethreeconcretestethat,Ibelieve,canreadilybetaken.Protectthematerialandstrengthenverification.Controlthefuelcycle.Aeleratedisarmamentefforts.Butthatisnotenough.Thehardpartis:howdowecreateanenvironmentinwhichnuclearweapo?likeslaveryorgenocide?areregardedasatabooandahistoricalanomaly?*LadiesandGentlemen.Whetheronebelievesinevolution,intelligentdesign,orDivineCreation,ohingiscertain.Sincethebegiingofhistory,humanbeingshavebeenatwarwitheachother,underthepretextofreligion,ideology,ethnicityandotherreaso.Andnocivilizationhaseverwillinglygivenupitsmostpowerfulweapo.Weseemtoagreetodaythatwecansharemoderntechnology,butwestillrefusetoacknowledgethatourvalues?attheirverycore?aresharedvalues.IamanEgyptianMuslim,educatedinCairoandNewYork,andnowlivinginViea.MywifeandIhaveenthalfourlivesintheNorth,halfintheSouth.Andwehaveexperiencedfirsthandtheuniquenatureofthehumanfamilyandthemonvaluesweallshare.ShakeeareeaksofeverysinglememberofthatfamilyinTheMerchantofVenice,whenheasks:Ifyouprickus,dowenotbleed?Ifyoutickleus,dowenotlaugh?Ifyoupoisonus,dowenotdie?Andifyouwrongus,shallwenotrevenge?Andlestweforget:Thereisnoreligionthatwasfoundedonintolerance?andnoreligionthatdoesnotvaluethesanctityofhumanlife.Judaismasksthatwevaluethebeautyandjoyofhumanexistence.Christianitysaysweshouldtreatourneighboursaswewouldbetreated.Islamdeclaresthatkillingonepersonunjustlyisthesameaskillingallofhumanity.Hinduismrecognizestheentireuniverseasonefamily.Buddhismcallsonustocherishtheoneneofallcreation.Somewouldsaythatitistooidealistictobelieveinasocietybasedontoleranceandthesanctityofhumanlife,whereborders,nationalitiesandideologiesareofmarginalimportance.TothoseIsay,thisisnotidealism,butratherrealism,becausehistoryhastaughtusthatwarrarelyresolvesourdifferences.Forcedoesnothealoldwounditopenewones.*LadiesandGentlemen.Ihavetalkedaboutoureffortstobatthemisuseofnuclearenergy.Letmenowtellyouhowthisverysameenergyisusedforthebenefitofhumankind.AttheIAEA,weworkdailyoneverycontinenttoputnuclearandradiationtechniquesintheserviceofhumankind.InVietnam,farmersplantricewithgreaternutritionalvaluethatwasdevelopedwithIAEAaistance.ThroughoutLatinAmerica,nucleartechnologyisbeingusedtomapundergroundaquifers,sothatwatersuliescanbemanagedsustainably.InGhana,anewradiotherapymachineisofferingcancertreatmenttothousandsofpatients.IntheSouthPacific,Japanesescientistsareusingnucleartechniquestostudyclimatechange.InIndia,eightnewnuclearplantsareundercotruction,toprovidecleanelectricityforagrowingnation?acaseinpointoftherisingexpectationforasurgeintheuseofnuclearenergyworldwide.Theseprojects,andathousandothers,exemplifytheIAEAideal:AtomsforPeace.Buttheexpandinguseofnuclearenergyandtechnologyalsomakesitcrucialthatnuclearsafetyandsecurityaremaintainedatthehighestlevel.SincetheChernobylaident,wehaveworkedallovertheglobetoraisenuclearsafetyperformance.AndsincetheSeptemberxxterroristattacks,wehaveworkedwithevengreaterinteityonnuclearsecurity.Onbothfronts,wehavebuiltaninternationalworkoflegalnormsandperformancestandards.Butourmosttangibleimpacthasbeenontheground.Hundredsofmiio,ineverypartoftheworld,withinternationalexpertsmakingsurenuclearactivitiesaresafeandsecure.Iamveryproudofthe2,300hardworkingmenandwomenthatmakeuptheIAEAstaff?thecolleagueswithwhomIsharethishonour.Someofthemareherewithmetoday.Weefromover90countries.Webringmanydifferentperectivestoourwork.Ourdiversityisourstrength.Wearelimitedinourauthority.Wehaveaverymodestbudget.Andwehavenoarmies.Butarmedwiththestrengthofourconvictio,wewillcontinuetoeaktruthtopower.Andwewillcontinuetocarryoutourmandatewithindependenceandobjectivity.TheNobelPeacePrizeisapowerfulmeageforus?toendureinoureffortstoworkforsecurityanddevelopment.Adurablepeaceisnotasingleachievement,butanenvironment,aproceandamitment.*LadiesandGentlemen.ThepictureIhavepaintedtodaymayhaveseemedsomewhatgrim.LetmeconcludebytellingyouwhyIhavehope.Ihavehopebecausethepositiveaectsofglobalizationareenablingnatioandpeoplestobeepolitically,economicallyandsociallyinterdependent,makingwaranincreasinglyunaeptableoption.Amongthe25membersoftheEuropeanUnion,thedegreeofeconomicandsocio-politicaldependencieshasmadetheproectoftheuseofforcetoresolvedifferencesalmostaurd.ThesameisemergingwithregardtotheOrganizationforSecurityandCo-operationinEurope,withsome55membercountriesfromEurope,CentralAsiaandNorthAmerica.Couldthesemodelsbeexpandedtoaworldmodel,throughthesamecreativemultilateralengagementandactiveinternationalcooperation,wherethestrongarejustandtheweaksecure?Ihavehopebecausecivilsocietyisbeingbetterinformedandmoreengaged.Theyarepreingtheirgovernmentsforchange?tocreatedemocraticsocietiesbasedondiversity,toleranceandequality.Theyareproposingcreativesolutio.Theyareraisingawarene,donatingfunds,workingtotraformciviciritfromthelocaltotheglobal.Workingtobringthehumanfamilyclosertogether.Wenowhavetheoortunity,morethanatanytimebefore,togiveanaffirmativeawertooneoftheoldestquestioofalltime:AmImybrotherskeeper?Whatisrequiredisanewmindsetandachangeofheart,tobeabletoseethepersonacrotheoceanasourneighbour.Finally,IhavehopebecauseofwhatIseeinmychildren,andsomeoftheirgeneration.Itookmyfirsttripabroadattheageof19.MychildrenwereevenmorefortunatethanI.Theyhadtheirfirstexposuretoforeigncultureasinfants,andtheywereraisedinamulticulturalenvironment.AndIcansayaolutelythatmysonanddaughterareoblivioustocolourandraceandnationality.TheyseenodifferencebetweentheirfriendsNoriko,Mafupo,Justin,SauloandHuam;tothem,theyareonlyfellowhumanbeingsandgoodfriends.Globalization,throughtravel,mediaandmunication,canalsohelpus?asithaswithmychildrenandmanyoftheirpeers?toseeeachothersimplyashumanbeings.*YourMajesties,YourRoyalHighne,LadiesandGentlemen.Imaginewhatwouldhaenifthenatiooftheworldentasmuchondevelopmentasonbuildingthemachinesofwar.Imagineaworldwhereeveryhumanbeingwouldliveinfreedomanddignity.ImagineaworldinwhichwewouldshedthesametearswhenachilddiesinDarfurorVancouver.Imagineaworldwherewewouldsettleourdifferencesthroughdiplomacyanddialogueandnotthroughbomorbullets.Imagineiftheonlynuclearweaporemainingweretherelicsinourmuseums.Imagihelegacywecouldleavetoourchildren.Imagihatsuchaworldiswithinourgra. TheInternationalAtomicEnergyAgencyandIarehumbled,proud,delightedandaboveallstrengthenedinourresolvebythismostworthyofhonours.Mysister-in-lawworksforagroupthatsuortsorphanagesinCairo.Sheandhercolleaguestakecareofchildrenleftbehindbycircumstancesbeyondtheircontrol.Theyfeedthesechildren,clothethemandteachthemtoread.AttheInternationalAtomicEnergyAgency,mycolleaguesandIworktokeepnuclearmaterialsoutofthereachofextremistgrou.Weiectnuclearfacilitiesallovertheworld,tobesurethatpeacefulnuclearactivitiesarenotbeingusedasacloakforweapoprogrammes.Mysister-in-lawandIareworkingtowardsthesamegoal,throughdifferentpaths:thesecurityofthehumanfamily.Butwhyhasthissecuritysofareludedus?Ibelieveitisbecauseoursecuritystrategieshavenotyetcaughtupwiththeriskswearefacing.Theglobalizationthathassweptawaythebarrierstothemovementofgoods,ideasandpeoplehasalsosweptwithitbarriersthatconfinedandlocalizedsecuritythreats.ArecentUnitedNatioHigh-LevelPanelidentifiedfivecategoriesofthreatsthatweface:1.Poverty,InfectiousDisease,andEnvironmentalDegradatio2.ArmedConflict?bothwithinandamongstate3.OrganizedCrime;4.Terrorism;and5.WeapoofMaDestruction.Theseareallthreatswithoutborders?wheretraditionalnotioofnationalsecurityhavebeeoolete.Wecaotreondtothesethreatsbybuildingmorewalls,developingbiggerweapo,ordiatchingmoretroo.Quitetothecontrary.Bytheirverynature,thesesecuritythreatsrequireprimarilymultinationalcooperation.Butwhatismoreimportantisthatthesearenotseparateordistinctthreats.Whenwescratchthesurface,wefindthemcloselycoectedandinterrelated.Weare1,000peopleheretodayinthisaugusthall.Imagineforamomentthatwerepresenttheworldspopulation.These200peopleonmyleftwouldbethewealthyoftheworld,whocoume80percentoftheavailableresources.Andthese400peopleonmyrightwouldbelivingonanineoflethan$2perday.Thisunderprivilegedgroupofpeopleonmyrightisnoleintelligentorleworthythantheirfellowhumanbeingsontheothersideoftheaisle.Theyweresimplybornintothisfate.Intherealworld,thisimbalanceinlivingconditioinevitablyleadstoinequalityofoortunity,andinmanycasesloofhope.Andwhatisworse,alltoooftentheplightofthepoorispoundedbyandresultsinhumanrightsabuses,alackofgoodgovernance,andadeepseeofinjustice.Thisbinationnaturallycreatesamostfertilebreedinggroundforcivilwars,organizedcrime,andextremisminitsdifferentforms.Inregiowhereconflictshavebeenlefttofesterfordecades,countriescontinuetolookforwaystooffsettheiriecuritiesorprojecttheirpower.Insomecases,theymaybetemptedtoseektheirownweapoofmadestruction,likeotherswhohaveprecededthem.*LadiesandGentlemen.Fifteenyearsago,whentheColdWarended,manyofushopedforanewworldordertoemerge.Aworldorderrootedinhumansolidarity?aworldorderthatwouldbeequitable,inclusiveandeffective.Buttodaywearenowherenearthatgoal.WemayhavetorndownthewallsbetweenEastandWest,butwehaveyettobuildthebridgesbetweenNorthandSouth?therichandthepoor.Coiderourdevelopmentaidrecord.Lastyear,thenatiooftheworldentover$1trilliononarmaments.Butwecontributedlethan10percentofthatamount?amere$80billion?asofficialdevelopmentaistancetothedevelopingpartsoftheworld,where850millionpeoplesufferfromhunger.MyfriendJamesMorrisheadstheWorldFoodProgramme,whosetaskitistofeedthehungry.Herecentlytoldme,IfIcouldhavejust1percentofthemoneyentonglobalarmaments,nooneinthisworldwouldgotobedhungry.Itshouldnotbeasurprisethenthatpovertycontinuestobreedconflict.Ofthe13milliondeathsduetoarmedconflictinthelasttenyears,9millionourredinsub-SaharanAfrica,wherethepoorestofthepoorlive.Coideralsoouraroachtothesanctityandvalueofhumanlife.IntheaftermathoftheSeptemberxxterroristattacksintheUnitedStates,weallgrieveddeeply,andexpreedoutrageatthisheinouscrime?andrightlyso.Butmanypeopletodayareunawarethat,astheresultofcivilwarintheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo,3.8millionpeoplehavelosttheirlivessince1998.Arewetoconcludethatourprioritiesareskewed,andouraroachesuneven?*LadiesandGentlemen.Withthisbigpictureinmind,wecanbetterunderstandthechanginglandscapeinnuclearnon-proliferationanddisarmament.Therearethreemainfeaturestothischanginglandscape:theemergenceofanexteiveblackmarketinnuclearmaterialandequipment;theproliferationofnuclearweapoandseitivenucleartechnology;andthestagnationinnucleardisarmament.Today,withglobalizationbringinguseverclosertogether,ifwechoosetoignoretheiecuritiesofsome,theywillsoonbeetheiecuritiesofall.Equally,withthereadofadvancedscienceandtechnology,aslongassomeofuschoosetorelyonnuclearweapo,wecontinuetoriskthatthesesameweapowillbeeincreasinglyattractivetoothers.Ihavenodoubtthat,ifwehopetoescapeself-destruction,thennuclearweaposhouldhavenoplaceinourcollectivecocience,andnoroleinoursecurity.Tothatend,wemusteure?aolutely?thatnomorecountriesacquirethesedeadlyweapo.Wemustseetoitthatnuclear-weaponstatestakeconcretestetowardsnucleardisarmament.Andwemustputinplaceasecuritysystemthatdoesnotrelyonnucleardeterrence.*Arethesegoalsrealisticandwithinreach?Idobelievetheyare.Butthenthreesteareurgentlyrequired.First,keepnuclearandradiologicalmaterialoutofthehandsofe