句子成分和五种句子类型(全).ppt

Good morning,everyone!,句子成分和简单句的基本句型,什么是句子？,句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位句子的第一个字母必须大写，结尾要有？ ！,I am a teacher. Are you a student? How beautiful the girl is !,现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial) 和补语（complement）。 按句子结构，句子可以分为简单句、并列句和复合句。只有一个主语（并列主语）和一个谓语（并列谓语），句子成分都是由单词和短语表示，这样的句子称为简单句。简单句最基本的类型有五种，其他各种句型都是由这五种句型变化而来的。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。,句子包括哪些成分？,句子成分的构成,句子的主要成分：,主语、谓语、宾语、表语,句子的次要成分：,定语、状语、补足语（同位语、插入语),1.主语(subject),1. 主语是句子所要说明的动作或状态的主体. 2.一般在句首。 3. 一般由名词，代词或相当于名词的词或短语(不定式，动名词或从句)充当。 1. We study in LianPing Middle School. 2.Our classroom is very clean. 3.To teach you English is my job. 4.Surfing, diving and swimming are all water sports. 5.Four plus four is eight. 6.What you said made me sad. 7.The young should respect the old. 8.It made me excited that dad bought me a computer.,代词,名词,不定式,动名词,数词,从句,the+adj.,it作形式主语,2.谓语(verb),1. 表示主语的行为动作或所处的状态。 2. 必须由动词充当。 3.一般在主语后面，和主语在人称和数方面必须一致。 谓语有简单谓语、复合谓语之分。 (1) 简单谓语： 是由动词或动词词组组成的。 She always studies hard. He often listens to music. (2) 复合谓语：是由“情态动词或助动词 + 动词”构成. He can speak English. We have finished reading the book. I did see her yesterday.,3.表语(predicative),1. 说明主语的身份或特征、属性、状态等。2. 位于在系动词后面。3.充当短语的可以使单词、短语或从句。 1.You look younger than before. 2.I am a teacher. 3.Jim is out. 4.Now they are at home. 5.Im not quite myself today. 6.He got lost in the forest. 7.His hobby is swimming. 8.My job is to teach you English. 9.The book is what I need.,形容词,名词,副词,介词短语,反身代词,过去分词,动名词,不定式,从句,4.宾语(object),1. 一个动作的承受者，表示动作的对象或结果。 2.用在及物动词或介词后面. She is playing the piano. He often helps me. He likes to sleep in the open air. He is addicted to smoking. We enjoy living in China. 3.宾语包括直接宾语和间接宾语。 Please pass me the book. = Please pass the book to me. He bought her some flowers. =He bought some flowers for her.,I had bread and milk for breakfast this morning. Where did you buy that?(名词） I need twenty works.（数词） He always does the unexpected.（名词化的形容词 Remember to tell him to come to the lecture.（不定式 I enjoy reading foreign stories, especially American ones.（V-ing形式） We all believe that you are suitable for this work.（从句,5.宾语补足语(object complement),放在宾语后面,对宾语进行补充说明,与宾语一起构成复合宾语。 I made my room beautiful. I can see her dancing there. He made himself known to them. She asked me to lend her my bike. Please make yourself at home. Please keep the dog out. We call her Miss Zhang.,形容词,现在分词,过去分词,不定式,介词短语,副词,名词,6.主语补足语(subject complement),对主语进行补充说明。 把下列句子改为被动语态: 1.We saw Tom dancing in his room. Tom was seen dancing in his room. 2.They elected Jim monitor of their class. Jim was elected monitor of their class. 3.We will make our country strong. Our country will be made strong.,定语(attribute),用来修饰名词或代词,起类似于形容词的修饰作用. 1.You are a clever boy. 2.I want to tell you something important. 3.His father works in a shoe factory. 4.There are 66 students in our class. 5.Do you know bettys sister? 6.There is a sleeping baby in bed. 7.The girl standing under the tree is his daughter. 8.We have nothing to do. 9.His spoken English is good. 10.The girl in red is his sister. 11.Do you know the man who stands there?,形容词,物主代词,数词,名词所有格,现在分词,过去分词,介词短语,形容词,现在分词短语,从句,不定式,名词,状语(adverbial),1. 修饰动词，形容词或副词, 起类似于副词的作用 。 2. 一般表示行为发生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度，结果，条件，让步和伴随等意义。 1.He did it carefully. 2.She is very enthusiastic about it. 3.He works extremely hard. 4.He comes to see us every day. 5.He is at the library looking up some information. 6.Ill be back in a while. 7.Without his help, we couldnt work it out. 8.He was late because of the heavy rain. 9.Please call me up if it is necessary. 10.She was beautiful when she was a girl.,同位语apposition,对前面的名词或代词做进一步解释,说明它们的性质和情况。 1. Tom, our monitor, is a handsome boy. 2. I myself will do the experiment. 3. She is the oldest among them six. 4. The news that he is ill worries us.,名词,反身代词,数词,从句,插入语(parentheses),对一句话进行附加说明或解释，通常由一个词、一个短语或一个句子构成，常置于句首、句中或句末，一般用逗号或破折号与句子隔开。 1.Generally speaking, the more hard-working you are, the more likely you will succeed. 2.Two middle-aged passengers fell into the sea. Unfortunately，neither of them could swim. 3.Your performance in the driving test didnt reach the required standard，in other words, you failed. 4.It is so nice to hear from her. Believe it or not ，we last met more than thirty years ago. 5. Strange to say, he should have done such a thing.,Choose the right answer,He made another wonderful discovery， _ of great importance to science. A.which I think is B.which I think it is C.which I think it D.I think which is,A,分析下列句子成分,1. Everyone laughed. 2. The books pleased the girl. 3. I am astonished. 4. I heard him shouting. 5. He bought his son some books. 6.The young girl with long black hair is Kate. 7.Stephen apologized at once. 8.I have no idea when they will go. 9. I saw my friend Tom standing at the station.,I saw my friend Tom standing at the station., 主语, 谓 语, 定语, 宾 语, 同位语, 状 语, 宾语补足语,有哪几种常见的句型结构？,基本句型 一： （主系表） （是系动词） 1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典。 2. The dinner smells good. 午餐的气味很好。 3. He fell in love. 他堕入了情网。 4. Everything looks different. 一切看来都不同了。 5. He is growing tall and strong. 他长得又高又壮 6. The troubleis that they are short of money. 麻烦的是他们缺少钱。 7. Our well has gone dry. 我们井干枯了。 8. His face turned red. 他的脸红了。,基本句型 二： （主谓） 主语：可以作主语的成分有名词（如boy），主格代词（如you），动词不定式，动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！ 谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：We come. 此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。, （不及物动词） 1. The sun was shining. 太阳在照耀着。 2. The universe remains. 宇宙长存。 3. We all breathe, eat, and drink. 我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。 4. Who cares? 管它呢？ 5. What he said does not matter. 他所讲的没有什么关系。 6. The pen writes smoothly 这支笔书写流利。,巩固练习：,6这个重五公斤。 7五年前我住在北京。 8秋天有些鸟飞到南方去。 9我的爷爷早晨起得很早。 10. 每天下午有许多学生到图书馆来借书。,6. This box weighs five kilos.,7.I lived in Beijing five years ago.,8.In autumn, some birds fly to the south.,9. My grandfather gets up early in the morning.,10.Every afternoon a lot of students come to the library to borrow books.,巩固练习：,1昨晚我写了一封信。 2今天下午我想同你谈谈。 3这本书他读过多次了。 4他们成功地完成了计划。 5那位先生能流利地说三种语言。,I wrote a letter last night.,I want to talk with you this afternoon.,He has read this book many times.,They have carried out the plan successfully.,That gentleman can speak three languages fluently.,巩固练习：,6我收到了笔友从澳大利亚寄来的信。 7Jim 还不会自己穿衣服。 8我们大家都相信Jack 是一个诚实男孩。 9. 他不知道说什麽好。 10. 我开窗户你在意吗？,I received a letter from my penfriend in Australia.,Jim cannot dress himself.,All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy.,He did not know what to say.,Do you mind my opening the window?,基本句型 四： （主谓间宾直宾） （及物） （多指人） （多指物） 1. She ordered herself a new dress. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳。 2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal. 她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。 3. He brought you a dictionary. 他给你带来了一本字典。 4. He denies her nothing. 他对她什么都不拒绝。 5. I told him that the bus was late. 我告诉他汽车晚点了。 6. He showed me how to run the machine. 他教我开机器。,但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词to或for。如： He brings cookies to me every day. She made a beautiful dress for me.,用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。 用for 侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。 常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等； （需借助for 的） buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare等。,巩固练习： 1Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。 2奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。 3请把那本字典递给我好吗？ 4他把车票给列车员看。,Mr Johnson taught us German last year.,Grandma told me an interesting story last night.,Would you please pass me the dictionary?,He showed the ticket to the conductor.,巩固练习： 5我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？ 6新式机器将会为你节省许多劳动。 7他用他的第一个月工资给他妈妈买了一件毛衣。,Shall I call you a taxi?,The new machine will save you a lot of labour.,7.He bought a new coat for his mother with his first months salary.,说明: 此结构由“主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语”构成。宾语与宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系或主表关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不够完整。 The sun keeps us warm. I heard him singing. You must get your hair cut.,基本句型 五： （主谓宾宾补）, （及物） （宾语） （宾补） 名词/代词宾格 + 名词 The war| made| him |a soldier./战争使他成为一名战士. 名词/代词宾格 + 形容词 New methods |make |the job| easy./新方法使这项工作变得轻松. 名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语 I |often find| him |at work./我经常发现他在工作. 名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式 The teacher| ask |the students |to close the windows./老师让学生们关上窗户. 名词/代词宾格 + 分词 I |saw |a cat |running across the road./我看见一只猫跑过了马路.,用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如： I found it very pleasant to be with your family.,巩固练习： 1我们叫她Alice. 2我们大家都认为他是诚实的。 3他们把小偷释放了。 4我要你把真相告诉我。 5 .卫兵命令我们立即离开。 6. 每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。 7他每个月理一次发 8我们不会让她在晚上外出的。,We call her Alice.,All of us considered him honest.,They have set the thief free.,I want you to tell me the truth.,The guards ordered us to leave at once.,Every morning we hear him read English aloud.,He has his hair cut every month.,We wont let her go out at night.,9那可怕的声音把孩子们吓坏了 10她正在听人家讲故事。 11我从来没看见这个字这样用过。 12他感到很难跟你交谈。 13我认为有可能用另一种方法解题。 14学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立。,The terrible sound made the children frightened.,She is listening to someone telling stories.,I have never seen the word used that way before.,He felt it very difficult to talk with you.,I consider it possible to work out the problem in another way.,The school made it a rule that the students should stand up when class begins.,英语基本句型6 There be 句型 说明： 此句型是由“there+be+主语+状语”构成，用以表达存在关系可以称“有”。 它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际语意。 此句型有时不用be动词，而用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等。如： There stands a hill in the middle of the park. Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town.,Be 与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情态变化。如： 现在有 there is/are 过去有 there was/were 将来有 there will be；there is /are going to be. 现在已经有 there has/have been 可能有 there might be. 肯定有 there must be /there must have been. 过去曾经有 there used to be 似乎有 there seems/seem/seemed to be 碰巧有 there happen/happens/happened to be ,巩固练习： 1这个村子过去只有一口井。 2客人当中有两名美国人和两名法国人。 3天气预报说下午有大风。 4灯亮着，办公室里肯定有人。 5战前这儿一直有家电影院的.,There was only a well in the village.,Among the guests there were two Americans and two Frenchmen.,The weatherman says therell be a strong wind in the afternoon.,The light is on. There must be someone in the office.,There used to be a cinema here before the war.,巩固练习： 6恰好那时房里没人。 7从前，在海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。 8公共汽车来了。 9就只剩下二十八美元了。 10铃响了。,There happened to be nobody in the room.,Once, there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.,There comes the bus.,There remained only twenty eight dollars.,There goes the bell.,简单句的五种句型,1）SV 主语谓语,eg. His father might have died.,2) SVP 主语谓语表语,eg. The plan sounds perfect.,3) SVO 主语谓语宾语,eg. My sister enjoyed the play.,4）SVOiOd 主语谓语+间接宾语直接宾语,eg. My father bought me a bicycle.,5) SVOC 主语谓语宾语补语,eg. They called him a fool.,Translate the following sentences.,1.在过去的十年里,我的家乡发生了巨大的变化。 2.你们必须在两周内看完这些书。 3.冬季白天短，夜