动名词-2011.doc

动名词一.定义动名词,是一种兼有动词和名词特征的非限定动词=非谓语动词(在句中不能单独作谓语，不受主语的人称和数的限制)，具有名词、动词一些特征。它可以支配宾语，也能被副词修饰。动名词有时态和语态的变化。构成：动词原形+ing构成，否定式：not+动名词。二动名词的作用动名词具有名词的性质，因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。1、作主语Reading is an art. Climbing mountains is really fun. Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffer. 1）动名词作主语，有时先用it作形式主语，把动名词置于句末。这种用法在习惯句型中常用。如：It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk. It is no point arguing with him about this.2）在“There be”结构中，只能用动名词做主语，而不能用不定式。There is no joking about such matters. There is no saying when hell come. 3）动名词的复合结构作主语 当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时，常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格，构成动名词的复合结构(这时，名词或代词的所有格做动名词的逻辑主语)。动名词的复合结构也可以在句中作主语。例如： Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us. 4）动名词作主语与动词不定式作主语的比较 动词不定式和动名词都可以用作主语。在意义上相近。但动名词多用来表示泛指或抽象动作，不定式多用来表示特指或具体动作。比较： Smoking is not good for health. It is not good for you to smoke so much.2、作宾语（1）作动词的宾语某些动词后出现非限定性动词时只能用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式。常见的此类动词有：avoid, consider, enjoy, finish, give up, cannot help, imagine, include, keep, mind, miss, put off, delay, practise, resist, suggest, cant stand等。如：Would you mind opening the windows？He enjoys reading novels.(2）做介词宾语Look forward to, lead to, stick to, add to, be used to, feel like, pay attention to, get down to, spendin doingstop/prevent(from) doing, There is some trouble/difficulty (in) doingThere is no need/harm/use (in) doingFor example:We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 3、作表语动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。表语动名词与主语通常是对等的关系，表示主语的内容，主语、表语可互换位置。Your task is cleaning the windows. (Cleaning the windows is your task.)What I hate most is being laughed at. (Being laughed at is what I hate most.)1）现在分词和动名词作表语的区别分词做表语时保持它的形容词特征，动名词做表语时保持它的名词特征。动名词做表语是可以与主语互换位置，但分词不行。The novel is interesting（现在分词）My job is teaching English= teaching English is my job（动名词）4、作定语动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。如：a walking stick a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walkinga washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washinga reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for readinga measuring tape=a tape for measuring=a tape which is used for measuringsleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping1）现在分词和动名词做定语的区别 分词往往表示它所修饰词所做的动作，即逻辑主语是它所修饰的词；动名词表示它所修饰词的用途，它所修饰的词不能充当逻辑主语。The raging storm=the storm that is raging(狂暴的风雨）（分词）Scorching heat= the heat that is scorching (炙人的热气）（分词）Sleeping car=a car for sleeping（动名词）Working method=a method of working （动名词） 二、动名词的时态和语态主动形式否定形式被动形式一般式doingNot doingBeing done完成式Having doneNot having doneHaving been done1、动名词一般式表示的动作通常是一般性动作，即不是明确地发生在过去、现在或将来的动作，或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的动作。如：I hate talking with such people. Being careless is not a good habit. 2、动名词的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。如：I dont remember having met him before. Thank you for having taking so much trouble to help. 3动名词的被动式根据句意的需要，也可用动名词的被动式。其形式为being 过去分词He narrowly escaped being run over.（撞倒）I dont remember having ever been given such a book.在动词need, require, want , deserve 后，用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。其用法相当于不定式的被动结构。The watch needs repairing.(=The watch needs to be repaired)The problem deserves thinking about.(=The problem deserves to be thought about.)在（be）worth后面只能用动名词的主动语态来表示被动意义。That is a good book worth readingHis suggestion is worth considering.4、动名词的逻辑主语同时也是动名词动作的承受者，动名词用被动语态。I dont like being laughed at in public. I am very pleased at your having been honored with a medal. 三、常见题型：1） 动名词做主语时，谓语动词为单数2） 在动名词和不定式中，作介词的宾语是动名词3） 动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词，4）通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语3 做状语的区别分词具有副词和形容词的特征，可以直接用作状语；动名词不具有副词特征，不能单独做状语，只有与介词结合时才能作状语。Hearing the news, they immediately set off for the station(分词作状语）Given another chance, i will do it much better.（分词作状语）After finishing his homework , he went to the reading-room.On coming in, she laid a file of documents upon the table.练习1） Mark often attempts to escape _ whenever he breaks traffic regulations.A）having been fined B） to have been fined C） to be fined D） being fined2） My wife said in her letter that she would appreciate _ from you sometime.A） to have heard B） to hear C） for hearing D） hearing3） The thief took away the womans wallet without_.A） being seen B） seeing C） him seeing D） seeing him4） People appreciate _with him because he has a good sense of humor. （CET4 1998，1）A） to work B） to have worked C） working D） have working5） Ive enjoyed _ to talk with you.A） to be able B） being able C） to been able D） of being able6） No one can avoid _ by advertisements.A） to be influenced B） being influenced C） influencing D）having influence7） They are considering _ before the prices go up.A） of buying the house B） with buying the houseC） buying the house D） to buy the house8） He thought that _.A） the effort doing the job was not worth B） the effort was not worth in doing the jobC） it was not worth the effort doing the job D） it was not worth the effort by doing the job9） If I had remembered _ the door， the things would not have been stolen.A） to lock B） locking C） to have locked D）having locked10） Your shirt needs _. Youd better have it done today。A） iron B） to iron C） ironing D） being ironed11） You cant help _ commercials; every few minutes the program is interrupted to give you one advertisement or another.A） to hear B） to be heard C） hearing D） with hearing12） My transistor radio isnt working. It _.A） need repairing B） needs to repair C） needs repairing D） need to be repaired13） It is no use _ me not to worry。A） you tell B） your telling C） for you to have told D）having told14） He is very busy _ his papers。 He is far too busy _ callers.A） to write ；to receive B） writing ；to receiveC） writing ；receiving D） to write ；for receiving15）The suspect at last admitted _ stolen goods but denied _ them。A） receiving.selling B） to receive.to sellC） to receiving.to selling D） to have received.to have sold16） She apologized for _ to come。A） her not being able B） her being not ableC） not being able D） that shes not able to17）I really appreciate _ to help me， but I am sure that I can manage by myself.A） you to offer B） that you offer C） your offering D） that you are offering18） Please stop _， boys， I have something important to _ you.A） saying . talk B） telling . Say C） talking.speak D） talking. tell19） Tony， would you go and see if Sam has any difficulty _ his tape recorder？A） to fix B） fixing C） for fixing D） fix20）“Why isnt Nancy going to meet us？”“Its my fault. I forgot all about _ her.”A） telephoning to B） to telephone C） to telephone to D） the telephoning to21）“Why were you late？”“I had a hard time _ up this morning.”A） to get B） get C） got D） getting22）I remember _ to help us if we ever got into trouble.A）once offering B） him once offering C） him to offer D） to offer him23）John regretted _ to the meeting last week。A） not going B） not to go C） notshavingsbeen going D） not to be going24） It is difficult to get used _ in a tent aftershavingsa soft， comfortable bed to lie on。A） sleep B） to sleeping C） slept D） to sleep25） He gives people the impression _ many poems。A） shaving written B） to have written C） of being written D） to write26） Do you feel like _ out or would you rather _ dinner at home？A） going.to have B） to go.to have C） to go.having D） going.have27） Prior to _ the formal speech， first he will introduce himself。A） delivering B） deliver C） being delivering D） being delivered28）I dont mind _ by bus， but I hate _ in queues。A） to travel.standing B）having traveled.standingC） traveling.to stand D） traveling.standing29）What about _ double quantities of everything today？ We have hardly time to go_ next week。A） buying.to shop B） buy.shoppingC） buying.shopping D） to buy.shopping 30） We had some trouble _ the house and nobody seemed _swheresit was。A） in finding.knowing B） finding.to knowC） to find.knowing D） to find.to know31）We cant imagine _ in the entrance examination， for she has never been to school.A） she succeeding B） her succeeding C） she succeed D） her to succeed32）I dont like _ at me.A） them laughing B） their laugh C） them laugh D） them to have laughed33）We suggested _ in hotels but the children were anxious _ out.A） sleeping.to camp B） sleeping.campingC） to sleep.to camp D） to sleep.camping34）I have no objection _ the evening with them。A）to spend B）to spending C)of spending D） spending35） After _ for the job， you will be required to take a language test。A） being interviewed B） interviewed C） interviewing D）having interviewed36）The match was cancelled because most of the members _ a match without a standard court。A） objected to having B） were objected to haveC） objected to have D） were objected to having37）Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy _ for her examination。A） to prepare B） to be prepared C） preparing D） being prepared38）It is no good _ remember grammatical rules。 You need to practise what you have learned。A） trying to B） to try to C） try to D） tried to39）After _ him better， I regretted _ him unfairly。A） getting to know.to judge B） getting to know.to have judgedC） getting to have know.judging D） getting to know.having judged40）He is looking forward to _ his holiday in Britain。A） spend B） have spent C） spending D）shavingsbeen spending41） Before _ the house， you should get a surveyor_ over it。A） buying.looking B）having bought.to lookC） buying.to have looked D） buying.to look42）In some countries people favor _ together even though there is much more space。A） to stay B） stay C） staying D） stayed43）“Why was Fred so upset？”“He isnt used _ criticized.”A） be B） to be C） to being D）having bee