动名词22.doc

动名词 The Gerund I. 动名词的定义： 具有名词功能的动词-ing形式叫作动名词。动名词具有名词的特点。因此在句子中可用作主语、表语、宾语等。例如： Working with you is a pleasure. （主语） Seeing is believing. （主语） What he got in his mind was walking all the way to town. （表语） My job is teaching. （表语） To keep money that you have found is stealing. （表语） Her shoes wants mending. （宾语） I have finished writing this book. (宾语) She left without saying good-bye to us. （介词宾语） My brother is fond of skating. （介词宾语） Thank you for giving me some help. (介词宾语)由于动名词是动词的一种形式，因此动名词也具有动词的一些特征，可以带直接宾语，也可以被副词修饰。例如： My hobby is collecting stamps. I like driving fast. Meeting you has been a great pleasure. II. 动名词的结构：（与现在分词结构相同）主动形式被动形式一般式(同时或其后)doingbeing done完成式(之前)having donehaving been done否定形式在其前面加not。III. 动名词的一般式和完成式：动名词的一般式表示动作在谓语动词的动作同时或在其后发生，表示抽象笼统的动作；完成式表示的特别强调动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前。如： I hate going out in such weather. 这种天气，我讨厌外出。He put off making a decision. 他推迟做决定。Living in cities gives people more chances to succeed. 在城市中居住给人们带来更多的成功的机会。Girls enjoy wearing fashionable clothes.女孩都喜欢穿着时尚。Reading makes a man perfect.读书使人完美。I dont remember having seen him before.我不记得以前见过他。Mary felt disappointed for not having seen her idol.没见到偶像，Mary很失望。The boy admitted having broken the mirror.男孩承认打破了窗户。I have failed again. I regret not having taken his advice.我又失败了。真后悔没听他的建议。l 在实际应用中，虽然动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生的，但我们可以用动名词的一般式。例如： Excuse me for coming late. On arriving home, he called me. Thank you for attending the meeting instead of me. I dont remember ever seeing her any time. He apologized for interrupting us. Thank you for offering me so much help.IV. 动名词的被动语态：动名词有主动语态与被动语态两种形式。动名词的逻辑主语同时也是动名词动作的承受者，动名词用被动语态。 （1）它的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，或在其前发生。如： I dont like being laughed at in public. 在公共场合下，我不喜欢被别人嘲笑。Before being used, the instrument should be tested.How can I enter the classroom without being noticed?You cant go out without being allowed. You cant eat meat before being operated on. Did you mind being punished by the teacher?（2）它的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。如： I am very pleased at your having been honored with a medal. 我很高兴你能获得这样的奖牌I remember having been taken to Beijing before Christmas in 1998.He cant remember bob having been scolded by his boss for that matter.After having been treated in the special way, he could deal with everything around him smoothly.（3）在某些动词，我们常用动名词的一般式表示完成式，尽管动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，这似乎是一种强大的习惯。如： Excuse me for being late. 我来晚了请你原谅。 I dont remember ever meeting somewhere. 我记不得原来在什么地方见过。 Thank you for giving us so much help. 谢谢给我们这么大的帮助。 （4）在多数情况下都避免使用动名词被动语态完成式，而用一般式代替，以免句子显得累赘，尤其是在口语中。如： I forget once being taken (having been taken ) to the city zoo. 我曾被带到过这个动物园，可我忘了。 （5）动名词被动语态一般式与现在分词被动语态一般式同形，但无进行意义，being不可省略。如： She is afraid of being taken to the public. 她怕被领到大众面前。以上句子可以看出：句子的主语就是动名词的逻辑主语，但要注意逻辑主语时动作的发出者还是承受者。V. 动名词的句法功能： 1. 作主语 Playing tricks no others is what I dislikes. Sweeping the floor is my wifes everyday work. Doing morning exercises is good for your health. Learning without practice is not good. 注意以下句型，“it”是形式主语，动名词是正真的主语。动名词做主语时谓语动词用单数。例如： It is no good smoking and drinking. I suggest that you should give them up. It is a waste of time watching TV all day. It is no use operating on this woman. She ought to have been sent here two hours ago. It has been a great pleasure living together with you. Its no use crying over spilt milk. 2. 作表语 (表示主语的内容) My job is teaching English. The only thing that interests her is dancing. The real problem is getting to know the needs of the customers. To keep money you have found is stealing. 【注意】一般来说，动名词作表语表示主语的内容；而现在分词作表语表示主语的特征和属性。例如： The work assigned to us is bringing the chairs downstairs. （表示主语的内容） Her job is raising pigs. （表示主语的内容） The film was exciting. （表示主语的特征） It is annoying that the meeting should be put off. （表示主语的特征） 3. 做定语动名词作定语时没有明显的逻辑主语，也很少用被动语态。1）动名词单独作定语时放在所修饰的名词之前，表明用途。相当于“名词+ for + doing”.a swimming pool the waiting room the operating table chewing gum boarding pass 登机证 building material driving license writing deskdining room drinking water starting point working condition drawing board living standard resting place washing machine reading room shopping mall/centre 2) 动名词前加of, for, at等介词短语放在名词后作定语。Have you come up with an idea of dealing with the matter?They have found the way of keeping seeds.4. 作宾语 Andrew hated telling lies. I wouldnt mind going there with her. The little boy admitted breaking the window. I enjoy listening to music. She couldnt risk missing that train. I have finished writing this novel. 【注意】(1) 只能用动名词作宾语，而不能用不定式作宾语的动词有：Avoid,escape,consider,delay,enjoy,excuse,finish,imagine,mind,miss,practice,risk,stop,suggest,cant help,give up,keep on,put off,enjoy,imagine,involve,keep,leave off等等。 (2) 在下列动词之后即可以用不定式，也可以用动名词，这样的动词有：like, love, hate, prefer, begin, start, continue, attempt, intend, propose, choose, decline, deserve, endure, forget, learn, mean, neglect, omit, recall, regret, try等等。例如： Do you like swimming( to swim)? We began listening (to listen)to music. She proposed making(to make)a change in our studying plan. (3)下列动词后既可接不定式，也可接动名词，但所表示的意思不同。例如： 1) remember to do something记住要做某事 remember doing something 记得曾经做过某事 例如： I remember posting the letter. Please remember to post the letter for me. 2) forget to do something忘记要做某事 forget doing忘记曾经做过某事 例如： I shall never forget seeing the Swiss Alps for the first time. I am afraid he will forget to write to me. 3) stop to do something 停下某事去做 stop doing something 停止做某事 例如： I really must stop smoking. I have been working all the morning. I have to stop to smoke a cigarette. 4) try to do something 设法做某事 try doing something 试试做某事 例如： Try to do your duty well.尽力做好本职工作。 Try knocking at the back door if nobody hears you at the front door. 5) regret to do something 因做某事（将要发生或正在发生）感到悲哀（不愉快） regret doing因做某事感到后悔 例如： I regret causing him so much inconvenience. I regret to inform you that we are unable to offer your employment. 正在做Iregrettohavetodothis,butIhavenochoice. 将要做6) mean doing 意味着或意思是 mean to do something打算做某事或想要做某事 例如： We know that learning a language does not mean just working in a class. I didnt mean to hurt your feelings. 7) go on to do something （做完某事）接着做另一件事 go on doing something继续做某事 例如： I hope it wont go on snowing all day and all night. Our teacher welcomed the new students and then went on to explain the school regulations. 8) need to do something 需要做某事（表示主动） need doing something需要（表示被动） 例如： You need to work harder. Your house needs painting. (=needs to be painted) 9) want to do something 想做某事（表示主动） want doing需要（表示被动） 例如：I want to study French. The electric shaver wants repairing before it can be used. 10) 在like, hate, prefer动词后，如果表示一般倾向，多用动名词作宾语，如果指特定的或具体的动作时，用不定式。例如：I like watching TV. Id like to watch TV this afternoon. I hate speaking before a big audience. I hate to speak at the meeting today. I prefer reading to watching TV. I prefer to watch TV today. 11) be afraid to do something害怕（不敢）去做某事，（常会发生对自己或别人有伤害或令人畏惧的结果）；而be afraid of doing something 表示害怕（担心）会发生某种不愿发生的或不应发生的情况（不一定是令人畏惧的情况），可译为“唯恐(怕)”。例如： She was afraid of waking her husband up.可能丈夫病了或很累，不应吵醒他。(恐怕发生不应发生的可能后果) She was afraid to wake her husband up.（如叫醒丈夫，可能他要发火，责备她。(害怕去做应当做或必须做的事） (4) 能跟动名词的动词短语很多，常见的这样短语有：accuse of 谴责, be fond of , be keen on喜爱, be proud of , be ashamed of, be responsible for, be sick of厌恶 , be tired of , be afraid of , insist on, persist in, stick to坚持 , suspect of, 怀疑accuseof, think of, dream of, approve of赞成, prevent (stop, keep)from, hear of 听说等。属于介词宾语范畴。例如： I am proud of working with you. She is good at singing and dancing. I am thinking of going to the industrial exhibition this afternoon. I am interested in skating. (5) 下列动词短语中的“to”是介词，不是不定式的符号，因此后面要接动名词或名词。accommodate oneself to使适应于 be addicted to 沉湎于admit to承认 be agreeable to欣然同意 pay attention to 注意confine oneself to使局限于 contribute to有助于devoteto 把奉献给 be devoted to 献身于，专心于have no (have an)objection to不反对，（反对） object to 反对 take to开始从事于，look forward to盼望 be opposed to反对 see to注意 be used to 习惯于 when it comes to谈到，至于，就而论，be accustomed to（accustom oneself to）习惯于（使习惯于），get used to doing 习惯于prefer doing something to doing something宁愿而不 get down to 开始认真做某事 be familiar to 为所熟悉 等等。 例如： When it comes to writing short essays, you had better ask his advice. I have got used to working on the night shift. I have been looking forward to writing a novel by myself. VI. 使用动名词应注意的几个问题 1. 动名词的复合结构：如果一个动名词或动名词短语前用一个物主代词或名词的所有格，（口语中可以用宾格代词）或名词普通格来表示动名词的逻辑主语，这种结构被称为动名词的复合结构，动名词的复合结构能作主语、宾语、表语等。即：sb / sbs doing 的结构。当复合结构位于句子开头做主语时，必须用名词所有格或物主代词；如动名词的复合结构做宾语，其逻辑主语是无生命的名词时，用名词普通格或代词宾格。例如：It is no use your telling me not to worry. （主语） Your being right doesnt necessarily mean my being wrong. （主语或宾语） Whats troubling me is your not having enough money. （表语） What made the teacher angry was Lipins making much noise.（表语） Would you mind my/me using your telephone? （宾语）There is no need for that being done. （介词宾语） 2.动名词做主语时，谓语动词一律用单数形式。例如： Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us. Seeing is believing. 3 it代替动名词做形式宾语或形式主语能够用于这一句型常见的动词有：consider, find, think等(当动名词作宾语而又带有自己的补足语（形容词或名词）时，要用it代表动名词，并将它放到补足语之后。)例如：I found it no use arguing with you. I dont think it worthwhile buying such a dictionary. Do you consider it any good trying again? It is no use（no good, no point, no sense, a waste of time, a nuisance, hard work等名词）+ doing sth. It is good (nice, interesting, useless, dangerous, worthwhile, senseless等形容词) + doing sth.;There is no point (use, sense, good等名词) + doing sth.Its no use crying over spilt milk. 后悔没有用。Its simply a waste of time and money seeing that movie.There is no point in my going out to date someone. 现在让我出去和别人拍拖没有用。I find it no good advising him to go with us. 我发现建议他和我们一起去没什么好处。 4.下列短语中的介词常常省略，因此后面要接动名词。 1) Spend time(money) (in) 花时间（钱）（干某事）， 2) be busy (in) 忙于（干某事） 3) lose no time (in)不失时机（干某事） 4) There is no point (in)（干某事）毫无意义 5) waste time (in) 浪费时间（干某事） 6) keep on 继续（干某事） 7) have no difficulty (in) （干某事）没有困难 8) have fun (in) (干某事)有趣 9) have (no)trouble (in)（干某事）有（没有）困难 10) have headaches (in) (干某事)头痛 11) end up (by) (以干某事)告终 12) take turns (at) 轮流（干某事） 13) bother (about)(因干某事)烦恼 14) have a hard time (in)(因干某事)吃苦 15) be through (with) 完成 16) Whats the use (of ) (干某事)有什么用？ 例如：You neednt bother (about) coming up.你不必费心来跑一趟。 Lets take turns (at )doing it. 让我们轮流干吧！ 5.如果一个动名词具有很多名词的特点：可以有自己的冠词，有自己的定语，在某种情况下有复数形式；并且也失去了许多动词的特点：没有完成式和被动式，没有自己的状语和宾语，这样的动名词被称为名词化的动名词。如果要表示它逻辑上的宾语，通常在这个名词化的动名词后加上一个介词of , 再加逻辑宾语。例如： You should have given the classroom a good cleaning. （有自己的冠词） It was Tom who did the recording.（有自己的冠词） This work needs careful planning.（有自己的定语） Did you pay any attention to their comings and goings? （有复数形式） Most of the digging , moving and compressing of earth was done by machines. （有自己的逻辑宾语） 6. 动名词作表语与不定式作表语的区别：动名词主要说明行为本身，用来表示抽象、泛指的动作，并不明确表示动作发生的时间，而不定式则表示某次具体的，尚未发生的将来动作。例如： My job is teaching English. （泛指的行为，表示职业） My job is to teach them to read the text. （表示一次具体的任务） l 主语如果是动名词，则表语也应用动名词，不能用不定式。主语如果是不定式，表语也应用不定式，不能用动名词。例如：Seeing is believing.=To see is to believe.l 如果动作十分抽象，已经失去动词性能而接近名词，则用动名词。例如： My hobby is gardening. 不能说：My hobby is to garden. My favorite winter sport is skating. 不说：My favorite winter sport is to skate.7. 动名词作定语与现在分词作定语的区别动名词作定语表示所修饰词的用途，而现在分词作定语表示所修饰词的性质或正在进行的动作。例如： writing desk (=the desk for writing) falling leaves(=the leaves that are falling) sleeping car (=the car for sleeping) sleeping boy (=the boy who is sleeping) washing machine (=the machine for washing) flying machine (=the machine that can fly) reading room(=the room for reading) an exciting experience (=an experience that is exciting) resting place(=the place for resting) a moving story(=a story that is moving)8. 动名词和no搭配表示禁止。这种用法常出现在简短的禁令性语言中，常见于公共标识。 No smoking. No burning. No fishing. No hunting. No parking. No photographing.动名词专项练习( ) 1.The officers narrowly escaped_in the hot battle. A.have killed B.to kill C.to be killed D.being killed( ) 2.If you wave your book in front of your face, you can feel the air _against your face. A.moved B.moving C.moves D.to move( ) 3.Dont you remember_? A.seeing the man before B.to see the man before C.saw the man before D.to have seen the man before( ) 4.People couldnt help _ the foolish emperor in the procession. A.laugh at B.to laugh at C.laughing at D.laughing on( ) 5.Were looking forward _ the photo exhibition. A.to visiting B.to laugh at C.laughing at D.laughing on ( ) 6.Do you remember _ me at a party last year? A.meet B.to meet C.meeting D.met( ) 7.This sentence needs _. A.an improvement B.improve C.improving D.improved( ) 8.-What are you going to do this morning? -Im thinking of _ to visit my aunt. A.go B.going C.having gone D.my going ( ) 9.I really enjoy _ that kind of job.A.do B.doing C.to do D.to be doing( ) 10.The mext morning she found the man _ in bed,dead. A.lying B.lie C.lay D.laying( ) 11.Only one of these books is _. A.worth to read B.worth being read C.worth of reading D.worth reading( ) 12.I cant imagine _ that with them. A.do B.to do C.being done D.doing( ) 13.The squirrel was lucky that it just missed _. A.catching B.to be caught C.being caught D.to catch ( ) 14.They would not allow him _ across the enemy line. A.to risk going B.risking to go C.for risk to go D.risk going( ) 15.She didnt remember _ him before. A.having met B.have met C.to meet D.to having met( ) 16.The picture _ on the wall is painted by my nephew. A.having hung B.hanging C.hangs D.being hung( ) 17.-I usually go there by train. -Why not _ by boat for a change. A.to try going B.tying to go C.to try and go D.try going( ) 18.I would appreciate _ back this afternoon. A.you to call B.you call C.your calling D.youre calling( ) 19.How about the two of us _ a walk down the garden? A.to taked B.taked C.taking D.to be taking ( ) 20.-I must apologize for _ ahead of time. -Thats all rignt. A.letting you not know B.not letting you know C.letting you know not D.letting not you know( ) 21.The missing boys were last seen _ near the river. A.palying B.to be playing C.play D.to paly( ) 22.-You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. -Well, now I regret _ that.A.to do B.to be doing C.to have done D.having done( ) 23.He has always insisted on his _ Dr Turner instead of Mr Turner. A.been called B.called C.having called D.being called( ) 24.Do you mind _ alone at home? A.Jane leaving B.Jane having left C.Janes being left D.Jane to be left( ) 25.Seeing the sun _ above the surface of the sea ,we let out a shout of joy. A.to rise B.to raise C.rising D.raising( ) 26.She looks forward every spring to _ the flower lined graden. A.visit B.paying a visit C.walk in D.walking in( ) 27.Once your business becomes international,_ constantly will be part of your life. A.you fly B.your flight C.flight D.flying( ) 28.While shopping, people sometimes cant help _ into buying something they dont really need.A.to persuade B.persuading C.being persuaded D.be persuaded( ) 29.-What do you think made Mary so upset? -_ her new bicycle.A.As she lost B.Lost C.Losing D.Because of losing( ) 30.What worried the child most