《英汉语言对比与翻译》教案3.doc

第1讲 导论主要内容：从语言对比角度探讨翻译概念阐释、翻译标准厘定、翻译过程梳理、翻译方法运用等与翻译相关的方方面面的问题。教学要求：了解翻译中的语言比较与对比概念，理解翻译概念、翻译标准、翻译过程等，掌握上述相关概念基本内容及其与语言对比相关的问题。重点、难点：语言比较与对比概念差异及其之于翻译能力培养的终极意义。一种事物的特点，要跟别的事物比较才显出来。 吕叔湘 对于中国学生最有用的帮助是让他认识英语和汉语的差别。 吕叔湘 You could know your own language only if you compared it with other languages. Engels Explain some of the points:1. Why “contrast” but not “compare”?2. What is “language”?3. Whats the aim of contrastive study of two languages?4. Content of study.5. A general contrastive study of Chinese and English6. Contrastive study of phonetics.Explanation:1. Compare: similarity of two thingsContrast: differences of two things语言对比是指不同语言间的对比分析，通常是通过compare 和contrast两种途径。比较语言学（Comparative linguistics）的主要任务是寻找不同语言间的共性。对比语言学(contrastive linguistics)是对两种或两种以上的语言进行共时的对比研究，描述它们之间的异同特别是不同之处。2. 起步阶段：二十世纪初二十世纪四十年代末 严复、赵元任、吕叔湘、王力停滞阶段：19491976复苏和发展阶段：1977年5月后，特别是进入九十年代后3. What is “language”?语言: 语言是一种表达观念的符号系统。Language：the system of human communication which consists of the structured arrangement of sounds (or their written representation) into larger units, e.g. morphemes, words, groups/phrases, sentences4. Whats the aim of contrastive study? 1) 促进英语教学：语音教学、写作教学以及翻译教学。2) 西方对比语言学认为，一本好的外语教材，一方面对所学外语进行科学的描写，一方面对学生的本民族语进行平行描写，并加以仔细比较。通过两种或多种语言的对比研究，可以更好地认识语言的结构，进一步认识语言的本质。1.Introduction1.1 Contrastive analysis versus comparative linguistics1.1.1 Definition of contrastive analysisContrastive analysis is a branch of linguistics that makes synchronic contrastive study of two or more languages in order to show the differences and similarities, esp. the differences, and to make use of them mainly in language teaching and learning.1.1.2 Definition of comparative linguisticsComparative linguistics is a branch of linguistics that makes diachronic comparative study of more languages in order to show the differences and similarities, esp. the similarities, and to find the proto-language and develop etymology.1.1.3 Comparisons between contrastive analysis and comparative linguisticsContrastive analysis Comparative linguisticsOther names: Contrastive study Comparative philology（语文学） Contrastive Linguistics Comparative grammarTime: Synchronic DiachronicObject: Different languages and dialects Different languages in the same familyGoal: To know differences and similarities To know the originality of languagesContents: Phonology, morphology, syntax and Phonology, morphology, syntax semantics Value: To develop typology（类型学） To find the proto-language(共同原始语)To help correct errors To develop etymologyTo help learn languageTo help in translation (Hartmann and Stork: 1976) typology: isolating, agglutinative, inflective 1.1.4 Four quadrants of contrastive analysis and comparative linguistics within language 2 1 diachronic synchronic 3 4 between languages1.2 Classification of contrastive analysis1.2.1Classification of linguistics General theoretical linguistics (4)theoretical linguistics (2) Concrete theoretical linguistics (5)Linguistics(1) General applied linguistics (6)applied linguistics (3) Concrete applied linguistics (7)General theoretical linguistics (4): study of general characters, constructions, rules, methods, classifications and their interrelations of human languageConcrete theoretical linguistics (5): study of a certain language (so it has got other names: special linguistics, individual linguistics)General applied linguistics (6): application of the linguistic principles and study achievements to language teachingConcrete applied linguistics (7) application of the study of a certain languages to a certain language teaching 1.2.2 Classification of contrastive linguistics General theoretical contrastive linguistics (4)theoretical contrastive linguistics (2) Concrete theoretical contrastive linguistics (5)contrastive linguistics(1) General applied contrastive linguistics (6)applied contrastive linguistics (3)Concrete applied contrastive linguistics (7)General theoretical contrastive linguistics (4): study of general theories and methods between two or more languagesConcrete theoretical contrastive linguistics (5): descriptions of two or more certain languages with the general theories and methods of contrastive linguistics General applied contrastive linguistics (6): application of the study of general theories and methods of contrastive linguistics to language teachingConcrete applied contrastive linguistics (7): contrast of two languages for a certain purpose e.g. to compile a book about grammar between English and Chinese1.3 Name, origin and development of contrastive analysis 1.3.1 Name:Contrastive analysis: analysis of difficult linguistic points Contrastive studies: theories and methodsContrastive linguistics: general name, including theory and application1.3.2 Origin Europe: around the year1900, synchronic analysis of language America: in the Second World War, behaviorist psychology (stimulus-response, Bloomfield)Three factors American structuralism (anthropologist: Boas; Sapir; B.L.Whorf; Harris; C.F.Hockett)need of foreign language teaching because of war 1.3.3 Development International academic conference: America, Romania, Poland, Finland, Germany etc.Magazines: Papers and Studies in Contrastive Linguistics (Poland) Contrastive Linguistics (Bulgaria) Contrastive (France)China:赵元任A Preliminary Study of English Intonation and Its Chinese Eqivalents,1933 赵元任（1892-1982），留美哲学博士，兼攻物理，化学，音乐，语言其六世祖赵翼（乾隆年间1736-1795进士）写有江山代有才人出，各领风骚数百年名句夫人杨步伟（1889-1981）,留日医学博士1971.6.1赵杨金婚，杨写有佳句：赵和有佳句：吵吵闹闹五十年，阴阳颠倒又团圆，人人都说好姻缘犹似当年蜜蜜甜元任今生欠我业，男女平权新世纪，颠倒阴阳再团圆同偕造福为人间 赵元任的学生有王力，朱德熙，吕叔湘等2.雷的“神似”和钱钟书的“化境”傅雷的“神似”以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似。以实际工作论，翻译比临画更难。临画与原画，素材相同（颜色，画布，或纸或绢），法则相同（色彩学，解剖学，透视学）。译本与原作，文字既不侔，规则又大异。各种文字各有特色，各有无可模仿的优点，各有无法补救的缺陷，同时又各有不能侵犯的戒律。象英、法，英、德那样接近的语言，尚且有许多难以互译的地方；中西文字的扦格远过于此，要求传神达意，铢钢悉称，自非死抓字典，按照原文句法拼凑堆砌所能济事。各国的翻译文学，虽优劣不一，但从无法文式的英国译本，也没有英文式的法国译本。假如破坏本国文字的结构与特性，就能传达异国文字的特性而获致原作的精神，那么翻译真是太容易了。不幸那种理论非但是刻舟求剑，而且结果是削足适履，两败俱伤。两国文字词类的不同，句法构造的不同，文法与习惯的不同，修辞格律的不同，俗语的不同，即反应民族思想方式的不同，感觉深浅的不同，观点角度的不同，风俗传统信仰的不同，社会背景的不同，表现方法的不同。以甲国文字传达乙国文字所包涵的那些特点，必须像伯乐相马，要“得其精而忘其粗，在其内雨忘其外”。而即使是最优秀的译文，其韵味较之原文仍不免过或不及。翻译时只能尽量缩短这个距离，过则求其勿太过，不及则求其勿过于不及。倘若认为翻译标准不应当如是平易，则不妨假定理想的译文仿佛是原作者的中文写作。那么原文的意义与精神，译文的流畅与完整，都可以兼筹并顾，不至于再有以辞害意，或以意害辞的弊病了。节选自：傅雷重译本序 钱钟书的“化境”汉代文字学者许慎有一节关于翻译的训诂，义蕴颇为丰富。说文解字卷六口部第二十六字：“囮，译也。从口，化声。率鸟者系生鸟以来之，名日囮，读若譌。”南唐以来，“小学”家都申说“译”就是“传四夷及鸟兽之语”，好比“鸟媒”对“禽鸟”所施的引“诱”，“讷”、“讹”、“化”和“囮”是同一个字。译”、“诱”、“媒、“讹”、“化”这些一脉相通、彼此呼应的意义，组成了研究诗歌语言的人所谓“虚涵数意”(manifold meaning)，把翻译能起的作用、难于避免的毛病、所向往的最高境界，仿佛一一透示出来了。文学翻译的最高标准是“化”。把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原有的风味，那就算得入于“化境”。十七世纪有人赞美这种造诣的翻译，比为原作的“投胎转世”( the transmigration of souls)，躯壳换了一个，而精神姿致依然故我。换句话说，译本对原作应该忠实得以至于读起来不像译本，因为作品在原文里决不会读起来像经过翻译似的。但是，一国文字和另一国文字之间必然有距离，译者的理解和文风跟原作品的内容和形式之间也不会没有距离，而且译者的体会和他自己的表达能力之间还时常有距离。从一种文字出发，积寸累尺地度越那许多距离，安稳到达另一种文字里，这是很艰辛的历程。一路上颠顿风尘，遭遇风险，不免有所遗失或受些损伤。因此，译文总有失真和走样的地方，在意义或口吻上违背或不尽贴合原文。那就是“讹”，西洋谚语所谓“翻译者即反逆者”(Traduttore traditore)。中国古人也说翻译的“翻”等于把绣花纺织品的正面翻过去的“翻”，展开了它的反面。释赞宁高僧传三集卷三译经篇论：“翻也者，如翻锦绮，背面俱花，但其花有左右不同耳”；这个比喻使我们想起堂吉诃德说阅读译本就象从反面来看花毯。“媒”和“诱”当然说明了翻译在文化交流里所起的作用。它是个居间者或联络员，介绍大家去认识外国作品，引诱大家去爱好外国作品，仿佛做媒似的，使国与国之间缔结了“文学因缘”。 节选自：钱钟书林纾的翻译3. 奈达谈翻译的基本过程 The four basic processes in translating consist of analysis of the source text, transfer from source to target language, restructuring in the target language, and testing of the translated text with persons who represent the intended audience. The analysis of the source text means a detailed treatment of both the designative and associative meanings of the lexemes, the syntax, and the discourse structures. As already indicated at various points in this volume, understanding and appreciation of the source text are fundamental to any attempts at translating. In fact, it is failure at this point which is responsible for most deficiencies in translating. If a translator really understands the meaning of the source text and has adequate competence in the target language, translating appears to be completely natural and an almost automatic process. The process of transfer involves the shift from thinking in the source language to thinking in the target language. Here is precisely where the essential process of translating takes place - the content has been carried across. The level of explicitness at which this transfer takes place is normally as great as possible and has been detailed in terms of so-called “kernel” structures in Nida and Taber (1969). The process of restructuring involves the organization of the lexical, syntactic, and discourse features of the transferred text so as to provide maximal comprehension and appreciation on the part of the intended audience. For a fully competent translator all this takes place almost automatically. In fact, it is almost as automatic as speaking in ones own mother tongue. Although these three basic processes can be abstracted, it is entirely wrong to think that translators accomplish their task in three stages or steps. A11 three processes are going on at the same time and are largely below the level of consciousness. Good translators do not have to think about how to change active expressions to passive ones, how to change a nominalized verb into a dependent clause, and whether to shift from a noun to a pronoun in referring to a person. Although the testing of a translation is somewhat different from the processes of analysis, transfer, and restructuring, it is an essential element in that it exposes so quickly any problems which exist in translation. In the past most testing of a translation has been undertaken by assigning a bilingual person to compare the source and target texts and to determine the degree of correspondence. The problem with this approach is that the bilingual judge is probably already so familiar with the text and the type of contents that he can understand the text without too much trouble. An adequate evaluation of a translation can only be accomplished by testing the reactions of monolingual persons who are representative of the constituency for whom the translation has been made.The most helpful diagnostic test are the following: oral reading by different persons, close analysis of facial gestures of readers, hearing a text and telling the contents to people who have not heard the text read, and the cloze technique. From Language, Culture and Translating by Eugene Nida4. 课后作业(1) 结合本讲内容，就你感兴趣的语言与翻译中的一个话题谈谈你的观点。(2) 尝试翻译下面的文章，对你的译作和他人译作之间的差异做一对比分析，找出差异的缘由。木兰诗篇在木兰辞的基础上进行引申，大量融入河南豫剧元素，采用中西结合的手法，讲述了花木兰女扮男装替父从军，打赢战争后淡泊名利拒绝封赏，并回归故里与心上人刘爽喜结连理的故事，抒发了中国人民“和”的民族精神和愿望。The Opera Stories of Mulan extends its content on the basis of the Chinese traditional poem Mulan Ci, blends amounts of Henan Yu Opera elements, and adopts a combination of Chinese and Western techniques. It tells an account of Hua Mulan, who joins army in place of her father with disguise of male identification, rejects accepting the rewards from the emperor after she wins the war, and comes back to hometown to be married with her fianc Liu Shuang. Therefore, it expresses Chinese national spirit and expectations of Harmony .第2讲 英汉语系统对比与翻译主要内容：英语为印欧语言，汉语属汉藏语系，两者相去甚远，个性大于共性，鉴于此，本讲将进行大量实证分析，从被动与主动、物称与人称、静态与动态等若干方面进行对比，探讨与英汉互译相关的问题。教学要求：了解英汉两种语言系统上的差异性，理解印欧语系与汉藏语系基本差异，掌握英汉语被动与主动、物称与人称、静态与动态等方面的差异性及相互转换。重点、难点：英汉被动与主动、物称与人称、静态与动态等差异与转换。第一节 主动与被动（Passive vs. Active）English: a passive-featured language 1.1. Reasons for the popularity of passive voice in English.the intention to neglect the doera. Scientists classify glass as a solid.Glass is classified as a solid. The house was built in 1654:The road is being repaired:b. I noticed that a window had been left open Every year people are killed on our roads. A Hard Days Night was written by the Beatles ET was directed by Spielberg A great deal of meaning is conveyed by a few well-chosen words. Our planet is wrapped in a mass of gases. Waste materials are disposed of in a variety of ways. c. One type of work group, the semi-autonomous work group, is discussed in a section later in this chapter.The group was designed to last for only the lifetime of a particular project.She told me that her master had dismissed her. No reason had been assigned; no objection had been made to her conduct. She had been forbidden to appeal to her mistress.d. Some things have been said here tonight that ought no to have been spoken.Visitors are requested to show their tickets. the consideration of syntax1）For the sake of cohesion and coherence.Some kinds of plastics can be forced through machines which separate them into long, thin strings, called “fibres” and these fibres can be made into cloth.2）Keep the balance of sentence so as to maintain end focus and end weight. And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequences in the future.the consideration of rhetoricOn July 13th, 2001, Beijing was voted for the 2008 Olympic game. President Samlanch announced: The games of the 29th Olympiad in 2008 are awarded to the city of Beijing.Beijing is the city for the games of the 29th Olympiad in 2008. the consideration of registers in EnglishThe passive is generally more commonly used in informative than in imaginative writing, notably in the objective, non-personal style of scientific articles and news items.A mail piece of phosphorous is carefully dried and placed on a crucible lid inside a bell-jar. It is then ignited with a warm glass rod and a stopper is inserted. The phosphorous burns producing dense white fumes of phosphorous pentoxide which react with water. The water level is first depressed as the air becomes warm but eventually it rises as the oxygen is used up. In order to restore the pressure of the remaining gas to normal water is now poured into the trough until the water levels are made equal. Approximately one-fifth of the bell-jar is now occupied with water showing that one-fifth of the air is consumed when phosphorous burns.classification of passive in English: syntactic passive; notional passive notional passive: using active construction to express passive notion. These products sell like hot cakes. The clock winds up at the back.She dresses beautifully.The room filled rapidly.This kind of cloth washes very well.The book is printing. The plan is working out.Some words and phrases imply passive meaning.Examinee; Referee; The imprisonment of the murderer; eatable; desirable; visible; respectable; in ones possession; under the influence of2. Chinese: an active-featured language2.1 “被字式”， unfavorable construction in Chinese1大国之攻小国，攻者农夫不得耕，妇人不得织。墨子2曼草犹不可除，况君之宠弟乎？Usually we dont use 被-structure to express passive notion, instead, we use active construction (notional passive) to imply passive meaningIt was done. 这件事已做了。It was well done. 这件事做得好。It was poorly done. 这件事做得不好。这件事搞坏了。这件事给弄糟了。Most passive construction is used to express sth. unpleasant or undesirable. 庄稼让大水冲跑了。The crops were washed away by the flood.这股敌人全给游击队消灭了。The whole horde of enemy soldiers was wiped out by the guerrillas.薛蟠竟被人生生的把个罪名坐定。这家工厂在地震中遭到严重破坏。This factory was seriously damaged during the earthquake.2.2 Chinese passive sentences: dynamic instead of stativeThe glass is broken. (静句) 玻璃杯破了。(不用被动式)The glass was broken by my brother. (动句) 玻璃杯被我弟弟打破了。（被动式）The house is surrounded by trees. (静句)房子周围都是数。（不用被动式）The enemy was soon surrounded by our troops. (动句)敌人很快被我军包围了。（被动式）The house is being painted. (房子正在粉刷)The house is very well painted. (房子粉刷得很好)Ariane 5 blew up shortly after it was launched. What we are concerned is whether projects like the international Space Station have enough scientific value to merit the billions that have been and will be spent on it.国际空间站之类的计划是否有足够的科学价值，是否值得花费已经投入和即将投入的几十亿美元？It seems that the worlds politicians are involved in a timewarp.全世界的政治家们似乎已陷入一段时间的异常之中。2.3 Use active construction to express passive meaning.He is respected by everybody. 人人都尊敬他。（他被人人尊敬?）The ceremony was abbreviated by rain. 因为下雨，仪式举行得很简短。（仪式被雨缩短了?）John actually loved Mary and was loved in return. 约翰真的爱玛丽，而玛丽也爱约翰。（约翰真的爱玛丽，也被玛丽爱?）My holiday afternoons were spent in ramble about the surrounding country. 每逢假日的下午，我总要漫游周围的乡村。Not only politeness but an attitude of reverence is demanded in church. 在教堂里，人们不仅要有礼貌，而且应该有一种虔诚的态度。Language is shaped by, and shape