2019年高考英语一轮复习专题01Greatscientist（教学案）新人教版.docx

专题01 Great scientist 【高频单词】1scientific (adj.) 科学的science (n.) 科学scientist (n.)科学家2conclude (vt.&vi.) 结束；推断出conclusion (n.) 结论；结束3analyse (vt.) 分析analysis (n.) 分析4attend (vt.)照顾；护理；出席；参加attendance (n.)出席；参加；到场5expose (vt.) 暴露；揭露；使曝光exposed (adj.) 无遮蔽的；不遮挡风雨的exposure (n.) 显露；暴露；揭露；曝光6suspect (vt.) 认为；怀疑 (n.)被怀疑者；嫌疑犯suspicion (n.) 怀疑suspicious (adj.)有疑心的7foresee (vt.) 预见；预知foresaw (过去式)foreseen (过去分词)8pollute (vt.) 污染；弄脏pollution (n.) 污染polluted (adj.) 被污染了的9announce (vt.) 宣布；通告announcement (n.) 宣布；通知10instruct (vt.) 命令；指示；教导instruction (n.) 教育；说明；指导；教训instructive (adj.) 富有教育意义的；启发的11construct (vt.) 建设；修建construction (n.) 建设；建筑物constructor (n.) 建造者；建造商constructive (adj.) 建设性的；积极的12contribute (vt. & vi.) 捐献；贡献；捐助contribution (n.) 捐献；贡献；捐助13enthusiastic (adj.) 热情的enthusiasm (n.) 热情14reject (vt.) 拒绝；不接受；抛弃rejection (n.) 拒绝；抛弃15characteristic (n.) 特征；特性character (n.) 品质；性格；特点16painter (n.) 画家；油漆匠paint (vt.) 在上刷油漆painting (n.) 绘画；油画【重点短语】1put_forward 提出2draw_a_conclusion 得出结论3expose._to 使显露；暴露4be_to_blame 应受责备5look_into 调查；研究6link.to. 将和联系或连接起来7apart_from 除之处；此外8be_strict_with. 对严格9make_sense 讲得通；有意义10at_times 有时【热点句型】1neither. nor.“既不也不”Neither (既不) its cause nor (也不) its cure was understood.2every time作连词引导时间状语从句，意为“每次”So many thousands of terrified people died every_time_there_was_an_outbreak (每次暴发霍乱时)3to do 作目的状语/suggest意为“建议”时用虚拟语气，即“shoulddo”，其中should可以省略To_prevent (为防止) this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies (should)_be_examined (应被检测)4only状语，句子结构发生倒装Only_if (只有) you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make_sense (说得清楚)5“with宾语宾补”复合结构He placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with_the_planets_going_round_it (行星围绕着它转) and only the moon still going round the earth.6doing 作状语/who引导定语从句The Christian Church rejected his theory, saying (声称) it was against Gods idea and people who_supported_it (支持这种想法的人) would be attacked. 高频考点一 单词例1、attend vt.照顾；护理；出席；参加John Snow was a famous doctor in Londonso expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician.(P2)约翰斯诺是伦敦一位著名的医生他的确医术精湛，因而成了维多利亚女王的私人大夫。【归纳拓展】attend school/church 上学/去教堂attend a meeting/lecture/wedding/party 参加会议/听演讲/出席婚礼/参加晚会attend (on/upon) sb. 照顾某人attend to 处理；照料【名师点睛】attend侧重“参加”之意。attend to作“处理”讲时，与do/deal with近义；作“照顾”讲时，与take care of， look after近义。【语境助记】I have just found that I have to attend_an_important class meeting that afternoon.我刚发现那天下午我必须参加一个重要的班会。If you had told me beforehand, I would_have_attended your wedding.你如果提前告诉我的话，我就会去参加你的婚礼了。I have an important meeting to attend,_so I cant join you in the discussion.我要出席一个重要的会议，所以我不能加入你们的讨论。The main thing is to attend_to the injured.首要任务是照顾伤者。I may be lateI have got one or two things to_attend_to.我也许会迟到，我有一两件事要处理。例2、expose vt.暴露；揭露；使曝光But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.(P2)但当他一想到要帮助(那些)受到霍乱威胁的普通百姓，他就感到很振奋。【归纳拓展】expose to 暴露；受到风险expose sth./sb./oneself (to.) (向)显露或暴露某事物/某人/某人自己；使某事物/某人/某人自己面临be exposed to 暴露于；接触expose sb. to sth. 使某人接触到某物)【语境助记】Dont expose your skin to direct sunlight, or youll get burnt.不要让你的皮肤直接暴晒于阳光下，否则你会被晒伤。We want to expose our kids to as much art and culture as possible.我们想让孩子们受到尽可能多的艺术和文化的熏陶。Klaus Von Bulow was_exposed as a liar and a cheat.克劳斯冯布洛被揭露是一个说谎者和骗子。例3、absorb vt.吸收；吸引；使专心The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals.(P2)第二种看法是人们在吃饭时把这种病毒引入体内的。【归纳拓展】(1)absorb/attract/draw ones attention 吸引某人的注意absorb.from. 从中吸收o. 把吸收进be absorbed by/into 被吞并/吸引(be) absorbed in. 全神贯注于(2)absorbed adj. 全神贯注的【名师点睛】表示“全神贯注于”的常见短语还有：be lost in, be buried in, fix/focus ones attention on, devote.to, concentrate ones mind on, apply oneself to, be addicted to等。【语境助记】However, when something did interest me, I could become_absorbed.然而，当某物真的让我感兴趣了，我就能变得很专注。Absorbed_in writing a letter, he didnt even look up when I came in.他在聚精会神地写信，当我进来时他连头都没有抬。Plants absorb carbon dioxide from the air and moisture from the soil.植物从空气中吸收二氧化碳并从土壤中汲取水分。Ive just been so busy studying and trying to absorb_all_the_new_things around me.我一直忙于学习，并竭力掌握身边所有的新事物。例4、blame vt.谴责；责备 n过失；责备It seemed that the water was to blame.(P2)看起来水是罪魁祸首。【归纳拓展】(1)blame sb. for (doing) sth. 因(做)某事而责备某人blame sth. on sb. 将某事归咎于某人be to_blame (for sth.) (对某事)应承担责任；该受责备(2)accept/bear/take the blame for. 对负责；为承担责任put/lay the blame on sb. 把责任推到某人身上【名师点睛】【语境助记】I often had crazy dreams in which I was to_blame_for Millers accident.我经常会做恶梦，梦中我应该对米勒的车祸负责。I am ready to take_the_blame_for the mistake.我愿意为这一错误承担责任。She stole the money but shes trying to put_the_blame_on_me.她偷了钱，却想把责任推到我身上。Dont always blame your own failure on others.不要总把你自己的失败归咎于别人。【易混辨析】blame责备，谴责；归咎于，归罪于(on)。常用于blame sb. for sth.因某事指责某人；blame sth. on sb. 把某事归咎于某人charge控告；谴责。常用于charge sb. with (doing) sth. 指控某人(做了)某事accuse控告，指控；指责，谴责。常用于accuse sb. of (doing) sth. 指控某人(做了)某事用blame, charge, accuse的正确形式填空aIt is obvious that you are to blame for the accident.bShe was said to have been charged with drunk driving.cI was told that he was accused of murder.例5、announce vt.宣布；通告With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the virus. (P3)有了这个额外的证据，约翰斯诺就可以肯定地宣称被污染的水携带病毒。【归纳拓展】(1)It is announced that. 据宣布/据通知announce sth. to sb./to sb. sth. 向某人宣布某事(2)announcement n. 通告；宣告；通知announcer n. 广播员；播音员make an announcement 宣布；通知【名师点睛】announce后不能跟双宾语结构，如果要表达“向某人宣布某事”应该这样表达：announce sth. to sb.(announce to sb. sth.)，不能用announce sb. sth.。除了announce外，类似的还有：explain sth. to sb.(explain to sb. sth.) 向某人解释某物；mention sth. to sb.(mention to sb. sth.) 向某人提及某事；report sth. to sb.(report to sb. sth.) 向某人报告某事；retell sth. to sb.(retell to sb. sth.) 向某人复述某事；suggest sth. to sb.(suggest to sb. sth.) 向某人建议某事；admit sth. to sb.(admit to sb. sth.) 向某人承认某事。【语境助记】At the end of their meeting, it_was_announced_that an agreement had been reached.会议最后宣布已达成一项协议。Has our flight been_announced yet?广播宣布了我们的航班没有？The manager announced_the_decision_to_ the worker.The manager announced to the worker the decision.经理对这个工人宣布了决定。Mary announced_to_her_parents_that she was going to run for monitor.玛丽向父母宣布她准备竞选班长。例6、contribute vt.捐献；贡献；捐助to contribute (P4) 捐献【归纳拓展】(1)contribute sth. to/towards 向捐献某物contribute to有助于；导致；为作贡献；为捐款；向投稿(2)contribution n. 捐款；捐献；贡献；投送的稿件make a contribution/contributions to 对作出贡献；为捐款【名师点睛】【语境助记】Volunteer or, if you can, contribute a little money to a cause.做志愿者或者如果可以的话，给一个事业捐点儿钱。Everyone is willing to contribute_food_and_clothes_to the homeless people.每个人都愿意为无家可归的人捐献食物和衣服。Sports contribute mainly to your physical fitness.体育运动主要有助于你的身体健康。Would you like to make_a_contribution_to the hospital building fund?你愿意为医院建设基金捐款吗？Many people contributed money to the poor boy, which contributed_to his returning to school. A writer wrote a story about it and contributed it to China Daily.许多人给这个可怜的小男孩捐了款，这使他重返校园。一位作家写了一篇关于此事的故事并把它投给了中国日报。高频考点二、短语例1、put forward 提出(建议等)；推荐；将提前Who put forward a theory about black holes？谁提出关于黑洞的理论？【归纳拓展】【语境助记】The suggestion put_forward by your teacher was well worth considering.你们老师提出的建议很值得考虑。Were trying to put_aside a few hundred dollars every month toward our vacation.我们尽量每月存几百美元供度假用。Now the electric fan is not in use. Lets put it away.现在电扇已用不着了，我们把它收起来吧。Two good bursts from the extinguisher and the fire was put_out.灭火器喷了两下，火就被扑灭了。写出下列句中put forward的含义aAs for the problem you put forward in your last letter, I think it is a wise choice for you to buy an edictionary.提出bI think he is fit for the position; therefore, Ill put him forward as a candidate.推荐cPut your watch forward; its five minutes slow.拨快dThey have put forward the date of their wedding by one week.将提前例2、apart from 除之外；此外(aside from)Apart from the construction mentioned above, you have also learned the following phrases.除了以上提到的结构，你也学过下面的词组。【归纳拓展】 (1)apart from具有下列三层含义：相当于besides。指“除之外，另外还有”，强调“另外还有”；相当于except。指“除了”，表示从整体中除去；相当于except_for。指“除外”，是在对某人或物整体上肯定的同时，特别指出其不足之处。(2)take.apart 将拆开tell sb./sth. apart 分辨出某人/某物【语境助记】牛津高阶Ive finished apart_from the last question.除了最后一道题，我全做完了。Apart_from an occasional noise from the elephants stomach, the forest was silent.除了大象胃里偶尔发出的声音，森林里一片寂静。They are so alike, and its difficult to tell_them_apart.他们长得太一样了，很难把他们区分开来。例3、make sense 有意义；讲得通 Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense. 只有把太阳放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的运动才能讲得通。【归纳拓展】【语境助记】It makes_sense to work on the problem before it gets out of control.在失控前致力于解决这个问题，这么做是有意义的。What she referred to was so confusing that they could hardly make_sense_of it.她所讲的话如此令人费解，他们搞不明白她是什么意思。Theres_no_sense_in getting upset about it now.现在为这件事苦恼是没有意义的。In_no_sense_should you lose heart; keep trying and you will make it sooner or later.你决不应该灰心丧气。继续努力，你迟早会成功的。Handle the most important tasks first so youll feel a_real_sense_of achievement.先处理最重要的任务，这样你会有一种真正的成就感。高频考点三、句型Only_if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense只有把太阳放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的运动才能讲得通。(1)“only状语”(副词、介词短语、状语从句)位于句首，句子要用部分倒装。但“only主语”位于句首时不用倒装。(2)if only“但愿；要是就好了”，引导的状语从句使用虚拟语气，表达对现在、将来的愿望或与过去事实相反的愿望。【语境助记】Only after a year of friendly discussion did Ms Garza finally say yes.直到一年的友好讨论之后加尔扎女士才最终答应了。Only when people believe in each other can_they work well.人们只有相互信任才能很好地工作。Only people who know the keyword can read the message.只有知道密码的人才能读懂这个信息。The pills might have cured him, if only he had_taken them regularly.他要是按时服用这些药丸，他的病本来是可能治得好的。高频考点四、句型过去分词作定语和表语一、过去分词作定语1单个的过去分词作定语时，常位于它所修饰的名词之前；过去分词短语作定语时，位于它所修饰的名词之后，但单个过去分词修饰something, everything等不定代词时，也要后置。From the stomach the disease attacked the body quickly and soon the affected person died.这种病从胃里发作而迅速殃及全身，很快这个受感染的人死亡了。Things lost never come again.覆水难收。2过去分词与现在分词作定语时的区别The girl standing under the tree is very beautiful.站在树下的女孩很漂亮。(表主动、进行)Have you read the novel written by Dickens?你读过狄更斯写的这部小说吗？(表被动、完成)二、过去分词作表语1过去分词与v.ing形式作表语的区别ving作表语时，表示特征，意为“令人”；过去分词作表语，表示状态，意为“感到”He became interested in two theories that possibly explained how cholera killed people.他对霍乱致人死地的两种推测很感兴趣。The story is so interesting that nobody dislikes it.这个故事如此有趣，没有人不喜欢它。2过去分词作定语和表语的区别定语：置于名词之后或之前表示动作完成或被动。表语：置于系动词之后，说明主语的状态或特征。 【2018全国I】短文改错假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（），并在其下面写出该加的次。删除：把多余的用斜线（）划掉。修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。注意：(1).每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；(2).只允许修改10处，多者（从第l1处起）不计分。71. During my last winter holiday, I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. I find a change there. The first time I went there, they were living in a small house with dogs, ducks, and another animals. Last winter when I went here again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken. They also Iwent here again,they had a big separnte house to raise dozens of chicken.They also had a small pond,which they raised fish. My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish. I felt happily that their life had improved. At the end of our trip, I told my father that I planned to return for every two years, but he agreed.【答案】During my last winter holiday, I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. I a change there. The first time I went there, they were living in a small house with dogs, ducks, and animals. Last winter when I went again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of . They also had a small pond they raised fish. My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by the fish. I felt that their life had improved. At the end of our trip, I told my father that I planned to return every two years, he agreed.【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者在去年寒假期间和父亲去乡下拜访爷爷奶奶过程中的所见所闻，由此讲述了乡下的巨大变化。1. countryside前加the 考查冠词。去年寒假，我和父亲去乡下拜访爷爷奶奶。此处特指去的是乡下，故加定冠词the。 4. here改成there 考查副词及语意理解。去年冬天我又一次去了那里。故将here改成there。5. chicken改成chickens 考查名词复数。他们拥有一个大的独立住宅，还养了许多只鸡。根据前文的dozens of可知，其后用名词复数形式。6. which前加in或改为where 考查定语从句的关系词。他们还有一个小池塘，里面养着鱼。此处a small pond是先行词，其在后面的定语从句中作地点状语，故用in which或where。7. sell改成selling 考查动名词。去年夏天他们通过卖鱼挣了一大笔钱。此处介词by后用动名词，故用selling。8. happily改成happy 考查形容词作表语。他们的生活有了很大提高，我感到很高兴。此处形容词作表语，故将happily改成happy。 【2018全国II】短文改错假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文，文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处，每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删改或修改。增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（），并在其下面写出该加的词。删除：把多余的词用斜线（）划掉。修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。 注意：（1）.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；(2).只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。71. When I was little, Fridays night was our family game night. After supper, we would play card games of all sort in the sitting room. As the kid, I loved to watch cartoons, but no matter how many times I asked to watching them, my parents would not to let me. They would say to us that playing card games would help my brain. Still I unwilling to play the games for them sometimes. I didnt realize how right my parents are until I entered high school. The games my parents taught me where I was a child turned out to be very useful later in my life.【答案】When I was little, night was our family game night. After supper, we would play card games of all in the sitting room. As kid, I loved to watch cartoons, but no matter how many times I asked to them, my parents would not let me. They would say to that playing card games would help my brain. Still I unwilling to play the games them sometimes. I didnt realize how right my parents until I entered high school. The games my parents taught me I was a child turned out to be very useful later in my life.【解析】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者的个人经历。小时候周五夜晚家长不允许作者看卡通片，而是让他和他们一块儿玩扑克牌游戏。长大后作者才明白，这些纸牌游戏在后来的生活中很有用。第一处：考查名词。名词作定语，往往表明被修饰名词的时间、地点、类别、目的或用途、材料或来源等。名词所有格作定语则强调与被修饰的词的所有关系或表示逻辑上的谓语关系。此处表示“星期五晚上”，并不是所有关系，故把Fridays改为Friday。第二处：考查名词单复数。all表示三者或三者以上，后用名词复数。故把sort改为sorts。第三处：考查冠词。这里表示“作为一个孩子”，a用在表示泛指的单数名词前，the表示特指。故把the改为a。第四处：考查动词不定式。句意：无论我要求多少次要去看（卡通片）。用不定式表示目的。故把watching改为watch。 第七处：考查固定搭配。be unwilling to do sth.意为“不愿意做某事，不情愿做某事”。本文介绍的是过去的情况，故用过去时。所以在unwilling前加was。第八处：考查介词。play the games with sb.表示“和某人一块玩游戏”，故把for改为with。第九处：考查时态。根据上下文语境可知此处要用一般过去时。故把are改为were。第十处：考查宾语从句的连接词。句意：当我是个孩子的时候我父母教给我的纸牌游戏在我日后的生活中证明非常有用。宾语从句连接词并不是表示地点状语，而是时间状语。故把where改为when。 【2018全国III】假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文，文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处，每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删改或修改。增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（），并在其下面写出该加的词。删除：把多余的词用斜线（）划掉。修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；2.只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。It was Monday morning, and the writing class had just begin. Everyone was silent, wait to see who would be called upon to read his and her paragraph aloud. Some of us were confident and eager take part in the class activity, others were nervous and anxious. I had done myself homework but I was shy. I was afraid that to speak in front of a larger group of people. At that moment, I remembered that my father once said, The classroom is a place for learning and that include leaning from textbooks, and mistake as well. Immediate, I raised my hand.【答案】 【解析】本文为记叙文。文章主要介绍了写作课上作者克服恐惧心理主动回答问题的故事。第一处：考查时态构成。根据语境可知，句子用过去完成时，过去完成时的构成是had done，所以begin要改为begun。 第四处：考查固定搭配。be eager to do sth渴望做某事，故eager后加to。第五处：考查代词错误。句意：我已经完成了自己的作业。表示“我的”用my不用myself，或改为定冠词the也可以。第六处：考查固定结构。be afraid to do害怕做某事，所以that为多余，删掉。第七处：考查比较级。句意：我不敢在一大群人面前说话。这里没有比较的意思，故把larger改为large。第八处：考查主谓一致。that作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数includes。第九处：考查名词单复数。错误不是一个，所以要用复数。第十处：考查副词。此处要用副词在句中做状语修饰整个句子，故把immediate改为immediately。1.【2017新课标I】阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。There has been a recent trend in the food service industry toward lower fat content and less salt. This trend, which was started by the medical community（医学界） 61 a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side 62 (effect) such as overweight and heart diseasethe very thing the medical community was trying to fight. Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet. They are required 63 (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions. When fat and salt 64 (remove) from food, the food tastes as if is missing something. As 65 result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing. Even 66 (bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up. Fast food 67 (be) full of fat and salt; by 68 (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.Having enough fat and salt in your meals will reduce the urge to snack(吃点心) between meals and will improve the taste of your food. However, be 69 (care) not to go to extremes. Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, 70 is not good for the health.【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了对于食物中的脂肪和盐分，人们的态度不一。脂肪和盐分对于健康来说是必不可少的，但如果人们摄入过多的脂肪和盐分，自身的健康将会收到损害。61as 考查介词。这个做法最初是医学界作为一种对抗心脏病的形式开始的。as表示“做为，以.身份”，故填as。 64. are removed 考查被动语态。句意：当脂肪和盐分从食物中被去掉 分析可知fat，salt和move之间是被动关系，脂肪和盐分是被人们去掉，所以用被动语态。故填are removed。 65. a 考查冠词。固定短语as a result表示“结