高考英语语法精讲精练专题九定语从句.docx

语法专题九：定语从句 定语从句是比较重要的语法项目。2017年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲附录语法项目表中将定语从句列为必考项。全国卷新课标对定语从句的考查一般在语法填空和短文改错中，主要考查定语从句引导词的用法。 2015年高考全国卷第64题（语法填空）考查了定语从句引导词that/which。 2016年高考全国卷第65题（语法填空）考查了定语从句的引导词when。 2017年高考全国卷第70题（语法填空）考查了定语从句的引导词which。基本概念： 定语从句:在复合句中修饰名词或代词、充当定语的句子叫定语从句。因其功能相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句。 先行词:被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。 关系词:引导定语从句的词，也叫引导词。分为关系代词（who，whom，that，which，whose ,as）和关系副词(where，when，why)。关系词要在定语从句中作某个成分，如主语、宾语、状语等。 限制性定语从句：对先行词起修饰限定作用的定语从句。 非限制性定语从句：对先行词或主句起补充说明作用的定语从句，通常引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开 。关系词及其意义：关系词先行词从句成分例 句备 注关系代 词who人主语Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用thatwhom人宾语Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am workingThe boy (whom) she loved died in the war.whose人或物定语I like those books whose topics are about history.The boy whose father works abroad is my desk mate. that人或物主语、宾语A plane is a machine that can fly.She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.which物主语、宾语The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.The picture which was about the accident was terrible.as人或物主语、宾语He is such a person as is respected by all of us.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. as做宾语一般不省略关系副 词when时间时间状语I will never forget the day when we met there.可用on which替换where地点地点状语This is the house where I was born.可用in which替换why原因原因状语I cant imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.可用for which替换关系代词和关系副词功能有三个：用来引导定语从句，在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用，使二者联系起来。关系代词和关系副词可作定语从句的一个成分。关系代词可作主语、宾语、定语；关系副词可作状语。关系代词和关系副词在从句中代替在他前面的先行词。一、关系代词引导的定语从句1who指人，在定语从句中作主语。TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwhohadlosthisway.Thatistheteacherwhoteachesusphysics.2whom指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。MrLiuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.LiMingisjusttheboy(whom)Iwanttosee.Theprofessor(whom)youarewaitingforhascome.Thegirl(whom)theteacheroftenpraisesisourmonitor.注意：关系代词whom在口语或非正式文体中常可用who来代替，也可省略。Theman(whom/who)youmetjustnowismyoldfriend. 3which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语可省略。Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.Thefactorywhichmakescomputersisfarawayfromhere.Helikestoreadbookswhicharewrittenbyforeignwriters.Thehousewhichisbythelakelooksnice.Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.Thefilm(which) theysawlastnightwasnotinterestingatall.4that指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可以省略。Thenumberofpeoplethat/whocometovisitthiscityeveryyearreachesonemillion.Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?Thepersonthat/whomyouintroducedtomeisverykind.Theseasonthat/whichcomesafterspringissummer.YesterdayIreceivedaletterthat/whichcamefromAustralia.5whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。Ivisitedascientistwhosenameisknownalloverthecountry.Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.Ioncelivedinthehousewhoseroofhasfallen.注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow?Doyoulikethebookthecoverofwhichisyellow?关系代词that 与 which的区别（一）只用that不用which的情况： 1、先行词是everything, nothing, anything, much, little, none等不定代词或由不定代词any, some, no, much, few, little, every, all等修饰时, 引导定语从句用that不用which。例如：Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen.Thereseemstobenothingthatisimpossibletohimintheworld.ThereislittlethatIcandoforyou.2、先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰且指物时, 引导定语从句用that 。例如：This is the best book that I have ever read.ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.3、先行词中既有人又有事物时，引导定语从句用that 。如：We talked about the things and persons that we saw then.Lookatthemanandhisdogthatarewalkingupthestreet.4、先行词被the only，the very, just the等修饰且指物时,引导定语从句用that。例如：ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy.注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who。例如：He is the only person that I want to see now.5、当先行词前面有who/which等疑问代词时，只用that。例如：Who is the man that is standing there?WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?6、定语从句内容为解释名词的性质、概念时，需用that。例如：A plane is a machine that can fly.（二）只用which不用that的情况1、指物，介词后。例如：I still remember the day on which I first got to Paris.2、用于非限制定语从句中。例如：She heard a terrible noise，which brought her heart into her mouth.3、先行词是that, those时。例如：That is the book which I borrowed from the library. 4、一个句子有两个定语从句，为避免重复，一个用that，另一个用which。例如：Is there anything that is not expensive which we can buy for her as a gift?二、the way作先行词的定语从句比较下列句子，理解关系词，并分析原因：Theway(that/inwhich/)heansweredthequestionwas surprising.Idontliketheway(that/inwhich)youlaughather.归纳：（1） 当关系词在定语从句中作状语时，关系词用in which ，that或者省略；（2） 当关系词在定语从句中作主语时，关系词用that或which；（3） 当关系词在定语从句中作宾语时，关系词用that，which或省略。三、介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。Theschool(which/that)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.=Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.Illbringherethemagazine(which/that)youaskedfor.=Illbringherethemagazineforwhichyouasked.Thisistheboy(whom/who/that)Iplayedtenniswithyesterday.=ThisistheboywithwhomIplayedtennisyesterday.Wellgotohearthefamoussinger(whom/who/that)wehaveoftentalkedabout.=Wellgotohearthefamoussingeraboutwhomwehaveoftentalked.1、单个介词（in/with/on/by）+关系代词(whom, which)The two thing of which they felt very proud were Jims gold watch and Dellas hair.A harvester is a man who is harvesting or a machine with which we harvest crops.注意：介词确定的依据A、依从句中的动词,形容词,名词与介词的固定搭配而定；B、依先行词与从句中动词的关系及所表达的含义而定。2、介词短语+关系代词(which, whom, whose)常用的介词短语有:some of, both of, as a result of, at the back of， because of, in front of, in the middle of, at the bottom of, on the top of, at the foot of等。There is a great pain in my right foot, because of which I can only limp along. They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat an old man.注意:含有介词的动词短语一般不能拆开,如look after, look for, takecareof, take part in, look forward to等。例如：Thisisthewatch(which/that)Iamlookingfor.(正)ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.(误)Thebabies(whom/who/that)thenurseislookingafterareveryhealthy.(正)Thebabiesafterwhomthenurseislookingareveryhealthy.（误）3、单个介词+关系代词(which, whose)+名词介词要依介词与关系代词后的名词的搭配习惯而定。例如：He lived in London for three months, during which time he learned some English.Our English teacher, with whose help we have made great progress in English, has completed thirty years of teaching.4、the+名词+of+关系代词(which, whom)结构中的名词和后面的关系代词有所属关系。例如：This is the book the cover of which is designed by Mr Jones.=This is the book, whose cover is designed by Mr Jones.5、部分词汇/结构+of+关系代词(1)all, both, none ,neither ,either, many, most, few, several, enough, half, some, any , one, two, three, the majority, a number, the youngest等。(2)数词(基数词,序数词,百分数,分数)+名词(3)the+形容词最高级/比较级Here are two pairs of socks, either of which you may choose.The football team has 15 members ,the oldest of whom is 25 years old.Heloveshisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.Therearemanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad.Therearefortystudentsinourclass,mostofwhomarefrombigcities.He has written ten stories，three of which are about country life.四、关系代词as与which的用法as和which引导非限制性定语从句时，其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。具体情况是：1.as和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。如：Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.Heishonest,as/whichwecansee.2.as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句。which引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as常常有“正如、正像”的含义。如：Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.Heisfromthesouth,aswecanknowfromhisaccent.John,asyouknow,isafamouswriter.The air quality in the city, as is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months.(2012福建高考)HehasbeentoParistentimes,whichIdontbelieve.注意：当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。如Tomwaslateforschoolagainandagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.Thistableismadeofmetal,whichmadeitveryheavy.3.当先行词受such,thesame修饰时，关系词常用as。如：Iveneverheardsuchstoriesashetells.Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.ThisisthesamedictionaryasIlostlastweek.注意：当先行词受thesame修饰时，也可能用that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。如：SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMaryswedding.她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。Sheworethesamedressasheryoungersisterwore.她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的连衣裙。五、关系副词引导的定语从句1.when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametothisschool.Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallyarrived.October1,1949wasthedaywhenthePeoplesRepublicofChinawasfounded.2.where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.Ivisitedthefarmwherealotofcowswereraised.Isthistheplacewheretheyfoughttheenemy?3.why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.Thereasonwhyhewaspunishedisunknowntous.Idontknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.注意：引导定语从句的关系副词可以用“介词+which”来替换。例如：I still remember the day when(=on which) I first came to this school.Greatchangeshave taken place where(in which) we live.Thereason why (=for which) he refused the invitation is quite clear.六、一些特殊词之后的where 如果定语从句用来修饰point, situation, part, condition和case等表示抽象意义的词，并且作状语，要用where 引导定语从句，意思是“到了某种地步，在某种境况中”，这种现象叫做地点模糊化。常见的表地点的模糊化名词还有：occasion, circumstance, state,degree, extent, stage, level, period,aspect等。例如：I have come to the point where I cant stand him.The country is in the situation where a war will break out at any time.We are trying to reach a point where both sides will sit down together and talk. I can think of many cases where students obviously know a lot of English words and expressions but couldnt write a good essay.Its helpful to put children in a situation where they can see themselves differently. 注意：如果不作状语，则用关系代词that/which。例如：Remember that there is still one point which we must make clear at the conference tomorrow. 高考英语短文改错及语法填空分析与训练定语从句 考点规律分析:定语从句短文改错考点主要涉及定语从句引导词的误用、缺失以及多余；语法填空主要考查根据先行词及上下文填合适的引导词。 定语从句单句改错之真题训练：1. in other places you are limited to a certain number, of that some may be novels. (全国卷)2. I also enjoyed the evenings when we spent together. (全国卷)3. I live in Beijing, where is the capital of China. (全国卷)4. I have a good friend whos name is Liu Mei. (福建卷)5.(2016四川)The dishes what I cooked were Moms favorite.定语从句单句改错之模拟训练：1. He is the man his car was stolen.2. Thats the hotel which we were staying last summer.3. Thats the palace where we visited last summer.4.Its really a beautiful place, where everyone hopes to visit. 定语从句单句改错之提升训练：1. This is the factory where we visited last week.2. This is the watch for which Tom is looking.3. The person to who you spoke is a student of Grade Two.4. The house in that we live is very small.5. The sun gives off light and warmth, that makes it possible for plants to grow.6. Ive read all the books which I borrowed from the library.7. This is the best film which I have ever seen.8. My father and Mr. Smith talked about things and persons who they remembered in the country.9. Everything which we saw was of great interest.10. His dog, that was now very old, became ill and died.11. The reason which he didnt go to school is that he was ill.12. Those who wants to go with me put up your hands.13. The boy, his mother died last year, studies very hard.14. I have two sisters, both of them are doctors.15. Were going to visit the school where your brother works there.16. He is the only one of the students who have been invited to the English Evening.17. That is the way which they work.18. Those have questions can ask the teachers for advice.19. Who is the man who has white hairs?20. I will never forget the days which we had a good time together at the sea. 定语从句单句语法填空之真题训练：1.(2016全国，65)My connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid1980s, _ I was the first Western TV reporter.2.(2016全国，阅读A)Simon is a comedian and actor _has 10 years experience of teaching comedy.3.(2016全国，阅读D)Frank Hurley, a confident and gifted Australian photographer who knew the Antarctic, was hired to make the images, most of _have never before been published.4.(2016全国，47)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius，_lived from roughly 551 to 479 BC, influenced the development of chopsticks.5.(2016全国，完形)When I was 13 my only purpose was to become the star on our football team.That meant beating out Miller King, _was the best player at our school.6.(2016北京，22)I live next door to a couple_children often make a lot of noise.7.(2016四川，阅读C)I prefer to work in black and white, _ allows me to show different specific worlds more clearly.8.(2016四川，阅读D)Researchers have discovered that “night milk” contains more melatonin(褪黑激素), _has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.9.(2016江苏，23)Many young people, most of_were welleducated，headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.10.(2016浙江，11)Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears, none of _ has been proved.11.(2015江苏，21)The number of smokers, _ is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.12.(2015湖南，29)It is a truly delightful place, _ looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.13.(2015浙江，19)Creating an atmosphere in _ employees feel part of a team is a big challenge.14.(2015重庆，14)He wrote many childrens books, nearly half of _ were published in the 1990s.15.(2015四川，3)The books on the desk，_ covers are shiny，are prizes for us.16.(2015安徽，28)Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon_school education depends.17.(2015福建，34)China Today attracts a worldwide readership，_ shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.18.(2014安徽，22)The exact year _ Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008.19.(2014北京，26)I borrowed the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week，_ my classmates recommended to me.20.(2014山东，10)A company _ profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.21.(2014重庆，9)Well reach the sales targets in a month _we set at the beginning of the year.22.(2014四川，4)Until now，we have raised 50,000 pounds for the poor children，_ is quite unexpected.23.(2014陕西，13)Please send us all the information _ you have about the candidate for the position.24.(2015北京，24)Opposite is St.Pauls Church, _ you can hear some lovely music.25.(2015陕西，15)As the smallest child of his family，Alex is always longing for the time _he should be able to be independent.26.(2015天津，15)The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere _ his employees enjoy their work.27.(2014福建，31)Students should involve themselves in community activities _ they can gain experience for growth.28.(2014浙江，5)I didnt become a serious climber until the fifth grade，_ I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree.学习札记：_参考答案及解析定语从句单句改错之真题训练：1.that 改为 which，因介词后要用 which 来引导定语从句2.去掉 when 或将 when 改为 that，因这里的定语从句中谓语动词(spent)缺宾语，故只能用关系代词 that或将其省略3.where 改为 which，因此处要填关系代词作主语4.whos 改为 whose，因whos=who is，不仅结构错误，而且意思也不通；whose 引导定语从句，表示“的”定语从句单句改错之模拟训练：1. his 改为 whose，whose 在此引导定语从句。2.which 改为 where，where引导定语从句且在从句中用作状语；此题还可在staying后加in。3. where 改为 which / that，也可去掉 where，因visit为及物动词，此处应用关系代词作其宾语（也可省略）。4.where 改为 which，which 在此引导非限定性定语从句，且在从句中用作宾语(用作 visit 的宾语)。5whatwhich/that或去掉what考查定语从句，并在从句中作宾语，指物，用关系代词that/which，也可省略。定语从句单句改错之提升训练：1. wherethat/which或去掉where。2. 把for放在looking之后。英语中,有些短语动词,介词或副词不可与动词相分离。又如:look after, run into等。3. whowhom。尽管在口语中who, whom都能作宾语,但在介词后只能用whom。4. thatwhich。5. thatwhich。that不可以引导非限制性定语从句。6. whichthat或去掉which。当先行词被all, every, no,some, any, little等修饰时,常用that引导定语从句。7. whichthat或去掉which。当先行词被序数词、形容词的最高级或the only,the very等所修饰时,常用that引导定语从句。8. whothat。如果先行词既指人又指物时,常用that引导定语从句。9. whichthat或去掉which。当先行词为something,anything,everything, nothing, all等时,常由that引导定语从句。10. thatwhich。11. whichwhy/which前加for或去掉which。12. wantswant。定语从句中谓语动词的数应与先行词一致。13. hiswhose。14. themwhom或both前加and。15. 去掉there。16. havehas。当one of+名词复数作先行词时,从句的谓语用复数;但是当one前有the (only)时,从句谓语要用单数。17. whichthat/which前加in或去掉which。18. Those后加who。19. 第二个whothat。当主句是以who 或which开头的疑问句时, 定语从句常用that 引导, 以避免重复。20. whichwhen或which前加in。定语从句单句语法填空之真题训练：1when由句