高考英语二轮复习第二部分完形填空专题十二议论文课件.ppt

专题十二 议论文,-2-,考情概览 议论文类完形填空难度较高,旨在通过剖析事例、论述事理、提出见解或主张,从而告诉读者某个道理或给人某种启迪,或给人以乐趣。 1.议论文文体的完形填空一般是直接提出论点,通过论据论证,最后作者提出自己的看法或提出另一个话题供大家讨论; 2.议论文文体的完形填空一般都是由论点(作者的观点,也就是被证明的对象)、论据(用来证明论点的依据,是说明论点的理由和材料)和论证(运用论据证明论点的过程与方法)这三个要素构成,这也是一个提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的过程;,-3-,3.另外,议论文不仅需要说明作者自己的观点,而且还要让读者接受自己的观点。因此,在语言表达上除了客观之外,还要注重委婉。作者的写作态度一般也比较诚恳,在文章中通常使用与读者平等交流的语气,不会给人以居高临下、逼人接受的感觉,在遣词造句方面多使用虚拟语气、让步状语从句和can,may,might,could,would,should等情态动词。为了加强推理的条理性和逻辑性,往往较多地使用像since,now that,therefore,in that case,because,so,but,however等过渡词和连接词。,-4-,议论文形式的完形填空不像记叙文形式的那么有情景。因此,我们对整篇文章的把握相对来说也难得多。解答这类题可以依照以下方法: 1.从首尾句入手,抓住中心。 议论文的写作思路一般为:提出问题分析问题解决问题。因此,文章的第一、二句话通常为文章的主题句,而文章的结尾句常为文章的结论。由此可见,我们必须充分利用文章的首尾句,推测出文章的中心,从而理解全文。,-5-,例As a general rule,all forms of activity lead to boredom when they are performed on a routine(常规的)basis.As a matter of fact,we can see this 41(principle) at work in people of all 42(ages). . Before people retire,they usually 55(plan) to do a lot of 56(great) things,which they never had 57(time) to do while working.But 58(soon) after retirement,the golfing,the fishing,the reading and all of the other pastimes become as boring as the jobs they 59(left).And,like the child in January,they go searching for new 60(toys).,-6-,分析:文章第一段提出了本文要探讨的问题:一般来说,当各种形式的活动在日常生活中成为常规,它们都会变得无聊。其实,我们可以在不同年龄的人身上看到这个法则。最后一段中作者阐述了在退休前人们经常计划着做很多的事。这些事在工作期间都没有时间去做,但是退休后不久,打高尔夫、钓鱼、读书和其他所有的消遣方式都变得无聊了。这些想做的事就像他们离开的工作一样变得索然无味了。作者在组织文章时,先是提出论点,然后通过分析印证论点,在文章的最后通过结论又重申了论点。,-7-,2.紧扣信息词,把握作者观点。 考生要弄清文章的行文逻辑,如转折关系、因果关系、递进关系、对比关系、让步关系、指代关系等。有时文章的第一、二段并不是作者的观点,而是对某个事物的介绍或描述,然后用信息词,如but,however,yet等将自己的观点引出,因此,阅读时一定要特别留意这些信息词。 例For example,on Christmas morning,children are excited about 43(playing) with their new toys.But their 44(interest) soon wears off and by January those 45(same) toys can be found put away in the basement. 分析:作者通过举例说明了孩子们刚开始玩玩具时是非常兴奋的,然后通过转折信息词“But”引出作者对他们的进一步认知,从而明确了问题的存在。,-8-,3.从语境入手,确定逻辑关系。 句与句之间总要反映出因果、假设、条件、类推等逻辑关系。这些逻辑关系常常通过on the one hand.on the other hand,as a result,as a consequence,on the contrary,above all,first of all,secondly,finally,in case等单词或词组表达出来。但有时作者并不使用这些词或词组,而是将逻辑关系暗含于文章中,这就需要考生根据语境来确定逻辑关系。,-9-,例 . People often speak of trying a more satisfying path,and 32(yet) in the end the idea of leaving their jobs to work for something they 33(believe in) or finding a position that would give them more time with their families almost always leads them to the same conclusion:its 34 .They have loans,bills,a mortgage(抵押贷款)to 35(pay off),retirement to save for.They recognize theres something 36(missing) in their lives,but its 37(hard) to step off the track. A.fundamental B.practical C.impossible D.unforgettable,-10-,分析:认真分析34空格前的信息可知,人们经常说尝试一条更令人满意的道路,可是最终人们只是说说而已,没有人真的舍弃一切,改变固有的生活模式。有些人想过放弃自己的工作去为他们信仰的某些事情而工作,或者找到一个让他们有更多时间陪伴家人的职位。上述的内容只是停留在很多人的想象中。最终,他们得出相同的结论却是:这是不可能的事情。故选C项。34题的结论来自于对前文信息的深刻理解,逻辑关系比较强。,-11-,4.理清文章的论点、论据和结论。 一般说来,能说明论点的答案可以在论据里得到印证,且作为论点的某些答案也可以与论据有机地结合起来,使论点与论据相辅相成,从而使整篇文章上下一致。如果我们所选的答案前后矛盾,论点与论据相悖,最后的结论与论点自相矛盾,那就说明我们对文章的把握缺乏条理性和系统性,我们就须重新来理顺文章的各部分,直到条理清楚为止,然后再根据自己对文章的把握及各部分的逻辑关系选出答案。,-12-,例In our modern world,when something wears out,we throw it away and buy a new one.The 36(problem) is that countries around the world have growing mountains of 37(rubbish) because people are throwing out more rubbish than ever before. . Maybe there is another way out.We need to repair our possessions 54(instead of) throwing them away.We also need to rethink our attitudes about 55(spending).Repairing our possessions and changing our spending habits may be the best way to reduce the amount of rubbish and take care of our environment.,-13-,分析:从文章的第一段第一句话可知,我们会在用旧一件东西将其扔掉后再买新的东西,从而造成了堆积如山的垃圾。从最后一段最后一句话“Repairing our possessions and changing our spending habits may be the best way to reduce the amount of rubbish and take care of our environment.”可知我们要善待环境,少扔垃圾。文章的论点和论据相辅相成,脉络清晰。,-14-,A,B,(2017天津第一中学第三次月考) Enjoy your own life without comparing it with that of another. Marquis de Condorcet If you took the strengths of others,and compared them to your weaknesses,do you think this would make you feel good?The funny thing is,this is 1 most of us do at one time or anotherand some of us do pretty 2 . Its surely a practice for a(n) 3 in self-confidence and for unhappiness.Lets say I take a look at someone who creates 4 artwork on their website and I look at my art,and realize I dont come 5 to being matched with him.In fact,I look pretty pitiful.But its not a fair 6 .If I looked at my strengthswriting useful and honest postsI can see that I have a lot to offer,a lot to be happy about.,-15-,A,B,Thats so importantbeing able to look at your own strengths,and see your true 7 .Its actually one of the 8 to success and happiness. I want to talk about this issue 9 an email from a reader recently:I have some teammates from very rich families.I cant stop myself comparing my lifestyle with 10 .I must say that my 11 planning is sound enough to take care of my existing family;and I can take care of new family members also,at least for 12 even if I lose my current job.But 13 I see or hear them spending so much money after possessions,I start comparing 14 .How can I stop this habit,without changing jobs?,-16-,A,B,This is an excellent but tough 15 .I think its 16 to compare ourselves to others,but it often makes us unhappy even if we have enough and 17 be happy with what we have.My quick advice:try to be aware of when you start comparing yourself to others.Once youve developed this 18 ,stop yourself and tell yourself,“Stop that!”And then 19 thinking about all the things you do have,the things you love,the people you have and the blessings that 20 has given you.Make this a regular practice,and youll start to be happier with your life.,-17-,A,B,1.A.why B.what C.that D.how 2.A.often B.seldom C.usually D.always 3.A.rise B.increase C.drop D.failure 4.A.astonished B.disappointing C.shocked D.amazing 5.A.up B.close C.down D.closely 6.A.comparison B.communication C.competition D.connection 7.A.strengths B.shortcomings C.values D.weaknesses 8.A.reasons B.keys C.causes D.means 9.A.because of B.regardless of C.in spite of D.in case of,-18-,A,B,10.A.them B.their C.themselves D.theirs 11.A.financial B.annual C.special D.beneficial 12.A.sometime B.some time C.some times D.sometimes 13.A.however B.whatever C.wherever D.whenever 14.A.then B.later C.again D.thus 15.A.question B.person C.phenomenon D.reader 16.A.strange B.natural C.difficult D.important 17.A.must B.can C.may D.should 18.A.awareness B.hobby C.tradition D.custom 19.A.stop B.help C.come D.start 20.A.happiness B.life C.success D.confidence,-19-,A,B,【语篇导读】这是一篇议论文。文章讨论了很多人都常会和别人攀比,由此而不快乐。和人攀比似乎是自然的事,但作者也给出了切实可行的建议。 1.B 解析 考查表语从句。空处引导一个表语从句,引导词在从句中充当do的宾语,故应用what表示事物。 2.A 解析 考查副词辨析。由前面的at one time or another可知,此处在破折号后进一步说明,我们有些人甚至会“经常(often)”这样做。 3.C 解析 考查名词辨析。由该段的说明可知,作者认为这是会让自信“下降(drop)”的习惯做法。 4.D 解析 考查形容词辨析。由后面的“.and realize I dont come 5 to being matched with him.”可知,我看到的是某个人的“令人惊叹的(amazing)”作品。,-20-,A,B,5.B 解析 考查副词辨析。由后面的“In fact,I look pretty pitiful.”可知,前面说明我意识到我无法和他相媲美。come close to表示“接近”。 6.A 解析 考查名词辨析。文章开头说明你看到别人的长处,把它们和你的短处相比,而此空后面转折说明我看着自己的长处,由此可知前面所说明的“比较(comparison)”是不公平的。 7.C 解析 考查名词辨析。此处所填词应和strengths同类,故此处作者说明能够看到你自己真正的“价值(value)”。 8.B 解析 考查名词辨析。作者认为能够看到自己的长处和真正的价值是成功和快乐的“关键(keys)”之一。 9.A 解析 考查介词短语辨析。下文说明是因这一邮件让作者有这一观点的,故用because of表示“因为”。,-21-,A,B,10.D 解析 考查代词的用法。作者无法阻止自己和那些十分富裕的家庭的生活方式相比。故此处用theirs指那些十分富裕的家庭的人的生活。 11.A 解析 考查形容词辨析。由后面的“.even if I lose my current job.”可知,此处说明的是作者的“经济(financial)”计划。 12.B 解析 考查近义词(组)辨析。表示一段时间应用some time。 13.D 解析 考查让步状语从句。由句意可知,此处应用whenever引导让步状语从句,表示“无论什么时候”。 14.C 解析 考查副词辨析。由but转折可知,作者“又(again)”开始比较了。 15.A 解析 考查名词辨析。此处总结上文,起过渡作用,表示这是一个很好但又很难的“问题(question)”。,-22-,A,B,16.B 解析 考查形容词辨析。后面说明和别人攀比让我们不开心,因为是转折关系,故前面说明的是把自己和别人比较又是十分“自然的(natural)”事情。 17.D 解析 考查情态动词。此处是一个由even if引导的让步状语从句,该句说明即使我们拥有足够的东西,且“应该(should)”对我们所拥有的东西感到高兴,但与人比较也经常让我们不高兴。 18.A 解析 考查名词辨析。此处说明一旦你培养了这一“意识(awareness)”,就停下并告诉你自己别那样做。 19.D 解析 考查动词辨析。承接前文“告诉你自己,别那样做”,此处说明接下来“开始(start)”考虑你所拥有的一切。 20.B 解析 考查名词辨析。“all the things you do have”,“the things you love”,“the people you have”和“the blessings that 20 has given you”并列,故此处说明的是“生活(life)”所给你的让你幸福的东西。,-23-,A,B,In our modern world,when something wears out,we throw it away and buy a new one.The 1 is that countries around the world have growing mountains of 2 because people are throwing out more rubbish than ever before. How did we 3 a throwaway society?First of all,it is now easier to 4 an object than to spend time and money to repair it. 5 modern manufacturing(制造业)and technology,companies are able to produce products quickly and inexpensively.Products are plentiful and 6 . Another cause is our 7 of disposable(一次性的) products.As 8 people,we are always looking for 9 to save time and make our lives easier.Companies 10 thousands of different kinds of disposable products:paper plates,plastic cups,and cameras,to name a few.,-24-,A,B,Our appetite for new products also 11 to the problem.We are 12 buying new things.Advertisements persuade us that 13 is better and that we will be happier with the latest products.The result is that we 14 useful possessions to make room for new ones. All around the world,we can see the 15 of this throwaway lifestyle.Mountains of rubbish just keep getting bigger.To 16 the amount of rubbish and to protect the 17 ,more governments are requiring people to recycle materials. 18 ,this is not enough to solve(解决) our problem.,-25-,A,B,Maybe there is another way out.We need to repair our possessions 19 throwing them away.We also need to rethink our attitudes about 20 .Repairing our possessions and changing our spending habits may be the best way to reduce the amount of rubbish and take care of our environment.,-26-,A,B,1.A.key B.reason C.project D.problem 2.A.gifts B.rubbish C.debt D.products 3.A.face B.become C.observe D.change 4.A.hide B.control C.replace D.withdraw 5.A.Thanks to B.As to C.Except for D.Regardless of 6.A.safe B.funny C.cheap D.powerful 7.A.love B.lack C.prevention D.division 8.A.sensitive B.kind C.brave D.busy 9.A.ways B.places C.jobs D.friends 10.A.donate B.receive C.produce D.preserve 11.A.adapts B.returns C.responds D.contributes,-27-,A,B,12.A.tired of B.addicted to C.worried about D.ashamed for 13.A.newer B.stronger C.higher D.larger 14.A.pick up B.pay for C.hold ontoD.throw away 15.A.advantages B.purposes C.functions D.consequences 16.A.show B.record C.decrease D.measure 17.A.technology B.environment C.consumers D.brands 18.A.However B.Otherwise C.Therefore D.Meanwhile 19.A.by B.in favour of C.after D.instead of 20.A.spending B.collecting C.repairing D.advertising,-28-,A,B,【语篇导读】本文为议论文。由于人们对新事物的热衷,我们偏爱一次性用品,进入到了一个“用完就扔的社会”。为了节约资源保护环境,我们得重新审视一下我们的消费观念,改变我们的生活方式。 1.D 解析 根据第一段末句中的“because people.than ever before”可知,这里描述的是一种世界各国正在面临的问题(problem)。 2.B 解析 mountains of意思是“堆成山的,太多的”。从本句后文的“throwing out more rubbish than ever before”可知答案。 3.B 解析 本段以设问开头,随后介绍了这个“用完就扔的社会”形成的过程,填become正确。face“面对”,与二、三两段内容不符。 4.C 解析 因为此文谈及的是被一次性物品充斥的社会。在被一次性物品充斥的社会中,和花时间与金钱修理东西相比,更换一个东西当然要更容易些。hide“隐藏”;control“控制”;replace “取代”;withdraw“提取”。,-29-,A,B,5.A 解析 句意:公司生产新产品的速度快成本低,这得益于现代制造业和科技的发展。由句意可知,前后两个半句为因果关系,thanks to“多亏,由于”,表示原因,符合句意。as to“至于”,except for“除了”,regardless of “不顾”,都不符合句意,故选A项。 6.C 解析 从上句的“inexpensively”可知,产品丰富并且便宜,因此用cheap。 7.A 解析 从目前的状况可知,我们大部分人喜爱一次性产品,因此用love。lack