《language语言》PPT课件.ppt

ABRIEFINTRODUCTIONTOLANGUAGE,Language,INTRODUCTION,Language,theprincipalmeansusedbyhumanbeingstocommunicatewithoneanother.Languageisprimarilyspoken,althoughitcanbetransferredtoothermedia,suchaswriting.Ifthespokenmeansofcommunicationisunavailable,asmaybethecaseamongthedeaf,visual(视觉的)meanssuchassignlanguagecanbeused.Languagesconstantlyundergochanges,resultinginthedevelopmentofdifferentvarietiesofthelanguages.,Dialects,Adialectisavarietyofalanguagespokenbyagroupofpeople.Dialectsdevelopprimarilyasaresultoflimitedcommunicationbetweendifferentpartsofacommunitythatshareonelanguage.Undersuchcircumstances,changesthattakeplaceinthelanguageofonepartofthecommunitydonotspreadelsewhere.Asaresult,thespeechvarietiesbecomemoredistinctfromoneanother.ThedifferentchangesthattookplaceinspokenLatinindifferentpartsoftheRomanEmpire,forexample,eventuallygaverisetothedistinctmodernRomancelanguages,includingFrench,Spanish,Portuguese（葡萄牙语）,andItalian.,SocialVarietiesofLanguage,Slangandjargon（术语）aremorespecializedtermsforcertainsociallanguagevarietiesusuallydefinedbytheirspecializedvocabularies.Slangreferstoinformalvocabulary,especiallyshort-livedcoinages（新造的字）,thatdonotbelongtoalanguagesstandardvocabulary.Ajargoncomprisesthespecializedvocabularyofaparticulartradeorprofession。,Acatmaylookataking.字面意思猫也可以看国王。解释无名小卒也可以评论大人物。人皆可以为尧舜。不要因为别人的资格不够老，或经验不如你多，就不让他发表意见。Badnewstravelsfast.字面意思坏消息传得快。解释好事不出门，坏事传千里。Easycome,easygo.字面意思来的容易，去的快。解释这句话适合讲给那些把什么事都看得容易的人。尤其是对那种认为挣钱容易，不把钱当钱，对任何事情都不担心的人最适合。应该提醒这种人钱不是长在树上的。钱不是像树上的果实一样，今年吃光了明年还会自动长出来。有些人自己不挣钱，不知道挣钱的艰辛。,LANGUAGESOFTHEWORLD,The10mostwidelyspokenlanguages,withapproximatenumbersofnativespeakers,areasfollows:Chinese,1.3billion;Arabic,422million;Hindi,366million;English,341million;Spanish,322to358million;Bengali,207million;Portuguese,176million;Russian,167million;Japanese,125million;German,100million.Ifsecond-languagespeakersareincludedinthesefigures,Englishisthesecondmostwidelyspokenlanguage,with508millionspeakers.,EnglishLanguage,EnglishLanguage,primarylanguageofthemajorityofpeopleintheUnitedKingdom,theUnitedStates,Canada,Australia,NewZealand,otherformercoloniesofBritain,andterritoriesoftheUnitedStates.Itisalsoanofficialorsemiofficial（半官方的）languageofmanycountrieswithacolonialpast,suchasIndia,Nigeria,Pakistan,andSouthAfrica.EnglishisspokeninmorepartsoftheworldthananyotherlanguageandbymorepeoplethananyotherlanguageexceptChinese.EnglishisclassifiedasanIndo-Europeanlanguage.ItispartoftheGermanicsubfamily.OtherrelatedlanguagesincludeDutch,andModernGerman.,ChineseLanguage,ChineseLanguage,languageoftheHanChinesepeople,themajorityethnic（种族的）groupofChina.ItistheofficiallanguageofChinaandoneoftheofficiallanguagesofSingapore.OfChinasmorethan1billionpeople,approximately95percentspeakChinese.MorepeoplespeakChinesethananyotherlanguageintheworld.Asthedominant（占优势的）languageofEastAsia,Chinesehasgreatlyinfluencedthewritingsystemsandvocabulariesofneighboringlanguages,suchastheJapaneselanguage,theKoreanlanguage,andtheVietnameselanguage.Ithasbeenestimated（预测）thatuntilthe18thcenturymorethanhalfoftheworldsprintedbookswereinChinese.,WRITINGSYSTEM,ShangDynastyOracle(甲骨文)Bone,TheShangdynasty(1570?-1045?BC)producedtheearliest-knownwrittenrecordinChina.TheShanginscribedanimalboneswithrecordsofthekingspredictionsontopicssuchastheweatherandharvests.Thearchaeological（考古学的）discoveryoftheShangoracle-boneinscriptions（刻印）intheearly20thcenturyprovedthehistoricalexistenceofthisChinesedynasty.,ChineseScript（印刷）,Donewithabrush,Chinesehandwritingdevelopedintoanartforminitsownright.Calligraphy（书法）,artistichandrwritingorlettering,wasimportantinChinabeforetheTangdynasty,whichbeganin618.Likeotherscriptsofancientorigin,Chineseisderivedfrompicturewriting.Itgrewintoaword-by-wordrepresentationoflanguagewhenitwasdiscoveredthatwordstooabstracttobereadilypicturedcouldbeindicatedbytheirsoundratherthantheirsense.,QinShihuangdi(ChinShih-huang-ti),firstemperorofaunifiedChina,suppressedmanyregionalscriptsandenforcedasimplified,standardizedwritingcalledtheSmallSeal.IntheHandynasty(206bc-ad220)thisdevelopedintotheClerical,Running,Draft,andStandardscripts.PrintedChineseismodeledontheStandardScript.Cursiveorrapidwriting(theRunningandDraftscripts)introducedmanyabbreviatedcharactersusedinartisticcalligr