外文翻译-机械的认识.doc

外文资料翻译资料来源：文章名：Mechanical knowledge书刊名：Mechanical knowledge作 者：John R. Clark出版社：天津大学出版社，2002章 节：1.2 Mechanical knowledge页 码：P12P17文 章 译 名： 机械的认识 姓 名： 学 号： 指导教师(职称)： 专 业： 机械设计制造及其自动化 班 级： 03班 所 在 学 院： 机电学部 Mechanical knowledge For mechanical when I first heard the term heart is not very clear its definition includes at this time also dare not say completely understanding, thought for a long time think that machinery is human in order to adapt to the natural environment and the invention created, at the same time in order to adapt to the changes in the natural and social development and creation and development of a science. But may not be true, in the online check definition of machinery is the device which uses the principle of mechanics, machinery British scientist Willis gives the definition is any machines are connected by a variety of different ways of a group member composition, the movement of the whole component and other components will occur a certain movement, the nature of the relationship between these components and the original motion component is determined is connected between them, the German machinery reuleaux that machinery is more with the combination of resistance to the object, the allocation makes can help they force nature of mechanical force acting, accompanied by a certain movement. Total of humans to use machinery makes some work has become more time-saving. Now the machinery to help people completed complex boring work such as mechanical hand, CNC machine tools, such as, at the same time some simple mechanical life is essential items, such as the forceps, hammer, chopsticks, and so on, looking ahead in our life of each one seemed to see the mechanical figure, watches, cars, computers, fan and so on. People seem to live in a world of machinery.For the development of our country mechanical I think is full of twists and turns and radical, China machinery development is divided into three stages: the first is a long development period, the traditional, and in this period for a long period of time are in a leading position in the world, but due to late take the inappropriate measures began to lag behind that of western countries. Two is the development of Chinas modern mechanical engineering period, this period is mainly due to the lack of good foundation, so the progress is slow. The third period is the period of modern mechanical development, because China and the western countries produced a huge difference, in our country, some of the advanced molecular insight into the importance of the development of mechanical, it is more to the development of machinery industry, so this period machinery industry began rapid development, even beyond the development trend of the western countries.The traditional development period is the first period of the development of Chinas machinery. However, the use of stone, bronze and iron marks our traditional machine into a new period. With the development of history, the experience of various dynasties rise and demise, according to different production methods of different dynasties, peoples labor tool also began to use iron products, also means that the development of machinery industry in a wide range of the. Until the back of the Tang Dynasty, Chinas machinery into a period of time, especially in the field of water conservancy has a new development,. To the Ming and Qing Dynasties, has been a high level of mechanical manufacturing. Heavenly Creations is a witness of the mechanical technology, which records a lot of mechanical manufacturing and product performance, and the performance and specifications of the important means of transport records. Also laid the foundation for the later development of the mechanical industry. The modern mechanical development history, especially from the beginning of eighteenth Century to 1840s, due to the social economy and many other reasons, it is very difficult in this period. So that the development of the machinery industry is stagnant. In this period, the western bourgeois political revolution and the industrial revolution, the rapid development in the field of machinery, technology has been far ahead of Chinas level. The rise of the Westernization Movement marks the modern machinery industry has begun to gradually develop, and opened the machinery manufacturing schools and machinery manufacturing plant. This series of reforms in China has made a new breakthrough in the field of machinery. In the period of Republic of China, China to start their own factories also have better equipment, basically can also copy some of the technical content of high and large machinery, and the rapid development of private machinery factory, reflects the Chinese machinery began to enter a new stage. However, due to the war and other reasons, the development of mechanical engineering in this period has been a variety of obstacles. It can be said that the development of Chinas modern machinery is a rough period. Since the founding of new China, China has entered a period of development of modern machinery. Mainly in this period of nearly thirty years, it can be said that China is a leap in the field of machinery development, Chinas science and technology in this period, the overall increase. Major trends in the development of large-scale, precision, automation, complete sets of mechanical products and more functional. In some ways, our country has reached or exceeded the level of the world. Generally speaking, Chinas achievements in the field of mechanical science and technology is enormous, the rapid development of high speed, high level is also unprecedented.Machinery industry has made a positive contribution to the development and construction of Chinas national economy, and has played a good role in the pillar industries. In 2009, the mechanical product market self-sufficiency rate further increased to 85% of that of the countrys total industrial output value, new product output value, profits and taxes growth contribution rate of 31.86%, 67.58% and 57.91% and 24.01%, respectively, ranking first in the industry in the first place.2010 Chinas machinery industry production and sales hit a record high: the annual total industrial output value of yuan, the sales value of RMB yuan, an increase of 33.93% and 34.26%, respectively. Since March 2010, the monthly output of machinery industry for 10 consecutive months, more than two billion yuan, has entered a new era of the month to produce trillion yuan.In recent years, the machinery industry production and sales growth, continues to expand the scale of the industry, thanks to the national policy of industrial machinery support, especially after the implementation of the package plan to deal with the impact of the international financial crisis in central and related industrial adjustment and revitalization planning of gradually implemented, push the machinery industry rapid stabilization and recovery.The State Council equipment manufacturing industry restructuring and revitalization planning, relying on the field of ten key projects, high-speed railway, coal and metal ore mining, infrastructure, science and technology and other major projects, the revitalization of the equipment manufacturing industry; seize the key projects of the nine industries, the implementation of their own equipment of; enhancing the four supporting products manufacturing level. Policy measures include strengthening equipment procurement management of investment projects, encourage the use of domestic first sets of equipment, to facilitate the merger and reorganization of enterprises and so on. The field relates to the critical sectors of the economy, but also the development of Chinas machinery industry needs to be a breakthrough in the field, especially high-end CNC machine tools and mining machinery for a long time has been the weak link in the field of manufacturing in China, with foreign advanced level has obvious difference. These products are included in the field of development of key areas in the next few years will be faced with the opportunity of ultra conventional development.Although our current machinery industry development trend is good but there are still many problems, at present, industry of machinery of our country project has a certain scale and have better long-term development prospects, but in the product structure is still a problem that present low excess capacity, high-end production goods less competitive. At the same time, rising labor costs in China and the RMB exchange rate continued high also makes engineering machinery products of the low-end export profit margins continue to shrink, through technical upgrades to increase product added value will become the trend of the times; in addition, various national energy-saving environmental protection policy and of high and new technology industry support policy carry out implement will also speed up the adjustment of enterprise product line. These factors will accelerate the pace of structural adjustment and industrial upgrading of the construction machinery industry, and thus provide a guarantee for the sustained and healthy development of the construction machinery industry. Chinas construction machinery industry benefit from the continued rapid development of Chinas economy, especially in fixed asset investment and related policy support, the scale of the industry has leapt to the worlds first. At present, although the leading enterprises in the industry of machinery of our country project already have a certain degree of international competitiveness, but compared with caterpillar, Komatsu and other international giants gap remains enormous. In the 12th Five-Year planning amendments have been made it clear that the construction machinery industry will encourage mergers and acquisitions. Through mergers and acquisitions, to effectively integrate resources,Avoid duplication of investment waste, and eliminate backward production capacity support and training with growth potential of the international company, in order to stimulate the whole engineering machinery industry technology progress and the expansion of the scale, realize l industry of construction machinery industryLevel and healthy development. In our country at present industry of machinery industry analysis experts said that in recent years Chinas large industrial gradually in the recovery, social for proficient in modern mechanical design and management talent demand is gradually increasing, as Beijing traffic mechanical and Electronic Control Engineering Institute of employment rate in recent years has remained in more than 90%, employment structure and regional students are very good. In the next period of time, talents of mechanical majors will still have a greater demand, has the ability to develop CNC talents will become the target of the enterprise to compete, mechanical design and manufacturing and processing machinery professional talent supply and demand in recent years is also very high.Major in mechanical engineering, including mechanical design, manufacturing and automation, material forming and control engineering, industrial design, process equipment and control engineering, etc. A lot of the same with the professional employment machinery of the mechanical professional prospects there is a misunderstanding, that the type of machinery professional counterparts do not look decent. In fact, they have ignored the breadth of the mechanical professional mechanical professional adaptability, such as in the field of equipment maintenance, CNC maintenance, environmental protection equipment design and other applications. At the same time, mechanical machinery major also involves a lot of cross section, through the accumulation of knowledge, but also for the mechanical profession, cross industry employment provides a strong guarantee. This kind of mechanical major requires students to have a keen sense of sensibility and unique creativity, imagination, and have a strong ability to work. Actually, mechanical professional not all just stiff machine dealing, such as industrial machinery design professional is a gate and art related machinery machinery professional. What is industrial design? Some people believe that industrial design is a simple package. In fact, industrial design is a modern industrial products, product structure, industrial structure of the planning and design, and constantly innovate the mechanical profession. It is of scientific and technological achievements transformation as the product, forms the commodity, accord with the demand, the core process of the environmentally beneficial is landing point of technology innovation and knowledge innovation, is the mutual transformation of products, goods, articles, waste system method. The machinery is a professional training with the industrial design basic theory, knowledge and application ability, can in the enterprises and institutions, mechanical professional design department, scientific research units engaged in industrial product design, visual communication design, environmental design and teaching, scientific research work in application of high level talents. Industrial design in the value of a product accounted for more than the big component, is not easy to quantify, because it is contained in the inside, is a soft value. Some similar foreign countries, such as the United States has such a statement: if the enterprise investment in technical equipment to bring benefits to the update, then the benefits of industrial design is its 5 times. In this way, the important position of industrial designers is self-evident. Another example of material forming and control engineering is material, machine, control and computer multi-disciplinary integration of mechanical engineering professional, mainly in the research of metal materials, non metallic materials, superconducting materials, microelectronic materials and special functional materials molding equipment and technology, process automation and intelligent control, quality testing and reliability evaluation. With a variety of new materials is widely used in all walks of life, coupled with the development of new material industry in Chinas industrial structure adjustment and molding equipment new technology closely related and so on not only the knowledge of materials science, and master the material molding equipment design and manufacturing technology of senior technical personnel needs will increase. Chemical engineering and control engineering and other disciplines in the integration of cross mechanical. Emphasizing the application of computer as a platform, the technology, equipment and control are combined closely, focusing on the design and application of valve sealing, low temperature and refrigeration, pressure vessel and other process equipment and control technology. Process equipment and control engineering machinery professional students accepted the formal mechanical and electrical.In accordance with the needs of production or life to put forward the new machine to be designed, the planning stage is only a preparatory stage. At this point, the design of the machine is only a vague concept.In the planning stage, the needs of the design of the machine should be fully investigated and analyzed. Through the analysis, we further clarify the function of the machine, and put forward the constraint conditions, which are determined by environment, economy, processing and time limit. On the basis of this, it is clear that the overall requirements and details of the design task, and finally form a design task book, as a summary of this stage. In general, the design task book should include: the function of the machine, the estimation of economic and environmental protection, the rough estimate of the manufacturing requirements, the basic requirements of the use, and the expected duration of the completion of the design task, etc. At this point, the requirements and conditions in general can only give a reasonable range, rather than the exact number. For example, can be used to achieve the requirements, the minimum requirements, hope to achieve the requirements and other ways to be determined.This stage plays a key role in the success or failure of the design. In this stage, it is also fully demonstrated that there are many solutions to the design work.The function of the machine analysis, is must carry on the comprehensive analysis of design task book presents the machine functions must meet the requirements, the minimum requirements and hope to achieve the requirements, that these functions can be achieved, a number of functions between conflict, inter can substitute. Finally determine the functional parameters, as the basis for further design. In this step, the contradiction between the need and the possibility, the ideal and the reality, the development goal and the current goal can be properly handled.Determine the functional parameters, you can put forward a possible solution, that is, the proposed scheme. Seek solutions, according to the original part, transmission part and execution part are discussed respectively. , a more common approach is to start with the implementation of the first part of the discussion.To discuss the implementation of the machine, the first is about the choice of working principle. For example, design and manufacture of screw machine, its working principle can use turning thread in the cylindrical blank, but also can be used in cylindrical blank rolling wire die thread rolling way. This puts forward two different working p