福克纳

WilliamFaulkner(1807-1962)威廉福克纳,“BarnBurning”烧谷仓,photoes,CoverPage,Life,1.Birthplace:NewAlbany,Mississippi2.FamilyBackground:hisfather,arailroadworker3.Education:oneyearatUniversityofMississippiafterWWI,4.WorkingExperiences:store-clerk,carpenter,generalconstruction-worker,coalshoveller,deck-hand,cadet-aviator,LiteraryCareer,1926:SoldiersPay士兵的报酬1927:Mosquitoes蚊群1929:Sartoris沙特里斯1929：TheSoundandtheFury喧嚣与骚动1930:AsIlaydying当我弥留之际1931:Sanctuary圣殿1932:LightinAugust八月之光1936:Absalom,Absalom!押沙龙，押沙龙！1942:GoDown,Moses去吧，摩西awardedtheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1949aswellastwoPulitzerPrizesforhisnovelsin1955andin1963.,Positionandachievements,amajorpresencein20thcAmericanliteratureandaleadingsouthernwriter.HisYoknapatawphacountyseriesofferthesocial,psychologicalandmoralhistoryoftheamericansouthwiththeirdepictionoftheracialpastandpresent,theclasssituation,thedeclineoftheoldaristocraticorder,thesettlingofthemodernorder.They,ontheotherhand,exploreuniversalsituationssuchasalienationandfrutrationofmodernman.aleadingavant-gardefigureinexperimentalprose.Hecarriedonceaselesstechnicalexperimentationallhisliterarycareer.Heisparticularlyknownforhisoriginalusageofstream-of-consciousnesstechniqueandmultiplepointview.,“BarnBurning”plotline,Openingscene:amakeshiftcourtataSouthernvillagegeneralstore;Mr.Harris,alocallandownerchargesAbnerSnopeswitharson-burningdownhisbarninretaliationforHarrisreactionstorepeatedincursionsbySnopeshoginHarriscrops.ThejudgedecidesAbnerisinnocentbutdispelsthemfromthedistrict.TheSnopesfamilycampsoutthatnightonthewaytoanewtenancy,inacountynextdoor.Descriptionofthecampfire.(Whatsimportanthere?P334)Thefathersbeatingoftheson.(Whataretheissueshere?P335),Thenextafternoon.ArrivalatthesharecroppersquartersatthenewplaceVisittothebighousebyAbnerandSarty.Sartysimpressionofthehouse.MarringtherugBackatthehut:MajordeSpaindeliverstherug,demandsitbecleaned.Abnerandhisdaughterscleantherug.Snopesreturnstherug,Sartyagainbeingtakenalongontheerrand.,Nextmorning(Wednesday)inthefield:MajordeSpainimposesacompensation.Therestoftheweek,hardworkingoftheboyinthehopeofhelpingthefamilyoutofdeSpainsextrarents.,Saturday,intowninanothergeneralstore:courtagain:AbnerchargesthatdeSpainsimpositionisunfair.TheJudgereducesdeSpainsexactionsto$5.SartysreactionLaterthatafternoon,stillintown:Fixingthewagon;Eatingameal,watchingthehorseselling.,Backhome,sundown.AbnerconflictwithhiswifeoverhisdecisiontosetfireondeSpainsbarn.Sartyescapes,warnsdeSpain,escapesfromthebighouse.ThebarnburnsasdeSpainridesout.Sartyhearsshots.Midnight,atopahillinthemiddleofawoods.(WhatareSartysthoughts?)Dawn.(Whataretheimportantdetails?),“BarnBurning”,Whataretheimportantconflictsatworkinthestory?WhatarethedifferentvaluestowhichSartyseemstobecommitted?Howarethesevaluesembodied?Whatisitabouthisfatherthatstrikeshimasadmirable,worthyofrespect?HowisthestorydifferentfromHuckFinn?Whatisthepointofviewfromwhichthestoryisconveyed?Doesthepointofviewshiftinthecourseofthestory?Whatmakesthestorydifficultandconfusing?,Characteranalysis,AbnerSnopes:recurringmodifiers.stiff,limp,raveningferocity,withoutheat,liketin(P334,335)thedispossessedmale,shornofpowerandlashingoutataworldthatheperceivesashabituallywronginghimandthwartinghisdesires.Psychologicallydistorted:jealousrage,humiliationandsenseoffailurelurkinginhisheartdrivehimintorecklessdestruction,Unscrupuloustypeofthemodernmanwhohasnovaluesandwhoembodiesgreedanddestruction.,Sarty:atenyearold,livingindespairandgrief,terrorandfearresultingfromhissenseofpowerlessnessasayoungchildoverhisfathersdestructiveeffortandtyrannicaldomination.Aherocapableofcourageousdecisionandrebellionagainsthisfather.Hemakesaboldchoicetogiveuphisfamilyinfavoroftruthandtobeabletolivealifeofdignity.,Themes,Initiationstory:akindofshortstoryinwhichacharacter-oftenbutnotalwaysachildoryoungperson-firstlearnsasignificant,usuallylife-changingtruthabouttheuniverse,society,people,himselforherself.(TheNortonIntroductiontoliterature)three-partstructureofinitiation,innocence,experienceandmaturity.Theprocessofinitiationcanbeseenasatransitionfromchildhoodandignorancetoadulthoodandmaturityandclimaxatamomentofrecognition,soitheadstowardsabroaderunderstandingoftheworldandself-understanding.,Astoryofdecisionmaking,aboutinitiationintospiritualfreedom,asheisforcedtograpplewithissuesofrightandwrongthatrequireamaturityandinsightbeyondhisyears.Processofgrowth:EnslavementtohisfatherswillandteachingbecauseofhisyoungageintheopeningsceneCharmofthegreathouseinspireshislongingforbeautiful,peacefulanddignifiedlifespiritualandphysicalindependencewhenchoosingtobeloyaltohismoralsenseandescapinghishome.ContrastsbetweenSartysyouthful,innocentvisionoftheevents,ofhisfatherandthetruthheseeswhenolder.Growthfromadependentboyintoanindependentindividual.,themes,theproblemsofthehumanheartinconflictwithitselfwhichalonecanmakegoodwritingbecauseonlythatisworthwritingabout,worththeagonyandthesweat.Faulknertheboysheartistornbtwthefalsefaithinfamilyresponsibilityandhissenseofmoralityandjustice.,Modernisticfeatures,Moderniststoryoftenfeaturesnon-linearnarratives,fragmentation,andinteriormonologuethetimeframeofthestory:lookslinearbutactuallyconfusedandfragmented.(fragmentsofSartysfuturelifein20years,andofAbnerspast30yearsagoaremixedin),NarrativePointofview视角,Pointofviewthepositionfromwhichastoryistold.Categoriesthethird-personpointofview,andthefirst-personpointofviewThird-personpointofview：Uses“he”,“she”or“they”totellthestory.thenarratoroutsidethestory.a.Thirdpersonomniscient第三人称全知视角b.Thirdpersonlimited第三人称有限视角c.Thirdpersonobjectiveordramatic第三人称客观视角（戏剧性视角）,Third-personpointofview,Omniscient(all-knowing):thenarratorabletomoveatwillfromcharactertocharacterandcommentaboutthem.Heknowsall,seesall,reportsall,andwhennecessary,revealstheinnerworkingsofthemindsofanyorsomeofthecharacters.advantages:mostflexible;inclusiveinformation;authorialviewLimits:passivereader,Limitedomniscient:thestoryrestrictsfocustoasinglecharacter,tellshowthischaracteracts,whathesees,feels,andthinks.advantages:objectivityandsubjectivity;criticaldistanceObjective(dramatic):thestorysimplyreportsthedialogandtheactionsofthecharacters,remainstotallyoutsidethecharactersmind.(“Youllbedrunk,”thewaitersaid.Theoldmanlookedathim.Thewaiterwentaway.)advantage:invitesreadersparticipation.,Pointofviewin“BarnBurning”,Faulknersnotionofauthorialtranscendence(作家的超脱)rejectionofauthorialinvasionintothenarration.AlmostexclusivelyfromSartysperspective.Advantage:mimickingtheboysspiritualgrowthfromnaivetytotruthandfreedom;portrayinghischaractervividly;avoidingauthorialintrusionsoastoinvitethereadersparticipation.,technique,Stream-of-consciousnessisatermreferringtomodernisttechniquesofpresentingtheunending,river-likeflowoftheillogical,andrandomsensations,impressions,perceptions,associations,memoriesandthough