初高中衔接之音标复习.ppt

InternationalPhoneticSymbols,国际音标,aieiiiuauu,i:iu:u:e,lrh,wj,mn,dztstrdr,bpdtgkvfzs,20元音,3,2,3,20辅音,国际音标教学法图示,PracticeI,/i:/eeaeeeiiieeoeyaeatkeygriefbreezefeatureimmediateconvenientateamleadertheChinesepeoplearealsecretapieceofleanmeatJeanisasbusyasabee?Afriendinneedisafriendindeed.Seeingisbelieving.,PracticeI,/i/iyeaueyayieaiit,pig,sinkprettydelayremainbegincoffeeexplainSundayabigclinicabitchillysixtywomenAlittlelearningisadangerousthing.Hissix-yearoldsisterisasfitasafiddle.WhyisSisterLilysittingthereknittinginsilence?,PracticeI,/Z/e/aeeaeoeiiedebtfriendheavenmetalsectionattendconnectwetwithsweatthenextsentenceterribleweatherpressthebellfreshandenergeticAlliswellthatendswell.Eastorwest,homeisthebest.Good,better,best,/Neverletitrest;/Tillgoodisbetter,/Andbetterbest.,PracticeI,andbagcatchhappenthankfancyabsentanxiousavenuesalarypracticalAhappyfamilyhandinhandcapsandhatsWhatdaddysaidmademesad.Aratisrunningalonganarrowtrack.Dontletthecatoutofthebag.,PracticeII,/a:/aaraualearerfastglancemarketdemandremarkheartclerkalargeparcelabasketofbananasmasterofartsafterthebathFarmerBarnesisahardmanforabargain,butheisnthard-hearted.Farfromeye,farfromheart.,PracticeII,oaouowwatchblockhonourcollegeknowledgeswallowoccupypolicycoughwashqualityandquantitycottonsocksborrowaclockapocketwatchThecoffeeistopquality.Whentheshopwasrobbed,everbodywasshocked.Losttimeisneverfoundagain.,PracticeII,/:/r/aroaroororeouralauawoaououghallawealwaysoarauthorboardforcedaughterportraitforwardquarterAllinallmoreandmoreashortstoryPaulsfourandcanwalkandtalk.ThestormisdrawingnearletsgoindoorsPridegoesbeforeafall.,PracticeII,/u/oooou(oo常在t,d,k前读/u/）classroomlookgoodfoodwomanwoodcouldpuddingunderstoodshouldfullbutcherbulletwoolenPushandpullgoodbooksbyhookorbycrookSoItookabroomandlefttheroom.Howmuchwoodwouldawoodchuckchuckifawoodchuckcouldchuckwood?Hedchuckasmuchwoodasawoodchuckcouldchuckwood.,PracticeII,/u:/oooouuueoeuiewyouthfruitpupilblueflewshoedotoogrewchewbamboocanoegluetombimproveAblueballoon,anafternooninJuneDontlosetheopportunity.Thenewsistoogoodtobetrue.Theruleisusefulonceinabluemoon.,PracticeIII,/Q/uoooouupunderyoungroughenoughfloodstomachdoestoughcousinjustforfunluckyinlovemuchhoneyafunnycouplebloodforbloodWellbegunishalfdone,PracticeIII,:earerirorurearnearlyearthearnesturbanearningearthlyworkhurtbirdworldpersondirtypursetermhersirstirreferpreferincuroccurfurwerechurchtheGermanexpertanervousnurseperfectserviceFirstcome,firstserved.Itstheearlybirdthatcatchestheworm.,PracticeIII,aoueeaioerorarabroadapproveattackadvancesoldierlabourtogetherdistanceoceanseldomdoctorsugarBreadandbuttersaltandpepperagainandagainTheteacherwillgettogethertomorrow.Doyoupreferthecinemaorthetheater?,Attention!,发以上12个单元音时要注意以下几点：发音之前要按照发音方法和位置的要求先将口型和发音器官的位置摆好，然后再发音，不可边发音、边摆口型；发音过程中,口型及各发音器官的位置一定不要改变；(c)发/i:/,/i/,/e/,/4个前元音时,唇的扁平度依次缩小,牙床的开合度依次加大；发/i:/音时前舌抬得最高,发/音时,前舌最低；(d)发/,/:/,/u/,/u:/4个圆唇音时,唇形依次缩小；(e)带“:”与不带“:”的同一符号的音素之间绝不单纯是音的长短不同的关系，而是两个不同的音素。,双元音是作为一个音节、用一次呼气发出来的两个元音的连缀。这个连缀是以滑流音的形式读出来的，即舌从第一个元音的位置向第二个元音方向以最直接的途径滑过去而成为一个音。双元音既然是滑流音，自然与一般元音连缀不同，如：(a-i)“阿姨”；(a-u)“阿五”。双元音的两个成分中只有第一个读得比较重、长和清晰，第二个则要读得比较轻、短和含糊。,Diphthongs,PracticeIV,/ei/aa+eaiayeaeiageateaimeightyailacheaidAprilweightmainbreaksteakgreatsavesaytodaygrayweighpaydaymakewayMayDaygreatchangesNopains,nogains.Hastemakeswaste.ThegreatGreekgrapegrowersgrowgreatGreekgrapes,PracticeIV,/u/oo+eowoauooeougholdownopenoveroceanodorwrotequoteloafmoanpolarfloatphoneboldmotionmomenthoteltoerowflowechosowdoughbowtomatowindowgoldtoholdonesbreathacolddrinkNosmoking!Theoldmanlivesalonebuthedoesntfeellonely.Arollingstonegathersnomoss(滚石不生苔）,PracticeIV,/ai/ii+eyeiighieuyidlewineiconicemightyislandspytiebuytryhighdrycryirontirehighlightdescribeskysupplyOutofsight,outofmind.Strikewhiletheironishot.Greatmindsthinkalike.Timeandtidewaitfornoman.,PracticeIV,/au/ouowdoubtamountaccounttowercrowndowntowncowaroundmouselookoutsidereadaloudhowaboutgotothesouthfallonthegroundOpenyourmouthandroundyourlipsShefoundouthowtopronouncethesound.,PracticeIV,ioioysoilboilcoinjointoiletpoisonvoyagechoiceJoycespoilloyalroyaljoytoyenjoyannoycoyemployAnoiseannoysanoyster,butanoisynoiseannoysanoystermoreSparetherod,spoilthechild.,b.集中双元音(Risingdiphthongs)/i/，/，/u/集中双元音的特点是：发音时口也是从开到合（但发/i/时,口从合到开)。与合口双元音最大的不同点是：虽然也是从开到合,但最后不能滑动成为一个音,而只是从前面的元音向后面的元音集中。,PracticeV,/i/eaeireareerereeuioiouearearringrealizeweirdcuriousexperiencemuseumidiotclearlyherehearmerepierbeerclearappearcarrierCheerfultearsfromeartoearamysteriousidea.IfearIcanthearhimclearlyYouareseriousbutsincere,mydear.,PracticeV,/aairaraeareearereairaeroplaneareafairwaryrarelyparentchairmancarefulvarycarefarewheresharecomparepairchairsquarepreparerarebeartearaholewearanewdressshareapearJohnlikestowearhishairlong.Wherethereiswill,thereisaway,PracticeV,/u/uoorourueureewepoortourmatureendureasurecurefueldueltouristjewelEuropecuriousSurelythepoorpatientwillbecuredThejuryweresurethepoormanwasinnocentofstealingthejewels.,Contrastpractice,ship-sheeplist-leastlive-leavepitch-peachslip-sleepchick-cheekpet-pitfell-fillwhen-winhell-hillbad-bedgas-guesssad-saidland-lendedge-agefell-failwet-waitlet-latetruck-trackmud-madbun-banlock-luckgone-gunfund-fondcart-cutheart-hutcalm-comemarch-muchchose-chooseblow-blewsoap-soupfair-fire-fearhare-hire-here/hearwear-wire-wier,Consonants,辅音的特点：辅音是气流从肺中压出后受唇、齿、舌、咽喉等发音器官阻碍的结果。辅音有清浊之分,发音时声带震动的是浊音，不震动的是清音。辅音的分类：清辅音:/p/,/t/,/k/,/f/,/,/s/,/浊辅音:/b/,/d/,/g/,/v/,/,/z/,/鼻音:/m/,/n/,/似拼音:/r/,/h/,/l/半元音:/w/;/j/,PlosiveConsonants,爆破音：/p/b/t/d/k/g/p/b/对比:park-barktap-tabmop-mobBetterbeatabitofbuttertomakebetterbatter.Abigblackbugbitabigblackbear.Wheresthebigblackbearthebigblackbugbit?,PracticeVI,/t/d/对比：heart-hardsight-sidefeet-feedThecartgotstuckinthemud.Toomanyteenagerstendtowastetheirtimewatchingtelevision./k/g/对比:pig-picklog-lockdug-duckMr.Cooksaidtoacook,Lookatthiscook-book.Itsverygood.SothecooktooktheadviceofMr.Cookandboughtthecook-bookAgoodbeginningmakesagoodending.,FricativeConsonants,摩擦音/f/v/s/z/f/v/对比:leaf-leaveproof-provecalf-carvefast-vastfail-veilcovertheleavesalovelyfiguresavethesafeAFinnishfishernamedFisherfailedtofishanyfishoneFridayafternoonandfinallyhefoundoutabigfissureinhisfishing-net.,PracticeVI,/s/z/对比:cease-seizeloose-loserace-raiseThesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.Howmanysawscouldasee-sawsawifasee-sawcouldsawsaws?W/T/对比:breath-breatheworth-worthybath-batheFatherandmotherwentthroughthickandthin.Thesixthsheikssixthsheepssick.,PracticeVI,对比:pressure-pleasuregoshgaragesocial-usualshellsharpharshcrushShesellsseashellsbytheseashore.Theshellsshesellsaresurelyseashells.Soifshesellsshellsontheseashore,Imsureshesellsseashoreshells.Iwishtowishthewishyouwishtowish,butifyouwishthewishthewitchwishes,Iwontwishthewishyouwishtowish.,PracticeVI,hhugeholdithighahighhillbehidethehouseHeisholdingahatinhishandHelenhitthenailontheheadwithahammer.rrarerudeprincecrazybrokenfreshthroughbrownbreadaredribbonapressconferenceThoseredrosesarereallyverypretty,3.破擦音：cheapchestchoiceeachtouchcoachHatches,catches,matchesanddispatches.Whichwatchdidwhichwitchwearandwhichwitchworewhichwatch?judgejoinjamedgedangerbridgeJanehadchickenandFrenchfriesforlunch.JohnurgedJudytobuyadigitalwatch.,FricativeConsonants,FricativeConsonants,/tr/treetricktruetreattrythetrainThedrummersdrummedandthestrummersstrummed./dr/drydrinkdropdrowndrainMr.Trenchtreatedmetosomestrongdrinks./ts/lotsgetsbootscatssheetsbitsofsheets/dz/readslidsbedsbirdshidesoddsandendsIsawlotsandlotsofbirdsandkites.,Nasalconsonants,4.鼻音/m/,/n/,/m/,memorymouthdimfirmharmSammakesmanymistakesinhishomework.Tomiscomingwithsomehamandmarmalade./n/,nastynounnaillearncoinpainanicetuneThereisnoneedtolightanightlightonalightnightliketonight;foranightlightsjustaslightlight./wingkingbringsingasongalongstring,Lateralconsonant,5.舌边音/l/(有两种发音)A.如果在元音字母前面,发音“clearl”（“清晰的l”）。舌端抵上齿槽,舌前部向硬颚抬起,让气流从舌两旁的空隙处流过,所以叫舌侧音,也叫旁流音或边音。longleavelionlockcolorfollowLikefather,likesonLetsleepingdogslieHewholaughslastlaughsbest.B.如果/l/在辅音前面或词尾,发“darkl”（“模糊的l”）音.applegirlballmealbellsailruleNomill,nomeal,Semi-vowels,6.半元音/w/j/w/与/j/是两个半元音，因为它们的发音位置都与有关元音的发音位置有关系。/w/是个双唇音。它的发音位置与发单元音/u:/的相同,但是没有长度,它只能向元音过渡,起辅音作用,相当于汉语拼音字母(w)在“窝”中所起的声母作用。/w/是个浊辅音。weekwhetherwirewoundlanguagepersuadeWillWallStreetsrewardswaneifworkerswieldpower?/j/是个舌面音。它的发音位置与发单元音/i/的相同,也是没有长度而只向元音过渡,相当于汉语拼音字母(y)在“衣”中所起的声母作用。/j/也是个浊辅音。/j/yesyouthuseunionEuropenewfew,ContrastPractice,/l/n/lock-knockloan-knownslow-snowslip-snip/l/r/lent-rentlong-wronglight-rightloyal-royal/w/v/wet-vetwire-viawine-vineverywell/j/jyet-jetyour-jawyear-jeer/tr/treat-cheattrees-cheesetrip-chiptrain-chaintrace-chase/dr/dressed-jestdrug-jugdrudge-judge/singingbringingringing/g/longerfingerangryhungerangleEnglandsingular/kw/queenquestionquietquarrelqualityandquantity,Rulesofreading,读音规则(Rulesofreading)：字母的名称音和它的发音是两回事。至于某个字母在某个单词中究竟发什么音，则取决于这个字母在这个词中前后和什么字母结合,根据这个字母在词中所处的不同位置而发出不同的音来。究竟应该如何发音是有一些规律可循的,将这些规律归纳起来,就成为读音规则。,Syllables,音节(Syllables):音节是包含一个元音或一个元音跟别的辅音结合而成的发音单位。在英语中元音特别响亮,一个元音可以构成一个音节,一般来说,元音可以构成音节,辅音不响亮,不能构成音节。但英语辅音字母中有4个辅音m，n，ng，l是响音，它们和辅音音素结合，也可构成音节。它们构成的音节往往出现在词尾，一般是非重读音节。英语的词有一个音节的，两个音节的，多个音节的，一个音节叫单音节，两个音节叫双音节，三个音节以上叫多音节。确定音节时,一不能只看字母的数,二不能只看有没有元音字母,而是要看有没有元音。,Typesofsyllables,(A)开音节(Opensyllables):分绝对开音节和相对开音节两种。a.绝对开音节：就是在元音字母后面没有辅音字母的音节,如:no,she,me等（无声的e除外）。b.相对开音节：就是在元音字母后面有辅音字母（r除外）,还有一个无声的字母e,如:take,bike,note,mute等(have例外)。不论是绝对开音节还是相对开音节,读音的规则就是发其中元音字母的名称音。,Typesofsyllables,(B)闭音节(Closesyllables):元音字母后面有辅音字母（r除外）时,这个元音字母构成的音节叫做闭音节。它的读音规则是:元音字母a读作/;e读作/e/;i读作/i/;o读作/;u读作/,如:at,cat,shall;desk,best;sit,pig,pick;hot,knock;up,cut,duck等。,Typesofsyllables,(C)-r音节：元音字母与辅音字母r结合，构成ar,er,ir,or,ur音节。在-r音节中,ar读作/:/,如：car,far,park,star,large,farmer,target,carpet,carpenter,carbon(例外：war,warm,warp,Mary);or读作/:/,如:short,horse,north,sport,normal,forward(例外:word,work,worm,world);er,ir,ur都读作/:/,如：her,verb,term,serve,stern,certaingirl,bird,first,shirt,skirt,firm;fur,hurt,burn,turn,nurse,further,curtain(例外：clerk,very,Derby);有一点要注意：在双音节或多音节的词中,r如果是双写,r前的元音字母在重读音节中按闭音节的读音规则发音,例如：marry/,merry/e/,mirror/i/,sorry/,hurry/。,Typesofsyllables,(D)-re音节：元音字母与辅音字母组合-re结合，构成are,ere,ire,ore,ure音节。在-re音节中,are读作/,如：care,dare,hare,rarestare,square;ere读作/i/或/,如：mere,here;there,where(例外：were)；ire读作/ai/,如：fire,tire,hire;ore读作/:/,如：more,sore,wore,store;ure读作/ju/或/u/,如：pure,cure,manure;sure。,1、重读音节任何双音节或多音节单词的音标中，有重读音节和非重读音节，哪一个音节重读，该音节的左上方或该音节的元音上方标有重读符号“”。2、浊化音以sp_,st_,sk_开头的单词清辅音/p/t/k/分别要发浊辅音/b/d/g/。3、定冠词the的读音在以辅音音素开头的单词之前读作/，如：theday,thekey),thehouse在以元音音素开头的单词前要发/i:/的音，如：theend,thehour,theinside,Attention!,5、不完全爆破(Incompleteexplosion)爆破音pbtdkg后面紧跟另一个爆破音时，前面的那个爆破音只在口腔内形成阻碍，而不能完全读出。baske(t)balla(c)tor,bla(ck)boardSi(t)down.Ican(t)come.Idon(t)believeheisaba(d)boy.Thegirlinthere(d)coatwasonabla(ck)bikejus(t)now.Thebi(g)busfromthefa(c)toryisfullofpeople.Wha(t)timedoeshegetupeverymorning?Thisisanol(d)pi(c)tureofabi(g)car.Theol(d)do(c)torhasaca(t),too.Wha