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Lexicology(词汇学),Lexicologyisthestudyofform,meaningandbehaviorofwords.(TheNewOxfordDictionaryofEnglish)Morphology(形态学),semantics(语义学),etymology(词源学)Vocabulary(口语化),lexis(两者之间),lexicon(学术味)(词汇),1011学年第二学期词汇学试题类型I.Explainthefollowingterms.(20points)II.Completethefollowingstatementsorpassageswithproperexpressionsaccordingtothetext.(10points)III.Fillineachblankwithawordcontraryinmeaningtothewordgiveninthebracket.(10points)IV.Completethefollowingidioms.(10points),V.Fillintheblankswiththefollowingverbalphrasesintheirsuitableforms.(20points)VI.Expressthefollowinginonecompoundword.(10points)VII.Answerthefollowingquestions.(20points)I.Explainthefollowingterms.homonymcompoundingconnotativemeaningMorphemeblendinginitialismantonymysynonymdenotativemeaningpolysemyConversionderivationmotivationAcronymback-formationradiation,VII.Answerthefollowingquestions.1.Howdoyoudefineantonyms?2.Whatisthedifferencebetweenconversionandsuffixation?3.Whatdowemeanbyliteraryandcommonwords?4.Whatisthedifferencebetweengrammaticalmeaningandlexicalmeaning?5.Whatarethedifferencesbetweeninflectionalandderivationalaffix?,6.Whatisthedifferencebetweenprefixationandsuffixation?7.Whyshouldwegiveprimaryimportancetodenotativemeaningofwords?8.Whatisthedifferencebetweenrootantonymsandderivationalantonyms?9.Statethevitalroleofcontextindeterminationofwordmeaning.10.Whatareverbphraseidioms?Whataretheirpeculiarfeatures?,PartoneChapterI,AGeneralSurveyofEnglishVocabulary,1.TheDevelopmentoftheEnglishvocabulary2.ClassificationofEnglishwordsaccordingtodifferentcriteria3.VarietiesofEnglish4.Classificationoflanguages,Chapter1ABriefSurveyoftheEnglishLanguage,DefinitionofWordBloomfield:somelinguisticforms,whichwecallboundformsareneverusedassentences.-ess;-ish;-sFreeform:twoormorelesserfreeformsPoorJohnFrenchlinguist,AntoineMeilletAwordisdefinedbytheassociationofagivengroupofsoundscapableofagivengrammaticaluse.,lexicon(词汇):thevocabularyofperson,language,orbranchofknowledge,eg.thesizeoftheEnglishlexicon,Entry(词条):anitemwrittenorprintedinadiary,list,accountbook,orreferencebook.,Lexeme词位,abasiclexicalunitofalanguageconsistingofonewordorseveralwords,theelementsofwhichdonotseparatelyconveythemeaningofthewhole.,Inbrief,awordmaybedefinedasafundamentalunitofspeechandaminimumfreeform,withaunityofsoundandmeaning(bothlexicalandgrammaticalmeaning),capableofperformingagivensyntacticfunction.词是语言组织中的基本单位,能独立运用的,具有声音、意义和语法功能。,1.TheDevelopmentoftheEnglishvocabulary(英语发展史),1.1.Englishvocabularyasviewedinthehistoricalperspective1.1.1OldEnglish(449/4501100)Anglo-Saxon(古英语)(50,000-60,000words)1.1.2MiddleEnglish(1100-1500)stronginfluenceofFrench(中古英语)1.1.3EarlyModernEnglish(1500-1700)(早期现代英语)RenaissanceLatinGreek1.1.4LateModernEnglish(1700Pres.)(后期现代英语),1.1.1OldEnglish古英语(450AD1100),(“theAnglo-SaxonPeriod”)BackgroundCharacteristicsofOE,Background,PaleolithicMan3000BC,Iberians-Neolithic500BC,Celts55BC410AD,theRomanoccupation55BC:JuliusCaesar43AD:EmperorClaudius-TheRomanConquest罗马人的征服410AD,thefalloftheRomanEmpire,449AD,InvasionofAngles,Saxonsabbot,alter,candle,disciple,hymn,martyr,num,priest,pope,shrine,temple,etc.(2)ScandinavianinvasionVikingsFr.OldNorse:are,they,their,them,till,call,diegive,takeskin,sky,window,ill,weak,etc.,1.1.2MiddleEnglish(1100-1500)中古英语,BackgroundCharacteristicsofME,Background,TheNormanConquest:1066.1KingEdward1066.9.28William1066.10HastingsWilliamI,WilliamtheConquerorWilliamI(1066-1100)-HouseofNormandy(诺曼底王朝),HenryI(1100-1135)HenryII(1154-1189)-HouseofPlantagenet(金雀花王朝)John(1199-1216)HenryIII(1216-1272)EdwardIII(1327-1377)-BlackDeath1337-1454:TheHundredYearsWarRichardII(1377-1400)HenryIV(1399-1413)-HouseofLancaste(兰加斯特王朝),1455-1485:TheWarsoftheRosesEdwardIV(1461-1483)-HouseofYork(约克王朝)EdwardV(1483-1483)RichardIII(1483-1485)HenryVII(1485-1509)-HouseofTudor(都铎王朝)CoexistenceofthreelanguagesFrench+English+LatinEnglish:1204,1399,1404Chaucer,theBible,CharacteristicsofME,1)Dialects2)SpellingandPronunciation3)Grammar4)LoanWords,1)Dialects,NorthernDialectEastMidlandDialectWestMidlandDialectSouthernDialect,2)SpellingandPronunciation,e.g.,th,a,ou(hshous),hwwh,cwqu,scsh/sch-enotpronouncedletterjfromFrench,clearl,r;-gh-,-gn-,-kn-.“knight”FormationofStandardPronunciation:endof14thC-15thCBasedonEastMidlandDialect(esp.Londondialect),3)Grammar,Nouns,Adjectives,Articles(s,se,t)(OE)e(Laterwrittenasthe);t(OE)that;“a/an”appearedVerbs(Mostverbsturnedtoberegular.)Significance:(a)ImportanceofWordOrder(b)NatureofEnglish:fromsyntheticlanguagetoanalyticlanguage,4)LoanWords,(a)Fr.FrenchTheRomanizationofEnglishLossofalargepartoftheOEword-stock(b)Fr.LatinTwoways:directlyintoEnglishintoEnglishviaFrench.(c)AffixesofFrenchandLatin.,(d)Significance:-modificationofmeaninge.g.beef,mutton,pork:牛、羊、猪(Fr.)牛肉、羊肉、猪肉(E.)-synonymse.g.W.fr.OEW.fr.Fr.W.fr.Latinfireflameconflagrationaskinquireinterrogate,1.1.3EarlyModernEnglish(1500-)早期现代英语,BackgroundCharacteristicsofEarlyModernE,Background,1)1492,ChristopherColumbus,90sailors/3sails1519-1522,FerdinandMagellanLondonastheworldtradecentre2)EnclosureMovement3)TheRenaissance,4)BriefHistory1603,DeathofElizabethI,JamesVIofScotlandJamesI(1603-1625)-HouseofStuart(斯图亚特王朝)1653,OliverCromwell,LordProtect(1653-1658)-theCommonwealth(共和政体)1660,CharlesII(1660-1685)-RestorationoftheHouseofStuart(斯图亚特王朝复辟)JamesII(1685-1688)WilliamIIIandMaryII(1689-1702),CharacteristicsofEarlyModernE,1)SpellingandPronunciation2)VocabularyandGrammar3)InfluenceofRenaissanceonEnglish,1)SpellingandPronunciation,(a)Spellingtendedtobeuniformed(mid17thC)andtakethepresentform.EdwardPhillips:TheNewWorldofEnglishWords(1658)(b)ChangeofShortVowels.a:(lettera)(cat,thank,flax)u(mostlyletteru)(cut,sun,us,love),(c)ChangeofLongVowels-theGreatVowelshift(元音大变动1500-1750)MEEModEe:i:i:eiaia:ei:ouo:u:u:uau,(d)ChangeofConsonantsChangeofh;LossofwlinconsonantclustersIntroductionof(e)DiscordancebetweenSpellingandPronunciatione.g.i:ea(leaf),ee(sheep),e(fever),ie(thief),ei(either),ey(key),ay(quay),2)VocabularyandGrammar,(a)Interchangeoffeaturesofspeech.adj.adv./n./v.n.v.eg.(fr.AntonyandClepoatrabyShakespeare)-Hewordsme,girls,hewordsme-ahandthatkingshavelippd,andtrembledkissing.,(b)Continuouslossofinflections.n.:plural:-(e)s(Somen)possessive:s-thewriterofthebooksambition-thekingofEnglandsnoseadj.:-er,-estormore,mostpron.:thou,thy,theeye,your,youyou,your,you“its”,“who”cameintoexistence.v.:thirdsing.:eth-s,(c)EstablishmentofWordOrder词序位置的固定是中古英语过渡到现代英语的一个重要标志。主语+动词+宾语定语名词e.g.“是我。”OE:ichiteom(Iitam.)ME:HitamI(ItamI)Chaucerstime:ItamI.EModE:Itisme.,(d)Differenceinvocabularye.g.climate:countrycircumstance:ado,fuss,ceremonyaddress:toprepare,togetreadyenlarge:release,3)InfluenceofRenaissanceonEnglish,(a)OnformalityoftheEnglishLanguage(b)OnLiterature.Drama,Shakespeare.e.g.Shylock,poundofflesh,thesaltofyouth,Cordeliasgift.(c)Onvocabulary.(Borrowedwords),(c)Onvocabulary.(Borrowedwords)LatinandGreek:arbiter,genius,ignoramus,census,maximum;-ism,-ist,-ize,anti-,co-,de-,ex-,inter-,pre-,pro-.FromFrench:alloy,bizarre,comrade,detail,duel,vogue,surpass.Fromotherlanguages:armada,banana,cocoa,hurricane(fr.Spanish)balcony,design,portico,colcano(fr.Italian),1.1.4LateModernEnglish(1700-Present)后期现代英语,BackgroundCharacteristicsofLateModernETherapidgrowthofpresentdayEnglish,Background,1)The18thCSociety1688Enlighttment,theAgeofReasonNovelists:Defoe,Swift,FieldingPoets:Blake,Burns.2)The19thCtoDateIndustrializationTechnologicaldevelopment,CharacteristicsofLateModernE,1)PrescriptionofEnglish2)GrammarStudy3)Vocabulary4)Pronunciation,1)PrescriptionofEnglish,LearnedthinkersandauthorswhowroteinLatin.1729,ThomasCooke:ProposalsforPerfectingtheEnglishLanguage.1755,SamuelJohnson:ADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage.,2)GrammarStudy,Varietyofgrammarbooks.Fromtheviewpointofprescriptivism.e.g.Idrather:IhadratherIwouldratherItismeItisI.I/weshall,you/he/she/theywill.,3)Vocabulary,2ndinfluxofFr.Vocabulary:effectoftheRestorationoftheHouseofStuart.Loanwordsfromcoloniesandothercountries.VarietiesofWaysofEnlargingVocabulary-Inform:affixation,compounding,conversion,blending,backformation.-Inmeaning:extension,narrowing,transference,elevation,degradation.,4)Pronunciation,Pettymodificationofsomephonemesinstandardpronunciation.e.g.unstressedi,einei,oinou.Wordstress:allyally,laboratorylaboratory,1.2Therapidgrowthofpresent-dayEnglishvocabularyanditscauses,1.2.1Markedprogressofscienceandtechnologyegunclearbombcomputerscience1.2.2Socio-economic,politicalandculturalchangeegsocialhabitslivingcondition1.2.3Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages,2.ClassificationofEnglishwordsaccordingtodifferentcriteria,2.1byorigin:nativewordsandloanwordsfundamentalfeaturesofthebasicwordstockNationalcharacterStabilityWord-formingabilityAbilitytoformcollocations,2.2bylevelofusage,2.2.1commonwords2.2.2literarywords2.2.3colloquialwords2.2.4slangwords2.2.5technicalwords,2.3bynotion,2.3.1functionwordsdeterminers,conjunctions,prepositions,auxiliaries,andsoforth2.3.2contentwords,Functionwords(功能词):没有完整词汇意义但有语法意义或语法功能的词,Determiner(限定词)Pronoun代词Preposition介词Conjunction连接词Auxiliaryverb助动词Interjection感叹词,Contentwords(实义词):本身有完整词汇意义的词,Noun名词Verb动词Adjective形容词Adverb副词,3VarietiesofEnglish(英语的变体),3.1GeneralView(概述)3.2AmericanEnglish(美国英语)3.3DifferencebetweenBr.EandAm.E(英国英语和美国英语的差别),3.1GeneralView,BritishEnglishAmericanEnglishScottishEnglishCanadianEnglishAustralianEnglishNewZealandEnglish,3.2AmericanEnglish,3.2.1Background3.2.2CharacteristicsofAmericanEnglish,3.2.1Background,England,TheQueenoftheSeas1607,thefirstcolony,Jamestown1620,thefirstpilgrims.Plymouth1607-1733,13colonies,1607-1733,13colonies:Virginia(1607),Massachusetts(1630),Maryland(1632),RhodeIsland(1636),Connecticut(1638),NorthCarolina(1663),NewYork(1664),NewJersey(1664),SouthCarolina(1670),NewHampshire(1679),Pennsylvania(1682),Delaware(1703),Georgia(1733),1765.1017731774.91776.7.4.,3.2.2CharacteristicsofAmericanEnglish,1)Archaism2)Heterogeneity3)Creativeness,1)Archaism,17thCBritishEnglishe.g.Ingrammar:gotten,Inpronunciation:r,2)Heterogeneity,FromIndian:raccoon,squash.(anglicize)FromFrench:prairie,pumpkin,caribou,rapids.FromGerman:noodle,sauerkraut.FromDutch:SantaClaus,boss,bedspread,dumb,sleigh.FromSpanish:cockroach,patio,plaza,ranch.,3)Creativeness,Tonamenewthings:groundhog,bullfrog,sweetpotato,lynch.,3.3DifferencebetweenBri.EandAm.E,3.3.1InPronu
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