hymmnos语语法(英文版).doc

Features of the Hymmnos grammarHymmnos, described as the language of emotions, has, as its most prominent feature, a sentence structure that focuses on expressing the speakers feelings. Because it is focused on the speakers feelings, statements nominally flow from a first-person perspective. As with so many other things, perhaps it will be easiest to understand how Hymmnos differs from other languages by looking at an example: WasyearachshymmnosmeaEmotion Soundverbobjectobjectgreat, enjoyable happiness(I am delighted)becomesongmeThis sample sentence means I am delighted to express myself through song, conveyed with an expression of genuine joy by the speaker. Emotion Sounds（想音）The first three words in a phrase comprise an Emotion Sound; the meaning of these three words are described in this section. first : degree-second : nature-third : desirability First wordThe first word in an Emotion Sound describes the degree of the speakers emotion. Rrhatrance-likeWasvery muchWeereasonableFoua littleMadiscretionaryNnreluctant Second wordThe second word describes the emotion being conveyed. iimpatientyeahappywaahappypaksexcited, nervousnumnilkifocused, concentratingwolfervourousapeablessed, bathed in happinessausadgranmewanting to protect, bravetouwakahopefulqueleager, desperateyantfearfulguwoangry, resentfuljyellonelyzweiedetermined, sincere Third wordThe third word describes how desirable the speaker finds the context of the emotion. gaI want this to stopraI want this to continueerraI want this to continue foreverwaI can tolerate thisgayaI never want this to happen againgagisI am indifferentEven when speaking the same core sentence, the meaning conveyed by a speaker whose emotional state is cool and collected may be wildly different from the meaning conveyed by a speaker who indicates seething anger. Some Hymmnos used to control Towers have different effects depending on the Emotion Words with which they are spoken. For example, a command used to open a door may receive a faster response if the emotional context with which it is delivered indicates desperation rather than calmness. Prescriptive syntaxIn the example above, although the word for me was used as a noun, it was not an indicator of narrative perspective. The nominal form of Hymmnos is first-person, which is logical because it is a language primarily centred around conveying the emotions of its speaker. However, structures do exist that allow statements to be expressed in terms of second- and third-person narrative perspectives, and these will be discussed shortly. General sentence structureEmotion Sound-verb-compound VCEmotion Sound-verb-object-compound VOCIn our example sentence, Was yea ra chs hymmnos mea, the Emotion Sound is Was yea ra, the verb is chs, the first object is hymmnos, and the variable component is another object, mea. Compounds may be any structure satisfying nil/O/VC/VOC, which means that sentences may be infinitely long, provided they continue to make use of nested compounds. External-perspective sentence structureEmotion Sound-verb-rre-subject-verb-compoundEmotion Sound-verb-rre-subject-verb-object-compoundIn this case, the sentence structure is VSVC/VSVOC.The first verb, V, indicates the speakers action, and the second verb, V, indicates the subjects action. rre, the subject identifierBecause Hymmnos does not nominally have an explicit subject, it has need of a special subject-identifier; this identifier is rre. When rre appears before an object, that object becomes the subject of the sentence. However, regardless of any shifts in subject, the sentences Emotion Sound is relative only to the speaker. Pronoun alternatives to rreSubject-form pronouns may be used in place of a rre-subject component. Hymmnoss pronouns extend those found in English by accounting for gender and quantity. PronounObject formSubject formyouyoryorryou (plural)yorayorrahehesherrthey (masculine)hersherrashehasharrthey (feminine)harsharraThis may be obvious, but no sentence may contain more than one subject, so rre or its equivalents may appear only once, precluding changes of focus in compounds. Historically, non-first-person sentences were not part of standard Hymmnos; it was not until the formation of Central Standard Note that rre formally became part of the language to further its communicability. Persistent Emotion Sounds definition syntaxThis section describes a structure that allows an Emotion Sound to be applied to an arbitrarily large collection of sentences. This is important because it prevents a speaker from having to continually express their emotions before every sentence in a series of related statements, such as a stanza in a hymn. Ma num ra 0x vvi. Emotion sound (Ma num ra) BEGIN any number of sentences in Hymmnos(Hymmnos sentence) any number of sentences in Hymmnos1x AAs ixi. END This means that, between the statements 0x vvi. and 1x AAs ixi., every sentence will bear the Emotion Sound Ma num ra. 0 and 1 are, of course, binary flags; as qualified numbers, 0x is pronounced as o ku, and, likewise, 1x as i ku. Variations on Emotion SoundsEmotionless sentencesEmotion Sounds, and, optionally, the initial verb, may be omitted from sentences, even when they are not part of a persistent Emotion Sound sequence, leading to VC/VOC.When Hymmnos is spoken in this manner, it will not be processed by Towers, making it little more than a spoken, though highly melodious, language. Emotionless sentences may adopt a subject other than the speaker if they are presented in SVC/SVOC format. (In this case, the rre is optional) Overriding Emotion SoundsAlthough sentences expressed within the context of a persistent Emotion Sound sequence already bear Emotion Sounds by definition, it is possible to explicitly change the Emotion Sound associated with a specific sentence by prefixing it with another; explicitly specified Emotion Sounds always take priority. Doing this saves the speaker the trouble of ending one persistent sequence for a single sentence, only to have to begin another sequence immediately afterwards. 2Before learning the grammar of the New Testament of Pastalie(感音句).The grammar of Pastalie is based on the standard grammar of the First Era. Because of this, knowledge of that grammar is a prerequisite for understanding what will be discussed here. Grammar principlesPastalie（感音句） is based on the idea of expressing as much meaning and emotion as possible with as few words as possible. This variant of Hymmnos is so streamlined that, in some cases, a single word, known as an Emotion Verb（感音） is enough to form an entire sentence. 1. Usage with implicit objectsWhen the subject of a sentence is implied by context, it is possible to form useful Hymmnos using only one word. Like usual, we will explore this concept with an example. hEmmErYE/.Emotion VerbinvokeThis complete sentence, hEmmErYE/., means I would be delighted to sing for your happiness. As a tease of what is to come, Was yea ra chs hymmnos mea, the example from the standard grammar section, can be written in Pastalie as cEzE hymmnos/.; both forms carry the same meaning: I am delighted to express myself through song. Emotion Verbs are written as a series of alternating lower-case（小写） and upper-case（大写） letters; the exact details of this system will be described later. For now, the most important detail is how they identify their objects, given the implicit referencing nature of this sentence structure. The upper-case components indicate one of three possible scopes: The speaker herself An individual, singled out by context All of the speakers surroundingsIntuitively, if the objects relevant to the Hymmnos can be identified by one of these three scope limiters, then there is no need to explicitly identify them（就是说，如果满足上面三种情况，其宾语可省略）; the qualifiers (upper-case components) packed into the Emotion Verb will convey all needed information. Sentences in Pastalie are terminated with /.; fundamentally, this is the same as how sentences are normally terminated with a period in English, but this also has the effect of executing the spoken statement. As an alternative, ! or ? may be used to indicate the end of a statement without invoking anything. 2. Usage with explicit objectsIf it is not clear what the objects are from context, they need to be qualified explicitly. hEmmErYEhymmnos/.Emotion VerbobjectinvokeThis sentence is an extension of the one found in the previous example; it means I would be delighted to sing a song for your happiness. Notice how the intent has not changed (the speaker still expresses eagerness over doing something to make a second party happy); the only difference is that it is now clear exactly what the speaker intends to do. The same structure may be used when identifying proper nouns; the syntax in that case is like VO in English. Emotion VerbsThe meaning of Emotion Verbs is not fixed. Depending on how they are constructed, they can convey very different things from sentence to sentence. This flexibility is the key to the expressive power of Pastalie. Emotion Verbs are formed of two types of elements: a template（感音成语） and Emotion Vowels.（想音词）Lets revisit our example word, hEmmErYE. Its template is h.m.m.r.and it has three emotion vowels: E, another E, and YE. Notice that the template is written in lower-case letters, while the Emotion Vowels are written in upper-case. hEmmErYEI would be delighted to sing for your happiness disassemblytemplateh.m.m.r. Emotion Vowels1: E | 2: none | 3: E | 4: YE In the following sections, the exact meaning of these components will be described. Template wordsh.m.m.r. (sing, express through song) The keys to template words are the dots (periods) that separate their component letters. These dots, called Bank Slots（字域）, may hold Emotion Vowels, and it is the combination of these two elements that give them their meaning. h.m.m.r. has four Bank Slots, one after each letter. The significance of Emotion Vowels is reduced as they appear closer to the end of an Emotion Verb. In other words, the first Emotion Vowel in an Emotion Verb has the most influence over the meaning of the speakers statement. To provide more flexibility in expressing emotional significance, Bank Slots may be left empty; Emotion Vowels appearing after an empty Bank Slot hold the same significance that they would were that space filled. If this confuses you, dont worry. An analysis of the example sentences emotional meaning is provided at the end of this section. Emotion VowelsAs mentioned previously, Emotion Vowels are the upper-case letters found in Emotion Verbs. They may be placed into any of a template words Bank Slots, or these Bank Slots may be left empty. There are three categories of Emotion Vowels; they may be used interchangeably to better reflect the emotions of the speaker, and members of one group may be used together or reused to strengthen or elaborate the emotions behind a statement. Category 1: Emotions directed towards the speaker herselfCategory 2: Emotions directed towards another individualCategory 3: Emotions directed towards the speakers surroundings (or the world) No one category is any less significant than the others; significance is determined based on how Emotion Vowels are ordered within an Emotion Verb. Emotions directed towards the speaker herselfAstrength, determinationIpain, fear, desire to escapeUsadness, concern (sometimes positive)Ehappiness, pleasureOanger, maliceNaloofness, relaxation, neutrality Emotions directed towards another individualYA(emotional sympathy)YIsuffering, pain, deathYUsadness, anxietyYEhappiness, fortuneYOanger, rageYNcalmness, comfort Emotions directed towards the speakers surroundingsLYA(emotional sympathy)LYIpain, destruction, ruinLYUsadness, instabilityLYEhappiness, satisfactionLYOstrife, chaos, warLYNcalmness, quietnessIn our example, hEmmErYE, the Bank Slot allocation 1: E | 2: none | 3: E | 4: YE indicates that the speakers happiness is by far the dominant sentiment, although she could be happier, because the second slot is unused. The second partys happiness is significant, but not as significant as the happiness the action will provide the speaker. Nouns（感音指示宾语）Infel Phira（异感音）, for which the New Testament of Pastalie was created, supports the standard noun forms found in other dialects of Hymmnos. However, with Pastalies emphasis on succinct sentences, a noun syntax that couples ownership with emotional attachment has been developed.Once again, this language feature will be demonstrated with examples. gasar (stuffed animal)（指示词）(noun from the New Testament of Pastalie) Form 1EgasarThe speakers stuffed animal; it makes her happyForm 2YUgasarSomeone elses stuffed animal; it worries themForm 3LYNgasarEveryones stuffed animal; it soothes themForm 4Agasar_clocheCloches stuffed animal; it gives her strengthAs seen above, an Emotion Vowel that prefixes a noun indicates to whom it belongs, as well as the nature of their emotional connection to the entity being described. This table formalizes the pattern, using the Emotion Vowel family A as an example. OwnerExpression formmeAobjectyouYAobjecteveryone,the land,the worldLYAobjecta specificpersonAobject_persons namewYEsA Agasar_luca/.I will give you Lucas precious stuffed animal to make you happy.(This simple sentence offers an idea of how expressive Pastalie forms can be) The structure of long sentencesAs sentences become longer, the differences between the New Testament of Pastalie and standard Hymmnos become less pronounced. Indeed, the sentence structures start to appear very much the same: Emotion Verb-compound VCEmotion Verb-object-compound VOC As you can see, when long sentences are required, the advantages of Pastalie are dramatically lessened. (Compounds, of course, may be built in the same manner as in other Hymmnos dialects) x., the subject identifier（感情提示作用）Just as in standard variants of Hymmnos, the New Testament of Pastalie features a means of explicitly specifying the subject of a sentence. However, the emotional expressiveness permitted by this structure has been expanded. x.-rre-subject-Emotion Verb-compoundx.-rre-subject-Emotion Verb-object-compound x., as you may have noticed, bears a Bank Slot. It accepts an Emotion Vowel that may be used to describe the speakers emotions regarding the subject of the sentence. xE rre cloche cEzE hymmnos/.Cloche is delighted to express herself through song and this makes me happy. Just as with standard Hymmnos, the subject identifier rre and the subject it identifies may be omitted in favour of a pronoun; there are no differences in how pronouns are defined in the New Testament of Pastaile. An example follows: xI harr cEzE hymmnos/.She is delighted to express herself through song and this makes me jealous. Lazy, a contributor to the wiki on Conlang, made note of the following information. It is unconfirmed, but because it seems reasonable and significant, it has been included here. x. is used primarily with Category 1 Emotion Vowels and they carry slightly different meanings in this context: AindifferentIjealousUconcernedEhappyOangryNopposedx. has been used with Emotion Vowels from other categories, but their implications are still unknown at this time. Grammatical flexibilityThe New Testament of Pastalie introduces additional rules that broaden the range of feelings that may be communicated. This section provides a brief overview of how they work. Passive voice（被动音调）Appending a -eh suffix to an Emotion Verb will cause the sentence to be interpreted in the passive voice. hEmmErYEI would be delighted to sing for your happiness (active voice) hEmmErYEehSinging for your happiness would delight me (passive voice) EmphasisBy placing rre before a pronoun that does not normally require a subject identifier, its significance will be emphasized, which narrows the scope of the statement. xE rre yorra cEzE hymmnos/.Cloche and company are delighted to express themselves through song and this makes me happy. Negation（否定音调）Placing zz before an Emotion Verb or noun (Emotion Sound optional) will cause it to carry meaning opposite its normal interpretation. zz hEmmErYE/.I would not be delighted to sing for your happiness zz arhoudespair (normally hope) Using Emotion Verbs as objectsIf all Bank Slots in an Emotion Verb are left unused, then the template word may be interpreted as an action, like a gerund in English. fEwrEn h.m.m.r. eje/.I am very happy to embrace the singing of my heart QuotationIn the New Testament of Pastalie, Hymmnos between :/ and /: is considered quoted, just like