EPA管理要求.docx

版本1.0 2007-08技术报告静电5-2部分：预防静电现象的电子设备的保护-用户指南目录前言介绍1 范围2 规范性引用文件3 术语和定义4 ESD控制程序计划4.1 开发ESD控制程序计划4.1.1 ESD协调者的任命4.1.2 部分ESD敏感度的确定4.1.3 内部过程和组织任命4.1.4 ESD控制程序计划的文件4.1.5 删减4.2 培训计划的开发4.2.1 员工培训4.3 依据验证计划的开发4.3.1 介绍4.3.2 ESD控制项目4.3.3 验证的频率4.3.4 验证的类型4.3.5 ESD控制项目限值4.3.6 测试方法4.3.7 审核员技能4.3.8 审核发现的报告4.4 接地/连接系统4.4.1 介绍4.4.2 基本接地要求4.4.3 基本接地考虑4.4.4 ESD接地系统的验证4.4.5 ESD控制项目适当安装的验证4.5 人员接地4.5.1 系统要求4.5.2 腕带系统4.5.3 工作鞋-地板系统4.6 受保护的范围4.7 ESD控制项目4.7.1 工作表面4.7.2 手腕带4.7.3 静态保护地板材料4.7.4 工作鞋4.7.5 静态保护座椅4.7.6 lonization4.7.7 衣服4.7.8 储存行李架和架子4.7.9 移动设备4.8 运输和储存的包装电子产品4.8.1 介绍和目的4.8.2 定义4.8.3 选择/设计正确的包装4.9 标识4.9.1 总成和设备的标识4.9.2 包装的标识4.9.3 其他表示考虑附录A （资料性附录）基于IEC 61340-5-1ESD控制文件的示例附录B （资料性附录）ESD控制元件的考虑前言介绍该用户指南为面临控制静电放电（ESD）的个人和企业制定。它用于按照IEC 61340-5-1开发、生产和监视静电放电提供指南。该用户指南适用于以下活动：制造、过程、组装、安装、包装、标识、服务、测试、监视或其他处理电子或电器部件、组件和使用人类身体模型（HBM）易受静电放电大于或等于100V损坏的设备。100V HBM限值已经在IEC 61340-5-1中选出，作为基线敏感性极限值，因为市场上大部分的ESD产品有高于100V的敏感度。每个ESD控制项目设定的极限值是为100V HBM设备设置的ESD程序专用的。100V值是基于IEC 61340-5-1中提到的以技术为基础，并由电子工厂接收的可达到的最大电压等级。对于充电设备模型的组织，IEC 61340-5-1建立了关于基于最大静电域限值的ESD保护范围（EPA）的绝缘体。该话题在4.6中详细说明。IEC 61340-5-1描述的基本原理不限于大于等于100V ESD敏感性的ESDS的应用。对于低于100V（HBM）明暗度的ESDS组件，IEC 61340-5-1的总原则仍然适用。当处理并要求按照IEC 61340-5-1建立的极限值改变时，程序化文件应识别低于100V HBM敏感度的ESDS 。形成IEC 61340-5-1基本的基础ESD控制原理如下：a）避免从任何充电的、导电的物体（人员、装备）到设备：这可以通过在环境中焊接或电子连接所有的导体完成，包括人员，到已知的地面或人为的地面（在船上或在空中）。这个附件创造了所有项目和人员之间等电位的平衡。只要系统中所有的项目是在相同的电压，静电保护可在不同于“0”电压地面的电压维护。b）避免从任何充电的ESD敏感设备放电（充电可由直接接触和分离产生或可域导电）：在环境中必要的绝缘体不能通过附件释放他们到地面的静电充电。lozization系统提供了基于这些必要的绝缘体的中和（电路板材料和一些设备包装是必要的绝缘体的示例）。在工作场所，基于必要绝缘体的、由静电充电产生的ESD危害的评估要求根据风险确保恰当行为的实现。c）一旦超出静电放电保护的范围（后期至EPA），通常不可能控制以上项目，因此，ESD保护包装可能需要。ESD保护可能通过使用静态保护材料封装ESD敏感产品，尽管材料的类型取决于情况和目的。在EPA内部，低充电和静态低消耗材料可能提供适当的保护。在EPA以外，推荐使用低充电和静态放电防护的材料。然而，所有的这些材料不再本标准的讨论范围内，它对识别这些应用的不同是重要的。静电-5-2部分：预防静电现象的电子设备的保护-用户指南1 范围该技术报告基于IEC 61340-5-1开发的。该标准中的控制值和极限值都是为保护使用人类身体模型测试方法、大于等于100V放电可接受的设备。然而，对于小于100V的放电敏感的设备总的概念仍适用。2 规范性引用文件下列文件对于本文件的应用是必不可少的。凡是注日期的引用文件，仅注日期的版本适用于本文件，凡是不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本（包括所有的修改单）适用于本文件。IEC 60749-26半导体设备-机械和气候测试方法-26部分：静电放电（ESD）敏感度测试-人类身体模型（HBM）IEC 61340-2-1-静电-2-1部分：测量方法-材料和产品驱散静电充电的能力IEC 61340-2-3-静电-2-3部分：用于避免静电充电积累的、确定固定平面材料的电阻和电阻系数的测试方法IEC 61340-4-1-静电-4-1部分：明确应用的标准测试方法-地面遮盖物和安装地面的静电电阻IEC 61340-4-3-静电-4-3部分：明确应用的标准测试方法-工作鞋IEC 61340-4-5-静电-4-5部分：明确应用的标准测试方法-辨别工作鞋的静电防护以及结合人员铺设地板的方法IEC 61340-5-1，静电-5-1部分：预防静电现象的电子设备的保护-总要求ANSI/ESD STM2.1,静电放电保护的标准测试方法敏感项目-外衣ANSI/ESD STM3.1，静电放电保护的标准测试方法敏感项目-lonization3 术语和定义IEC 61340-5-1中的术语和定义适用于本文件。4 ESD控制程序计划该条款描述了建立ESD控制程序的每一步的方法。4.1 开发ESD控制程序计划4.1.1 ESD协调人员的任命为了有一个好的完整的并且可实现的ESD程序，必须任命ESD协调人员。ESD协调人员为工厂ESD各方面负责。为了有效，ESD协调人员需要：a）管理的完全支持；b）良好的理解静电和ESD敏感设备如何被毁坏。为维持或更新ESD协调人员的只是，他们需要经常参加ESD相关的教育课程或研讨会；c）完整地理解IEC 61340-5-1和所有组织关于处理ESD敏感设备的过程；d）为了在ESD程序中使用形成依从验证审核和测试新的ESD产品和材料，有权测量设备；e）取决于工厂的大小，ESD协调人员也可任命审核人员主导ESD审核。最后，为确保ESD控制程序的维护和提高，管理必须为ESD协调人员授权和提供必要的资金。4.1.2 零部件ESD敏感度的确定开发ESD控制程序计划的下一步是在药开发的计划下确定零件、总成或设备敏感度等级。尽管IEC 61340-5-1的要求是处理大于等于100VHBM的敏感性零件，组织可以选择开发基于ESD敏感度大于或小于100V HBM的ESD程序。在这种情况下，组织必须开发ESD控制程序计划，明确申明基于程序的ESD敏感度。组织可使用多种方法确定要处理产品的ESD敏感度。一些方法包括：l 假设所有的ESD产品具有100V HBM敏感度；l ESD敏感设备的实际测试，使用IEC 60749-26建立ESD敏感度限制；l 参考发布的文件如制造商发布的数据表建立ESD敏感度数据。4.1.3 初始化过程和组织的评估在ESD控制程序计划开发之前，应导入受ESD控制程序影响的过程和组织的初始化评估。可能受影响的组织和过程包括：u 采购；u 设计工程；u 进料检验；u 质量保证；u 制造；u 测试；u 维护；u 包装和运输；u 领域服务（field service）；u 失效分析；u 维修服务；u 备件储存；u 材料处理和零件运输；u 接收。为确定ESD危害和可能的ESD过程程序，应导入每个领域ESDS部件的评估处理。信息通过这些步骤形成开发ESD控制程序计划的基础积累。4.1.4 ESD控制程序计划的文件化通过结合以上信息，组织能够开始文件化程序计划。计划应申明程序的范围，它包括在该计划选择的ESD敏感度等级或之上的、保护ESD敏感项目必要的任务、活动和过程。尽管计划的最初焦点是描述满足IEC 61340-5-1管理和技术要素的策略，其他的项目也可能同时受益。这些额外的项目可能包括：u 组织的责任；u 组织、转包商和供应商之间定义的角色和责任；u 监视产品产量和过程的策略可能在决定现行ESD控制测试有效性是否恰当和是否需要实施额外的措施是重要的；u 确保ESD程序持续改进的方法；u 批注的ESD控制产品和材料的清单；IEC 61340-5-1的管理和技术要素需要在计划（除非裁剪）中指出，包括：u 培训计划；u 遵循的验证计划；u 技术要求；u 接地/连接系统；u 人员接地；u 保护的范围；u 包装；u 标识。4.1.5 裁剪IEC 61340-5-1的部分可能不适用于组织的所有范围。在这种情况下，只要例外是有效、可证实并且文件化的合理要求，组织形成文件的IEC 61340-5-1的一个或更多的要求要素的例外是可接受的。IEC 61340-5-1可接受的例外的示例在本标准的最后ESD程序示例中。4.2 培训计划的开发4.2.1 人员培训Personnel training is a critical element in the implementation of an ESD control program. Asustained commitment and mindset among all personnel that ESD prevention is a valuable,on-going effort by everyone is one of the primary goals of training.在实现静电放电控制程序过程中，人员培训是决定性的要素。在所有人员中，持久的保证和心态静电放电预防是有价值的，培训的主要目的之一就是每个人都不间断的努力。One of the first decisions that must be made is who will be required to take the ESD trainingcourse. IEC 61340-5-1 requires that, at a minimum, initial and recurrent ESD training shall beprovided to all personnel that handle or otherwise come into contact with ESD sensitive items.This decision seems straight-forward but care shall be taken to ensure that all people thathandle ESD sensitive devices receive adequate training. One example is the financedepartment. Many people will immediately state that this group should be exempt from ESDtraining. However, in some companies the finance department personnel are involved in theannual physical inventory where parts are counted. In these situations, the finance employeesare touching ESD sensitive parts and therefore must receive ESD training in order for theorganization to be in compliance with IEC 61340-5-1.第一个必须做的决定是要求谁来参与静电放电培训课程。IEC 61340-5-1要求，至少给全体操作人员或其他方面与静电放电敏感物品有接触的人员提供最初的和周期性的培训。这个决定似乎简单，但是必须谨慎确保所有操作静电放电敏感器件的人得到适当的培训。拿财务部门举个例子。很多人会立即说这部分群体应该不用参与静电放电培训。然而，在一些公司里，财务部门的人员会参与在零部件存放处的库存的年度盘点。在这些情况下，财务部门的员工会接触静电放电敏感零件，因此，为了组织遵守IEC 61340-5-1，他们必须接受静电放电培训。Although it is not a requirement of IEC 61340-5-1, the organization may want to considerproviding some form of ESD training to personnel who do not handle ESD sensitive parts suchas: managers, who may need to understand the implications of, and necessity for ESDprevention; cleaning and maintenance personnel who may need to work within the EPA; and purchasing personnel responsible for buying ESD susceptible parts and ESD equipment.尽管IEC 61340-5-1没有要求，组织想要考虑提供一些形式的静电放电培训给那些不会触摸静电放电敏感零件人员，如： 经理，可能需要理解静电放电预防的含义和必要性；需要在EPA里工作的清洁和维修人员，和负责购买易受静电放电影响的零件和设备的采购人员。For visitors to the EPA, the person escorting the visitor is responsible for ensuring that theyare wearing the ESD equipment required by the organization and that they understand whatthey may and may not do within the EPA.对于EPA的参观者，陪同人员有责任确保他们按着组织要求穿着静电放电设备，并且懂得在EPA里哪些可以做，哪些不可以做。Although personnel training can take several forms (i.e. instructor, computer based, etc.), thepreferred technique for initial training is through the use of an instructor. Special care shouldbe exercised in finding a suitable instructor. The instructor should have a good虽然人员培训可以采取几种形式（即面授和电脑学习等），上岗前训练应为面授preferred technique for initial training is through the use of an instructor. Special care should岗前岗前培训应应训练。组织应为人员的培训配备专业资质的讲师。understanding of ESD theory and the organizations ESD control program and the processes,procedures and materials prescribed within. In addition, if manufacturing spans more than oneculture, careful consideration shall be given to customs and religious beliefs. Besides culturaldifferences, other factors such as education, experience and age should be considered. Alltraining should be carried out in a secure, non-threatening environment.培训的内容应涵盖了解静电放电理论和组织的静电放电控制程序和过程procedures and materials prescribed within. In addition, if manufacturing spans more than one，程序和材料在规定的范围内。此外，如果制造跨越不止一个化，仔细考虑，应考虑到习俗和宗教信仰。除了文化 differences, other factors such as education, experience and age should be considered. All差异，其他因素，如教育，经验和年龄应考虑。所有有 training should be carried out in a secure, non-threatening environment.培训应在一个安全、无威胁的环境中进行One of the first steps is to determine the type(s) of ESD training methods that will work bestfor the organization. Some possible training methods include: in-house, instructor-led ESD class; in-house, consultant-led class; computer based training; industry symposia, tutorials and workshops.第一步是确定的类型（S）的静电放电培训方法，将工作最好 for the organization. Some possible training methods include:为组织。一些可能的训练方法包括：in-house, instructor-led ESD class; 内部，LED静电类讲师； 师 ； in-house, consultant-led class; 内部顾问领导班； computer based training; 基于计算机的培训；industry symposia, tutorials and workshops. 行业座谈会、讲座及工作坊。 The initial training program should cover the fundamentals of ESD, the details of theorganizations ESD control program plan, and each persons role in the ESD program. Thetraining program should answer the following basic questions: what is static electricity? how does it occur? how does ESD affect product quality?A careful explanation of the protection process as part of company policy should be included.No matter which type of training method is chosen, the program should be designed so thatall trainee questions that arise can be answered. In addition, a knowledgeable person in theorganization should be available to answer trainee questions once they have begun working.Opening the lines of communication is the beginning of a successful ESD training program.This type of communication should continue in the workplace and form the basis for anongoing education process. It is a requirement in IEC 61340-5-1 that initial ESD training isprovided before personnel handle ESD sensitive devices.Because ESD control programs cover such a variety of job disciplines and educational levels,it may be necessary to develop special job specific training modules. Advanced modulesshould emphasize the main concerns of each discipline. Course emphasis should be tailoredto each groups specific needs. For example, the modules developed for management,engineering, technicians, cleaning staff and field service could differ significantly becausetheir day-to-day concerns and responsibilities are much different.Ongoing or refresher training is also vital to any organizations training plan. It shouldreinforce the basic fundamentals taught during initial training, but also should incorporateprogram updates and changes and the reasons for those changes. As with the initial training,the organization shall decide which type of training will be used and how frequently therecurring training will be required. The method chosen should keep everyone informed,renewing his or her commitment to the total ESD effort. Recurring training is also a goodfeedback loop for monitoring the programs effectiveness. Personnel should be encouraged todiscuss issues, and make suggestions for improvement in these sessions. Actions can thenbe assigned to improve the organizations overall ESD control program.After training (initial or recurring) sessions have been completed, it is important to ensure thatthe trainee understands and has retained the ESD control program concepts taught duringthese sessions. IEC 61340-5-1 requires that an objective evaluation technique beincorporated as part of the training plan. This can be accomplished in a number of ways thatinclude written tests, question and answer sessions with an instructor or multiple choicequestions at the conclusion of a computer based training session. Regardless of the methodselected, the organization should establish a pass/fail criterion for the testing to ensureadequate training has been accomplished. Records of all test results should be maintained.The test records should be stored such that they are readily available to management andcustomers who want objective evidence that the training portion of the ESD control programplan is being adhered to.Finally, since IEC 61340-5-1 requires recurring or “refresher” training, a system should beestablished to highlight when employees are due for retesting and/or recertification.A repository or central information source of educational ESD control materials should be keptfor reference at anytime by organization employees. This repository might include: material from initial and recurring training sessions; ESD bulletins or newsletters; videos or CDs; computer-based training materials; technical papers, studies, standards and specifications; ESD control material and equipment product sheets.4.3 Development of a compliance verification plan4.3.1 IntroductionThis subclause will discuss the importance of having a properly implemented complianceverification plan and its role in maintaining a successful ESD control program.In order for the ESD control program to be successful it is essential to develop a plan for ongoingsurveillance. The plan shall identify the ESD control items that will be used, how often the item will be checked to ensure that it meets specification and the type ofaudits, the acceptable limits for each ESD control item used, the test methods that will be used by the auditors to verify that each ESD control item iswithin established parameters, the equipment that will be used to check the various ESD control items, who will make the audit measurements, what will be done if an out of compliance situation occurs.4.3.2 ESD control itemsThere are many ways to establish an ESD control program. A program can range from a verysimple, low cost or basic system to a highly complex control program that uses a variety ofcontrol items that provide redundancy in the event that the primary ESD control element(s)were to fail.A basic ESD control program might include the following items:a) a grounded work surface;b) personnel grounded through a wrist strap system;c) ESD protective packaging to move ESDS from one process step to the next.A complex ESD control program might include the following items:1) grounded work surfaces;2) personnel grounded through constant wrist strap monitor;3) personnel grounded to a static control floor through ESD footwear;4) personnel wearing grounded ESD garments;5) air ionization at each workstation.The decision to use a basic versus a complex ESD control program is a matter of companychoice. Some of the considerations are: value of the products being manufactured, productreliability requirements imposed by the customer and the ESD sensitivity of the devices beinghandled. One type of program is not necessarily any better than the other as each can beeffective in protecting ESD sensitive devices.Once the ESD control items have been defined and implemented, the organization shoulddevelop an audit checklist. In order to establish meaningful data concerning improving ordeteriorating ESD program trends, it is necessary for auditors to audit each area consistentlyevery time. Many organizations find that properly designed checklists help improve auditconsistency.4.3.3 Verification frequencyThe frequency for checking the function of ESD control elements is dependent on a number offactors such as how often the item is used, the items durability and the impact on the ESDcontrol program if the control item were to fail. As an example, wrist straps are often used asthe primary ground for personnel. A wrist cord, whilst being worn, is subjected to thousands ofstretch/bend cycles each day and the conductive wire(s) in the wrist cord will eventuallybreak. The typical verification frequency, used by industry, for wrist cords is once per shiftdue to the wrist cords importance to the success of the program and the likelihood of failure.Some organizations may want to increase the time between verifications of an ESD controlitem after it has been in use for a period of time. This is typically done by monitoring thefailures of the ESD control item. Once the organization has evidence that there is anacceptable period of time where no failures were found, the time between verifications can beincreased. The new verification interval is then monitored. If an unacceptable level of failuresis identified, then the verification frequency should revert back to the previous level.4.3.4 Type of verificationsThere are several types of verifications in use by industry today. These verifications are oftenused in combination to maximize the effectiveness of the ESD program. Visual verificationsVisual verifications are used by companies to check the general state of the EPA. They canbe used by employees at the start of the shift to ensure that all ground wires are in place andthat unnecessary static generators have been removed from the workplace. Visualverifications can also be used by management and supervisory personnel to ensure thatemployees are following organization guidelines with respect to daily testing of wrist straps,the proper wearing of ESD garments and the correct wearing of wrist straps and ESDfootwear. A visual verification is often a good indication of whether or not an ESD program isbeing followed. Measurement verificationsMost organizations rely on verifying that the ESD control elements function through the use ofactual measurements. These types of verifications are carried out by specially trainedauditors using equipment that has been selected to properly measure each ESD controlelement. Some organizations measure 100 % of each control element in use throughout thefactory while others perform verifications on a sample basis. The type of verification used isup to the organization implementing IEC 61340-5-1 as long as it proves to be effective.4.3.5 ESD control item limitsIn the past, many companies were forced to develop their own test procedures and establishthe limits for the ESD control items that they used. However, ESD control has advanced to thepoint where there are generally accepted limits for many of the ESD control items that areused.