国际货物买卖合同的商订与履行.ppt

,国际贸易实务（双语）(InternationalTradePracticeInChineseandEnglish),制作人：郝美彦,理论电子课件,百度文库百度文库,第一章国际贸易术语第二章主要贸易条件第三章商品的价格第四章国际货物运输第五章国际货物运输保险第六章国际货款的收付第七章检验、索赔、不可抗力与仲裁第八章合同的磋商第九章合同的履行第十章国际贸易方式,课件目录,百度文库百度文库,第一章国际贸易术语InternationalTradeterms,贸易术语及国贸易际惯例(tradetermsandinternationalcustomarypractices),国际贸易术语的含义及作用有关贸易术语的国际惯例,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,Case(案例)：OneimportandexportcompanyexportedhisgoodsundertheCIFterm.Thesellerdeliveredthegoodsonboardthevesselontimeandpreparedallnecessarydocuments.Butthevesselstrandedandsankinafewhoursafterdeparture.Thenextday,whentheselleraskedforpaymentwithfullsetofdocumentsinconformitywiththecontract,thebuyerrefusedtoacceptthedocumentsandrejectedpaymentbecausehisgoodshavebeenlost.Isitreasonableforthebuyertodoso?Why?,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,、ThedefinitionofTradeTerms（贸易术语的定义）:,FOBLONDON,ThetradetermsrefertousingabriefEnglishconceptorabbreviationtoindicatetheformationoftheunitpriceanddeterminetheresponsibilities,expensesandrisksbornebytwopartiesaswellasthetimeofthepassingofthepropertyinthegoods.,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,2、Internationalcustomarypractices(国际贸易惯例),Warsaw-OxfordRules1932华沙牛津公约RevisedAmericanForeignTradeDefinitions1941美国对外贸易修订本InternationalRulesFortheInterpretationofTradeTerms国际贸易术语解释通则,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,常用的贸易术语,FOB(FreeonBoard,namedportofshipment)船上交货(指定装运港)CFR(CostandFreight，namedportofdestination)成本加运费(指定目的港)CIF(Cost，InsuranceandFreight，namedportofdestination)成本加保险费、运费(指定目的港),返回目录,百度文库百度文库,FOB,FreeonBoard(NamedportofShipment)指定装运港船上交货,Itmeansthatthesellerfulfilshisobligationtodeliverthegoodswhentheyhavepassedovertheshipsrailatthenamedportofshipment.Thismeansthatthebuyerhastobearallexpensesandrisksofordamagetothegoodsfromthatpoint.,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,CFR(CostandFreight，namedportofdestination)成本加运费(指定目的港),Itmeansthatthesellershallundertakethecostandfreightnecessarytocarrythegoodstothenamedportofdestination,buttherisksof,lossesof,ordamagetothegoods,aswellasanyadditionalcostsduetoeventsoccurringafterthetimethegoodshavebeendeliveredonboardthevessel,aretransferredfromthesellertothebuyerwhenthegoodspasstheshipsrailattheportofshipment,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,CIF(Cost，InsuranceandFreight，namedportofdestination)成本加保险费、运费(指定目的港),Itmeansthatthesellerhastheobligationtoprocuremarineinsuranceagainsttherisksof,lossesof,ordamagetothegoodsduringthecarriage.,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,Modeoftransportation(运输方式),Theformationoftheunitprice(价格构成),Theplaceofdelivery/risktransfer（交货地点/风险转移点）,Responsibilities,expensesandrisksbornebytwoparties（双方责任、费用和风险的划分）,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,1.Themodeoftransportation(运输方式),Suitableforseaorinlandwaterwaytransport.,2.Theformationoftheunitprice(价格构成),FOB:Cost(成本)CFR:CostandFreight(成本和运费)CIF:Cost,InsuranceandFreight(成本和运费和保险费),返回目录,百度文库百度文库,3.Theplaceofdelivery/risktransfer(交货地点和风险转移点),Ontheshipsrailatthenamedportofshipment(在装运港的船舷),4.Theexpensesandresponsibilitiesbornebytwoparties(双方费用、风险和责任的划分),返回目录,百度文库百度文库,ThesellerThebuyer,FOB,Deliverthegoodsonboardthevessel交货,Contractforthecarriageofthegoods租船订舱,Obtainexportlicense获得出口许可证,Obtainimportlicense,Covercargoinsurance投保,Providedocumentsforthebuyerandaskforpayment交单议付,Paythepriceandtakedeliveryofthegoods,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,Thesellerthebuyer,CFR,Contractforthecarriageofthegoodsathisownexpenses,Onusualterm通常条件Bytheusualroute惯常航线Inthepropervessel适合的船舶,Usualfreight正常运费,AdditionalFreight额外运费,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,Thesellerthebuyer,CIF,Contractforthecarriageofthegoods,Covercargoinsuranceonbehalfofthebuyer,Minimuminsurance(F.P.A)最低险别,additionalinsurancepremium额外保险费,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,CIF,1.Theexpensesandrisksareseparated(风险和费用分离),2.CIFtermisdocumenttransaction单据交易(Symbolicdelivery)象征性交货,Thesellerfulfillshisdutyofdeliveringgoodsagainstthedocuments,Thebuyershallpaythepriceagainstthedocuments,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,货交承运人的三个贸易术语,1)FCA(FreeCarrier,namedplace)货交承运人(指定地点)2)CIP(CarriageinsurancePaidto，namedplaceofdestination)运费、保险费付至(指定目的地)。3)CPT(CarriagePaidTonamedplaceofdestination)运费付至(指定目的地),返回目录,百度文库百度文库,目的地交货的各种术语,1)DAF(DeliveredatFrontiernamedplace)边境交货(指定地点)2)DES(DeliveredExShipnamedportofdestination目的港船上交货(指定目的港)3)DEQ(DeliveredExQuay，namedPortOfdestination)目的港码头交货(指定目的港)4)DDU(DeliveredDutyUnpaid，namedplaceofdestination)未完税交货(指定目的地)5)DDP(DeliveredDutyPaid,namedplaceofdestination)完税后交货（指定目的地）,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,第二章主要贸易条件TheQualityofGoodsTheQuantityofGoodsPackingandMarking,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,nit1QualityofGoods商品的品质,表示品质的方法,(1)用文字说明表示商品的品质(SalebyDescription),凭规格、等级或标准买卖(SalebySpecification,GradeorStandard)商品规格(Specification)：Thespecificationofthegoodsreferstocertainmainindicatorswhichindicatethequalityofthegoods,suchascomposition,content,purity,size,length,etc.,SUPER,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,商品的等级(Grade)Thegradeofthegoodsreferstotheclassificationsofthecommodityofthegoodswhichisindicatedbywords,numbersorsymbols.Theclassificationsareusuallydecidedbydifferentqualities,weights,compositions,appearances,properties,etc.,商品的标准（Standard）Thestandardreferstothespecificationsorgradeswhicharestipulatedandannouncedbythegovernmentorthechambersofcommerce,etc.,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,凭牌号或商标买卖（SalebyBrandNameorTradeMark）Astothegoodswhosequalityisstable,reputationissoundandwithwhichthecustomersarequitefamiliar,wemaysellitbybrandnameortrademark.,凭产地名称买卖(SalebyNameofOrigin)Itissuitableforsomeagriculturalproductsandby-productswhoseoriginsarewell-knownallovertheworld.,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,凭说明书和图样买卖(SalebyDescriptionandIllustration),Thequalityofsomecommodities,suchastechnologicalinstruments,electricmachines,etc.cannotbesimplyindicatedbyqualityindexes,insteaditisquitenecessarytoexplainindetailthestructure,material,performanceaswellasmethodofoperation.Ifnecessary,pictures,photos,etc.mustalsobeprovided.,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,（2）以实物表示商品的品质（SalebyActualQualityorSample,看货买卖(SalebyActualQuality)Inthiscase,thebuyerorhisagentexaminethegoodsatsellersplaceatfirst.Aftertheyconcludeadeal,thesellershalldeliverthegoodsaccordingtothegoodsexamined.,凭样品买卖（SalebySample）Thesamplereferstothearticlewhichcanbeusedtorepresentthequalityofthewholelot.Salebysampleincludestwocases,i.e.,salebythesellerssampleandsalebythebuyerssample.,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,a.凭卖方样品(SalebySellsSample)：b.凭买方样品(SalebyBuyersSample)：c.对等样品成交（SalebyCounterSample）：也有的称之为确认样品（ConfirmingSample）。日后卖方交货以对等样品品质为准。,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,Unit2商品的数量TheQuantityofGoods,1、商品数量的计量单位按重量(Weight)计算。常用的单位有公吨(Metricton/kiloton)、长吨（LongTon）、短吨（shorttonnetton）、公斤(kilogram）等,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,按数量计算。常见的计数单位有件（Piece）、双(Pair)、套（Set）、打(dozen)、卷（roll）、箱(case)、箩（gross）、袋(bag)、包（bale）等,长度(length)计算。常用单位有米(meter/m.)、英尺(footft)、码（yardyd）等。丝绸、布疋、钢管、电线电缆、金属绳索等常用长度单位计量。,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,按面积（Area）计算。有平方米（Squaremetersqm）、平方英尺(squarefootsq.ft)、平方码（squareyard/sqyd）等。木板、皮革、地毯、玻璃板等用面积单位计量。,按体积（Volume）计算。有立方米（cubicmetercum.）、立方尺（cubicfootcuft）、立方码(cubicyardcuyd)等。木材、天然气、化学气体等常以体积作计景单位。,按容积（capacity）计算。常见的容积单位有升literl.、加仑(gallon/gal)、蒲式耳(bushel/bu)等。各类谷物和液体商品常以容积为单位。,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,、商品重量的计算方法1)按毛重（GrossWeight）计算2)按净重(NetWeight)计算，净重指商品本身的重量。,Actualtare:实际皮重Averagetare:平均皮重Customarytare:习惯皮重Computedtare:约定皮重,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,3)ConditionedWeight：按公量计算。hiskindofcalculatingmethodissuitabletothosecargoswhosewatercontentsarenotstable,suchaswool,silk,etc.,公量=商品干净重x(1+标准回潮率)公量=商品净重x（1+标准回潮率/1+实际回潮率）式中商品干净重是指用科学方法抽去商品中的水分后商品的重量。标准回潮率是交易双方约定的货物中的水分与商品的干量之比。,4）Theoreticalweight:按理论重量5）Legalweightandnetweight:按法定重量,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,商品数量条款的确定商品数量条款，由成交商品的数量和计量单位组成。对以重量成交的商品还要订明计算重量的方法。,1.Dontusesuchwordsasaboutorcircaorapproximatebeforethequantityofthegoods.2.Tostipulatethequantitylatitude:Itmeansthatthesellermaydeliverthegoodswithacertainpercentagemoreorlessinquantity.,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,Unit3商品的包装Packing,在国际贸易中，除少量商品难以包装，或不值得包装而采取裸装（NudePacked）或散装(InBulk)方式外，绝大多数商品均需要有适当的包装。商品的包装(PackageofGoods)是国际商品交换不可缺少的重要环节，是联系生产与消费的桥梁。包括不仅起到保护、宣传、美化商品的作用，还可使商品增值。商品包装条款也是合同的要件之一。,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,Thekindsofpacking(包装的种类),、Shippingpacking:运输包装Accordingtothemethodofpacking:singlepiecepackingandcollectivepacking.Accordingtostyleofpacking:Cases,drums,bags,bales,bundles,etc.Accordingtothematerialofpacking:Cartons,woodencases,irondrums,woodencasks,paperbags,gunnybags,plasticbags,etc.,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,Accordingtothesoftnessofpacking:softnesspackingandhardnesspackingaswellashalf-hardnesspacking.Accordingtotheextentofpacking:fullpackedandpartpacked,、Marketingpacking:销售包装,Piling-uppattern:Hanging-uppattern:Spreading-uppattern:Patternforcarryingabout:,Patternforeasilyopening:Patternforsprayingout:Patternforshowingoffagift.,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,PackingMark（包装标志）,Shippingmark:运输标志,Itisusuallymadeupofgeometricaldiagrams,letters,figuresandsimplewords.Thecontentsofshippingmarkareasfollows:Consigneescode:Consignorscode:DestinationPackagenumber,ABCCO.LONDON,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,Warningmark:（警告性标志）Itisalsocalleddangerouscargomark,whichisbrushedclearlyanddefinitelyontheshippingpackingoftheinflammable,explosive,poisonous,corrosivegoods,soastogivewarningstotheworkers,Indicativemark:（指示性标志）Thiskindofmarkisusedtoremindertherelativeworkersoftheitemsforattentionwhentheyload,unload,carryandstorethegoods,suchashandlewithcare,keepdryetc.,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,Neutralpackingandbranddesignatedbythebuyer中性包装和定牌,、Neuralpacking:Itmeansthatthereisneitheranameoftheorigin,noranameofthefactory,noratrademark,abrand,orevenanywordsonthepackingofthecommodityandthecommodityitself.Itincludestwokinds:packingwithtrademarkdesignatedbythebuyerbutwithoutthemarkofthemanufacturersandoriginspackingwithouttrademarkandoriginsaswellasthemarkofthemanufacturers.,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,、Branddesignatedbythebuyer（定牌包装）:ItmeansthatthesellermarksthetrademarkorBranddesignatedonthepackageofthecommodityorthecommodityitselfasbuyersrequest,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,第三章商品的价格ThePriceoftheGoods价格条款(PriceClause)是进出口合同中的核心条款。正确把握进出口商品的作价原则，采用合理的作价方法，选择合理的作价方法，选择有利的计价货币，确定合适的价格术语，适当使用与价格有关的佣金和折扣，对提高外贸经济效益有着十分重要的意义。,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,出口商品的成本核算(1)出口总成本与出口销售收入出口总成本是指出口商品的进货成本加上出口前的一切费用和税金。出口销售收入分为出口销售外汇净收入和出口销售人民币净收入，前者是以FOB价出售商品所得的外汇净收入，后者是以FOB价按外汇收帐时挂牌汇价折合的人民币数额。(2)出口商品盈亏率与出口创汇率出口商品盈亏率是指出口盈亏额与出口总成本的比率。计算公式为：出口商品盈亏率=(出口销售人民币净收入-出口总成本)/出口总成本x100出口创汇率是指加工后成品出口的外汇净收入与原料外汇成本的比率。如原料为国产品可以FOB价折算：若原料为进口产品，则以CIF价折算。,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,特别在来料加工情况下，该指标更具有现买意义。其计算公式为：出口创汇率=（成品出口外汇净收入-原料外汇成本）/原料外汇成本x100%(3)出口商品换汇成本出口换汇成本=出口总成本（本币）/出口销售外汇净收入（外币）出口商品价格的换算方法(1)FOB价的换算CFR价=FOB价+运费CIF价=（FOB价+运费）/1-保险费率X(1+投保加成),返回目录,百度文库百度文库,(2)CFR价的换算FOB价=CFR-运费CIF价=CFR价/1-保险费率X(1+投保加成)(3)CIF价的换算FOB价=CIF价X1-(1+投保加成)X保险费率-运费CFR价=CIF价X1-(1+投保加成)X保险费率,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,佣金与折扣CommissionandDiscount佣金(Commission)是买方或卖方对中间商介绍交易或代办买卖所给予的报酬。折扣(Discount,Rebate,Allowance)是卖方按原价给买方的一定百分比的价格减让。,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,1）佣金的运用（1）佣金的种类。佣金分“明佣”和“暗佣”两种。前者在合同中标明“佣金”字样，并规定某一百分比。而后者不标志百分比，甚至也不出现“佣金”字样。但不管何种方式，只要含有佣金，商品的价格就肯定要高。(2）佣金规定方法。凡价格中含有佣金的称之为含佣价。一般用文字表示，如“每公吨3500美元CIF伦敦包括2佣金”，（U.S.$3500perM/TCIFLondonincluding2%Commission）。也有一些合同中采用简写方式，如“每公吨2000美元CIFC2%伦敦”（U.S.$2000perM/TCIFC2%London）。佣金也可以用绝对数字表示，如“每公吨付佣金100美元”等等。凡在价格中不含佣金或折扣的称为净价（NetPrice）。(3)佣金的计算。以CIF成交，就以CIF价来乘以佣金得出佣金数。若以FOB为基数，则在CIF成交情况下，扣除运费、保险费后再计算佣金。如果已知净价，则含佣价的计算公式为：含佣价=净价/（1-佣金率）,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,2)折扣的运用（1）折扣的种类。在国际贸易中，除为鼓励买方积极购买而给与的一般交易折扣（TradeDiscount）外，还有现金折扣（CashDiscount）、数量折扣（QuantityDiscount）、季节折扣（SeasonalDiscount）、特别折扣（SpecialDiscount）等等。此外与佣金相同，折扣也有“明扣”与“暗扣”之分。（2）折扣的规定。折扣一般也用文字表示，如“每公吨500美元CIF伦敦含2折扣”，（U.S.500perM/TCIFLondonincluding2%Discount）,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,合同中价格条款的规定合同中价格条款一般包括商品的单价和总值两项基本内容。商品单价包括：计量单位、单位价格金额、计价货币和价格术语四个部分。如“每公吨200美元CII伦敦佣金5%(U.S.$200perMTCIFC5%LONDON)。总值是指单价与成交商品数量的乘积，即一笔交易的总金额。,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,第四章国际货物运输Transportation第一节运输方式(Methodsofthedelivery)第二节装运条款(shipmentclause)第三节运输单据(shippingdocuments),返回目录,百度文库百度文库,一、OceanTransport海洋运输(一)Linertransport班轮运输1.Thefeaturesoflinersusuallyinclude:班轮运输的特点Thelinerhasaregularline,port,timetableandcomparativelyfixedfreight.Thekindsandquantitiesofthegoodscarriedbythelinerareveryflexible,andthelinercanensuredeliveryquality.,第一节运输方式(Methodsofthedelivery),返回目录,百度文库百度文库,Thecarrierisresponsibleforloadingandunloadingoperation,i.e.,grossterm.TheB/Ldrawnbytheshippingcompanyistheshippingcontractbetweenthecarrierandtheconsignor.TherightsandobligationsofthecarrierandtheconsignorarebasedontheB/Ldrawnbytheshippingcompany.,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,2.班轮运费(Thelinerfreight)ThelinerfreightischargedaccordingtoLinersFreightTariff.Thelinerfreightincludesbasicfreightandsurcharges.ThebasicfreightischargedaccordingtothestandardofLinersFreightTariff.Thebasicstandardsforcalculatingfreightarestipulatedasfollows:lGrossweight,i.e.,weightton,whichindicatedby“W”inthetariff.,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,Volume,i.e.,measurementton,whichisindicatedby“M”inthetariff.Grossweightorvolumeweight,choosingthehigherratebetweenthetwo,whichisindicatedby“W/M”inthetariff.Thevalueofthecargo,i.e.,acertainpercentageofFOBpricewhichisindicated“A.V.”inthetariff.GrossweightorvolumeorA.V.,i.e.,choosingthehighestrateofthethree,whichisindicatedby“W/M”or“A.V.,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,lGrossweightorvolume,andthenplusacertainpercentageofA.V.,whichisindicatedby“W/M”plus“A.V.”.lThenumberofthecargo.lThetemporaryagreemententeredintobetweentheshipownerandtheconsignor.ThemainsurchargesareasfollowslExtrachargesonheavyliftslExtrachargesonoverlengths,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,AdditionalonOptionalDischargingPort.AdditionalondirectTheformulaofcalculatingthelinerfreightis:F=Fb+s=fQ+f(s1+s2+sn)Q=fQ(1+s1+s2+sn)Fb_basicfreights_surchargesf_therateofthebasicfreightQ_freighttons_therateofthesurcharge,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,(二)Tramp(Shippingbychartering)租船运输Itmeansafreight-carryingvesselwhichhasnoregularrouteorscheduleofsailingsorportorfreight.Theshipperchartersshipfromtheshipownerandusesittocarrythegoods.Itfallsinto3kinds:1.VoyageCharter:程租船运输Itincludessinglevoyagecharter,returnvoyagecharter,successivevoyagecharterandcontract.,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,2.TimeCharter:期租Thecharterercharterstheshipforaperiodoftimeduringwhichtheshipisdeployedandmanagedbythecharterer3.BareboatCharter:光船租船Theshipowneronlyprovidesthechartererwithabareboat,thecharterershallemploythecrewbyhimself.,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,(三)Thedifferencesbetweenthetrampandtimecharter:期租和程租船的区别1.Voyagecharter:thecharterercharterstheshipbythevoyage;rTimecharter:thecharterercharterstheshipbythetime.Theircontractsarealsodifferent.2.Voyagecharter:Theshipownernotonlymanagestheshipbutalsoisresponsiblefordriving,sailingandtransportationofthegoods.,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,Timecharter:Theshipownerisresponsiblefortheshipsmaintenance,repairandcrewswages;buttransportationofthegoods,loadingandunloadingthegoodsarebornebythecharterer.3.Voyagecharter:thefreightischargedaccordingtothequantitiesofthegoodsshippedandthecontractshallstipulatetimeofshipmentorrateofshipment;Timecharter:thefreightischargedaccordingtotheperiodoftimeandthecontractdoesnthavetostipulatetimeofshipment.,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,二、RailwayTransport铁路运输、Railwaytransportathome;国内铁路运输、Internationalrailwaythroughtransport:国际多式联运Thegoodsbelongtotheexportcountryshallbetransportedtotheplaceofdestinationwitharailwaybillofladingissuedattheplaceofdispatch.Duringthedelivery,therailwaydepartmentisresponsiblefortransportationandtheconsignorandconsigneedonthavetocareforit.,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,三、AirTransport航空运输1.ScheduledAirline2.CharteredCarrier3.Consolidation4.AirExpressservice四、CombinedTransport联合运输,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,第二节装运条款（ShipmentClause）一、Timeofshipment:装运时间(一)Timeofdeliveryandtimeofshipment交货时间和装运期(二)Waysofstipulatingthetimeofshipment装运时间的规定方法1.Stipulatethedefinitetimeofshipment;规定具体明确的装运时间2.Stipulateafixedtime;规定在某一固定时间装运3.Stipilateafixedperiodoftime;规定在某一段时间内装运,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,4.Stipulatethegoodsshallbeshippedwithin30daysafterreceiptofL/C;规定在收到信用证后30天内装运5.Stipulatethegoodsshallbeshippedinthenearfuture.规定在近期装运,二、Portofshipmentandportofdestination(装运港和目的港）,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,Waysofstipulatingtheportofshipmentanddestination1.Stipulateonlyoneportofshipmentandonedestination;2.Stipulateatleasttwoportsofshipmentanddestination;3.Stipulateoptionalports,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,三、Partialshipmentandtransshipment(一)Partialshipment:分批装运Itmeansthegoodsunderthecontractshallbeshippedatdifferenttimeordifferentlots.(二)Transshipment:装运Whenthereisnodirectlinertothedestinationorthevoyageistoolong,weshouldstipulate“transshipmenttobepermitted”。,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,第三节ShippingDocument运输单据一、Oceanbilloflading:(提单)Itisareceiptfromtheshippingcompany,givingdetailofaparticularshipment.(一)RolesofB/L提单的作用B/LisareceiptforthegoodsissuedbytheshipownerorhisagentevidencethereceiptofthegoodsmentionedintheB/L.B/Lisadocumentoftitletothegoods.B/Lisevidenceofthecontractofcarriagebetweentheconsignorandtheshippingcompany.,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,(二)KindsofB/L提单的种类1.Accordingtowhetherthegoodshavebeenloadedonboardthevessel,theB/LisdividedintoshippedonboardB/LandreceivedforshipmentB/L.已装船提单和备用提单2.Accordingtowhethertherearenotesonthebilloflading,itfallsintotwokinds:CleanB/LanduncleanB/L清洁提单和不清洁提单,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,3.AccordingtowhethertheB/Listransferable,itisdividedinto3kinds:StraightB/LandorderB/LandblankB/L.记名提单、指示提单和空白提单4.Accordingtothemodesoftransport,itcanbedividedinto3kinds:directB/L,transshipmentB/LandthroughB/L.(直达提单、转船提单和联运提单),返回目录,百度文库百度文库,二、Seawaybill海运单三、Railwaybill铁路运输单据四、AirWaybill空运单五、Multimodaltransportdocument多式联运单据,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,第五章国际货物运输保险Insurance,第一节Thescopeofseatransportationinsurancecover海洋运输保险的范围一、Perilsofthesea海上风险(一)Naturalcalamities:自然灾害Theyarecausedbytheforcesresultingfromthechangesofnature,e.g.,vileweather,thunder,lightning,tsunami,earthquake,flood,etc.(二)Fortuitousaccidents:意外事故Theyincludeaccidentsresultingfromunexpectedcauses,thecarryingconveyancebeinggrounded,stranded,orincollisionwithfloatingiceorotherobjects,aswellasfireorexplosion.,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,二、Oceanlosses海上损失(一)Totalloss全部损失Itisclassifiedinto2kinds:1.ActualTotalLoss:实际全损Itmeansthattheinsuredsubjectmatteristotallyandirretrievablylost.2.ConstructiveTotalLoss:推定全损Itisestimatedthattheactualtotallossofcargoisinevitableorthecostofsalvageorrecoverycouldhaveexceedthevalueofthecargo.(二)Partialloss单独海损1.GeneralAverage:共同海损Itreferstoacertainspecialsacrificeandextraexpenseintentionallyincurredforthegeneralinterestsoftheshipowner,theinsurer,andtheownersofthevariouscargoesabroadtheship.,返回目录,百度文库百度文库,2.Particularaverage:单独海损Itm