Bacon and Of_Studies赏析.ppt

FrancisBacon,(1561-1626),borninLondon,Englishphilosopher,statesman,scientist,juristandauthor.founderofmaterialistphilosophy.FatherofExperimentalscience.,BaconsEssays,159710essays161238essays162558esssaysHeisoftercreditedwithhavinginventedtheessayforminEnglishliterature.,CharacteristicsofBaconsEssays,Baconsessaysarefamousfortheirbrevity,compactnessandpowerfulness.Theessaysarewell-arrangedandenrichedbyBiblicalallusions,metaphorsandcadence.,BaconsTopics,ambitionandangerbeautyandbuildingofgardendeathanddeformitylove,truth,friendship,marriageparentsandchildrenstudiesyouthandagerichesreligionhealthandhonor,famousquotations,(Beauty)isassummerfruits,whichareeasytocorrupt,andcannotlast.(friendship)redoublethjoys,andcuttethgriefsinhalves.(marriage)Wivesareyoungmensmistress;compaionsformiddleages;andoldmannurses.,Bacon,OfStudyWhatsyourdefinitionofstudies?Whataretheyusedfor?Whatisyourreadinghabit?Whatkindofreadinghabitdoyouthinkisthebest?Doyoubelieve“poetsmakemenwitty”asBaconsay?Howandwhy?Citeexamplestoprovethatdifferentbranchesofstudiesreallyimproveyourcharacter,andaddmorebranchesofstudiestofullydeveloptheidea.Giveapresentationofitsdiscussion,explainingthemainideasandtheorganizationoftheessay,andparaphrasingsomeimportantlines.,Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.,Readinghasthreefunctions.Itdelightsyou;itbeautifiesyou;anditstrengthensyourability.,Theirchiefusefordelightisinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgmentanddispositionofbusiness.,Thedelightofreadingliesinyourprivatelifeandretirement.Thebeautifyingofreadingliesinhowyoutalktoothers.Thewayreadingstrengthensyourablityliesinyouractofjudging,howyouassessapersonorsituationoreventandhowyoudealwithit.,privateness:privatelife,solitude,retreat,discourse:conversation,Forexpertmencanexecute,andperhapsjudgeofparticulars,onebyone;butthegeneralcounsels,andtheplotsandmarshallingofaffairs,comebestfromthosethatarelearned.,for:although,despite,expertmen:menofpracticalexperience,Althoughmenwithgreatexperiencecouldjudgetheaffairsfromeachsituationandaccomplishthemwell,menwhoarelearnedalwaysarethebestonetohavecommandofthegeneraldirection,theplanandthearrangement.,execute:carrythrough,accomplish,counsel:direction,plot:plan,marshal:arrangement,Tospendtoomuchtimeinstudiesissloth;tousethemtoomuchforornamentisaffectation;tomakejudgmentwhollybytheirrulesisthehumorofascholar.,sloth:laziness,inactivity,affectation:adeliberatepretenseorexaggerateddisplay,humor:mannerism,temperament,Spendingtoomuchtimeinreadingmakesyouexhaustedandlazy.Usingreadingasatooltobeautifyyourselfispretending.Makingdecisionstoyourheartscontentistoosubjectiveandsilly.,Theyperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience;fornaturalabilitiesarelikenaturalplants,thatneedpruningbystudy;andstudiesthemselvesdogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,excepttheybeboundedinbyexperience.,(studies),Readingmakesupforyournaturaldisadvantages,andexperienceisneededtocompensateforthedisadvantagesofreading.Wereadandknowhowtoweedouttheunwantedpartsofplants.Sodoesknowledge.Wereadandwedeletewhatwedontneed.Itisreadingthatgivesusdetaileddirections,exceptforsomedirectionsthatareonlyguidedbyexperience.,prune:weedoutunwantedorunnecessarythings,toomuchatlarge:ingeneral,Craftymencontemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem,fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthem,andabovethem,wonbyobservation.,craftymen:craftsman=apersonskilledinajob,contemn:lookdownonwithdisdain,Menskilledinajoblookdownonreading.Menwholackintelligencelookuptoreading.Menwithwisdomapplyreadingtotheirlife.However,booksdonotconvinceothersbytheirusage.Thewisdomofreadingdoesntlieinsideabook,butoutsidethebook.Youcouldjustgetitbyobservation.,Readnottocontradictandconfute;nortobelieveandtakeforgranted;nortofindtalkanddiscourse;buttoweighandconsider.Dontdisagreehostilelywhenyouarereading,dontbelieveitwholly.Weshouldnotonlyfocusonthewordsandsentences,butalsothinkaboutitbackandforth.,superstition,Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested;,1.Taste-,Toreadinthewaythatyoutestthetasteoffood,toreadbitshereandthere,Toreadthewholebookorstory,butwithlittleattentionorwithoutthroughunderstanding,2.Swallow-,Toreadcarefullyandslowlyandthenthinkaboutandunderstandthemeaningorimportanceof,3.Chewanddigest-,thatissomebooksaretobereadonlyinparts;otherstoberead,butnotcuriously;andsomefewtobereadywholly,andwithdiligenceandattention.,Somebooksalsomaybereadbydeputy,andextractsmadeofthembyothers;butthatwouldbeonlyinthelessimportantarguments,andthemeanersortofbooks,elsedistilledbooksarelikecommondistilledwaters,flashythings.flashything:brilliantbutemptythings.,Readingmakethafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.Readingfulfillsaman,discussionmakesamanwitty,notemakesamanclear,Andtherefore,ifamanwritelittle,hehadneedhaveagreatmemory;ifheconferlittle,hehadneedhaveapresentwit:andifhereadlittle,hehadneedhavemuchcunning,toseemtoknowthathedothnot.Presentwit:quickwit.thathedothnot:whathedoesnotknow.,parallelism,Therefore,menwhodonttakenotesoftenshouldstrengthenthememory,menwhodontdiscussoftenshouldbesmarter,andmenwhodontoftenreadshouldbemoresophisticated.,Historiesmakemenwise;poets,witty;themathematics,subtle;naturalphilosophy,deep,moral,grave;logicandrhetoric,abletocontend.,witty:imaginative,inventive,subtle:abletomakefinedistinctions,moral:concernedwithprinciplesofrightandwrongorconformingtostandardsofbehavior,grave:serious,Learninghistoriesmakesmenclear-minded;learningpoemsmakesmenclever;learningmathematicsmakesmencarefulandcautious;learningnaturalphilosophy,yourmindwillbebroadened,yourprincipleswillberegulated,andyourwayofthinkingwillbeserious;learninglogicandrhetoric,youwillbeabletoarguewithothersclearlyandeffectively.,rhetoric:usinglanguageeffectivelytopleaseorpersuade,contend:haveanargumentaboutsomething,Abeuntstudiainmores.Nay,thereisnostondorimpedimentinthewitbutmaybewroughtoutbyfitstudies;likeasdiseasesofthebody,mayhaveappropriateexercises.,Abeuntstudiainmores:Youmaycultivateyourowntemperamentwhilereading.,nay:notthismerelybutalso;notonlysobut;,stond:difficulty;,impediment:anystructurethatmakesprogressdifficult;,wit:theabilitytosayorwritethingsthatarebothcleverandamusing,wrought:thepasttenseofWORK,Youmaycultivateyourowntemperamentwhilereading.However,theremaybeobviousdifficultyordisadvantagesinyourmind.Youmaysolvethisproblembyproperreading.Justlikedoingphysicalexercisescouldgetridofthediseases.Theyarethesame.,Bowlingisgoodforthestoneandreins;shootingforthelungsandbreast;gentlewalkingforthestomach;ridingforthehead,andthelike.,Playingbowlingstrengthensyourstoneandkidney.Shootingstrengthensyourlungandbreast.Gentlewalkingstrengthensyourstomach.Ridingstrengthensyourheadandbrain.Theyareinthesamerule.,reins:gallbladderandkidneys,Soifamanswitbewandering,lethimstudythemathematics;forindemonstrations,ifhiswitbecalledawayneversolittle,hemustbeginagain.,wander:moveaboutaimlesslyorwithoutanydestination,demonstration:theactofpresentingsomethingtosightorview,Therefore,ifamancantconcentratehismind,lethimstudythemathematics.Heshouldpaygreatattentionduringtheprocess.Oncehisattentionrunsmilesaway,hellhavetorestart.,Ifhiswitbenotapttodistinguishorfinddifferences,lethimstudytheschoolmen,fortheyareCyminisectores.Ifhebenotapttobeatovermattersandtocalluponethingtoproveandillustrateanother,lethimstudythelawyerscases.Soeverydefectofthemindmayhaveaspecialreceipt.,apt:proper,schoolmen:TheschoolmenwerephilosophersanddivinesoftheMiddleAges,whospentmuchtimeonpointsofniceandabstractspeculation.,cyminisectores:splittersofhairs,beatover:investigate,defect:afailingordeficiency,Ifheisnotpropertofindoutthedifferences,lethimlearnfromthephilosophersanddivinesoftheMiddleAges,becausetheyaresplittersofhairs.Ifheisnotproperto