华东理工大学过程装备与系统 (双语).doc

Chapter 1 Introduction to Process EquipmentKey TermsAxial bearings轴向轴承: devices designed to prevent back-and-forth movement of a shaft; also called thrust bearings.Boiler锅炉: a type of fired furnace used to boil water and produce steam; also known as a steam generator.Compressors压缩机: mechanical devices designed to accelerate or compress gases; classified as positive displacement or dynamic.Coupling联轴器: a device that attaches the drive shaft of a motor or steam turbine to a pump, compressor, or generator.Driver: a device designed to provide rotational energy to driven equipment.Heat exchanger换热器: an energy-transfer device designed to transfer energy in form of heat from a hotter fluid to a cooler fluid without physical contact between the two fluids.Pumps泵: devices designed to move liquids from one place to another; classified as positive displacement or dynamic.Reactor反应器: a device used to combine raw materials, heat, pressure, and catalysts in the right proportions to form chemical bonds that create new products.Steam turbine蒸汽轮机: an energy-conversion device that converts steam energy(kinetic energy) to useful mechanical energy; used as drivers to turn pumps, compressors, and electric generators.Valve阀: a device used to stop, start, restrict(throttle), or direct the flow of fluids.Questions:1. Identify the purpose of a steam turbineThe purpose of a steam turbine is to converts kinetic energy to useful mechanical energy in order to drive pumps, compressors, and electric generators. (P9)2. Describe the importance of equipment lubrication.Lubrication protects the moving parts of equipment, helps remove heat generated and provides a fluid barrier between the metals parts to reduce friction, thus ensuring the good operation of process equipment. (P10)3. Explain the purpose of bearings and seals.Bearings prevent up-and-down and side-to-side or back-and-forth movement of a rotating shaft.Seals prevent leakage between internal compartments in a rotating piece of equipment. (P10)Rotary equipment uses seals and bearings to maintain operation integrity. (P20)4. What is the difference between rotary and stationary equipment?Rotary equipment is characterized by a circular movement and is composed of a driver, a connector, and the driven equipment. (P4)However, stationary equipment is static. (自己编的)5. How is power transmission in rotary equipment classified?Power transmission in rotary equipment is classified as speed-to-torque conversion or torque-to-speed conversion. (P6)Chapter 2 ValvesKey TermsCheck valves止回阀: mechanical valves that prevent reverse flow in piping.Control valves: automated valves used to regulate and throttle flow; typically provide the final control element of a control loop.Disc阀瓣: a device made of metal or ceramic that fits snugly in the seat of a valve to control flow.Gate valve闸阀: a device that places a movable metal gate in the path of a process flow.Globe valve止通阀: a device that places a disc in the path of a process flow.Safety/relief valve安全/释放阀: device set to a automatically relieve pressure in a closed system at a predetermined set point; relief valve valves are used for liquids; safety valves are used for gases.Stuffing box填料函: the section of a valve that contains packing.Throttling节流: reducing or regulating flow below the maximum output of a valve.Trim: the flow-control element and seats in a valve.Questions:6. Explain the purpose of valves in industrial manufacturing.The primary purpose of a valve is to direct and control the flow of fluids by starting, stopping, and throttling (restricting) flow to make processing possible. (P25)7. Identify the basic components of a gate valve.P27 Figure 2.28. List the main types of valves.Gate valves. Globe valves. Ball valves. Check valves. Butterfly valves. Plug valves. Diaphragm valves. Relief and safety valves. Automatic valves.9. Compare a relief valve to a safety valve.Relief valve valves are used for liquids; safety valves are used for gases.10. List the four types of check valves.Swing check valve. Lift check valve. Ball check valve. Stop check valve.Chapter 3 Tanks, Piping, and VesselsKey TermsAlloy合金: a material composed of two or more metals or a metal and a nonmetal.Blind盲板: a device used in piping to gain complete shutoff.Butt-weld piping: pipe on which the parts to be joined are the same diameter and simply welded together.Corrosion腐蚀: electrochemical reactions between metal surfaces and fluids that result in the gradual wearing away of the metal.Flanges法兰: used to connect piping to equipment or where piping may have to be disconnected; consist of two mating plates fastened with bolts to compress a gasket between.Floating-roof tank: has an open top and a pan-like structure that floats on top of the liquid and moves up and down inside the tank with each change in liquid level.Grounding: is described as procedure designed to connect and object to the earth with a copper wire and a grounding rod.Radiographic inspection: use of X-rays to locate defects in metals in much the same manner as an X-ray is taken of a broken bone.Socket-welded piping: type of piping in which the pipe is inserted into a larger fitting before being welded to another part.Tank farm罐区: a collection of tanks used to store and transport raw materials and products.Questions:11. List the different types of aboveground storage found in a tank farm.Low, medium, high pressure. (P51)12. What two types of blinds do we use?Paddle blinds and figure-eight blinds. (P64)13. How does increased temperature affect the performance of metals?In general, as temperature increases, the strength of metals decreases and corrosion rate increases. (P66)14. What is an alloy steel?Steel that contains alloy elements is called alloy steel. (自己编的)15. What is corrosion, and how is it manifested?Corrosion is electrochemical reactions between metal surfaces and fluids that result in the gradual wearing away of the metal (定义). In a word, corrosion is metal loss. (P60)Corrosion attack manifests itself in many ways, such as general loss of metal, pitting, grooving, cracking, or other kinds of selective attack. (P60)Chapter 4 PumpsKey TermsCentrifugal pumps离心泵: a dynamic pump that accelerates fluid in a circular motion.Impeller叶轮: a device attached to the shaft of a centrifugal pump that imparts velocity and pressure to a liquid.Positive displacement正位移、容积式: class of equipment such as pumps and compressors that move specific amounts of fluid from one place to another; can be rotary or reciprocating.Priming灌液: becoming filled with fluid.Pulsation dampener缓冲器: a device installed close to a pump, in the suction or discharge line, to reduce pressure variations.Reciprocating pump往复泵: a positive displacement pump that uses a plunger, piston, or diaphragm moving in a back-and-forth motion to physically displace a specific amount of fluid in a chamber.Rotary pump回转泵: a positive displacement pump that uses rotating elements to move fluids.Slip泄漏: the percentage of fluid that leaks or slips past the internal clearance of a pump over a given time.Vapor lock气缚: condition in which a pump loses liquid prime and the impellers rotate in vapor.Questions:16. Describe the scientific principles associated with centrifugal pump operation and identify key components.P8917. List the various types of rotary pumps.Screw pump, external gear, internal gear, sliding vane, flexible vane, lobe pumps.18. List the various types of reciprocating pumps.Piston, plunger, diaphragm.19. What are the advantages of centrifugal pumps?Centrifugal pumps are cheaper and require less maintenance and space.They will operate with a constant head pressure over a wide capacity range.It is easier to change the element on a centrifugal pump than on a PD pump, and it is easier to change the driver.A final advantage is the adaptability of the selected driver-variable horsepower and fixed or variable speed. (P92)Chapter 5 CompressorsKey TermsAftercooler后冷却器: a heat-exchange device designed to remove excess heat from the discharge side of a multistage compressor.Compression ratio: the ratio of discharge pressure(psia) to suction pressure(psia). Multistage compressors use a compression ratio in the 3 to 4 range, with the same approximate compression ratio in rach stage.Demister除雾器: a cyclone-type device used to swirl and remove moisture from a gas.Dryer: removes moisture from gas.Lobe compressor罗茨压缩机: a rotary compressor that contains kidney bean-shaped impellers.Oil separator: removes oil from compressed gases.Stage: each cylinder in a compressor; specifically, the area where gas is compressed.Questions:20. List the two types of compressors.Dynamic, positive displacement, thermal.21. List the three rotary compressors.Rotary screw, lobe compressor, liquid ring, sliding vane, scroll.22. List the basic components of a centrifugal compressor. P12123. List the main difference between a single-stage and a multistage compressor.Single-stage compressors compress the gas once, whereas multistage compressors deliver the discharge of one stage to the suction of another stage. Single-stage compressors are designed for high gas flow rates and low discharge pressures; multistage compressors are designed for high gas flow rates and high discharge pressures. (P121)24. What is the difference between dynamic and positive displacement compressors? Dynamic compressors operate by accelerating the gas and converting the energy to pressure. They can deliver much higher flow rates than PD compressors. Positive displacement compressors operate by trapping a specific amount of gas and forcing it into a smaller volume. (P140)Chapter 7 Heat ExchangersKey TermsCondenser冷凝器: a shell-and-tube heat exchanger used to cool and condense hot vapors.Conduction传导: the means of heat transfer through a solid, nonporous material resulting from molecular vibration. Conduction can also occur between closely packed molecules.Convection对流: the means of heat transfer in fluids resulting from currenst.Counterflow逆流: refers to the movement of two flow streams in opposite directions; also called countercurrent flow.Fixed head固定头: a term applied to a shell-and-tube heat exchanger that has the tube sheet firmly attached to the shell.Laminar flow层流: streamline flow that is more or less unbroken; layers of liquid flowing in a parallel path.Radiant heat transfer辐射传热: conveyance of heat by electromagnetic waves from a source to receivers.Reboiler再沸器: a heat exchanger used to add heat to a liquid that was once boiling until the liquid boils again.Shell-and-tube heat exchange管壳式换热器: a heat exchanger that has a cylindrical shell surrounding a tube bundle.Turbulent flow湍流: random movement or mixing in swirls and eddies of a fluid.Questions:25. What is a heat exchanger?A heat exchanger is an energy-transfer device designed to transfer energy in form of heat from a hotter fluid to a cooler fluid without physical contact between the two fluids. (第一章)26. What is meant by the term floating head?Floating head heat exchangers are designed for high temperature differentials above 200 (93.33). During operation, one tube is fixed and the other “floats” inside the shell. The floating end is not attached to the shell and is free to expand. (P163)27. List five types of heat exchangers.Pipe coil exchangers, double-pipe heat exchangers, shell-and-tube heat exchangers, reboilers, plate-and-frame heat exchangers, air-cooled heat exchangers, spiral heat exchangers.28. Explain the purpose of using finned tubes in heat exchangers.Fins provide more surface area and allow greater heat transfer to take place. (P172)29. Contrast parallel and series flow through a heat exchanger.In series flow, the tube-side flow in a multipass heat exchanger is discharged into the tube-side flow of the second exchanger. This discharge route could be switched to shell side or tube side depending on how the exchanger is in service. The principle is that the flow passes through one exchanger before it goes to another. In parallel flow, the process flow goes through multiple exchangers at the same time. (P167)Chapter 8 Cooling TowersKey TermsAir intake louvers进风口: slats located at the bottom or sides of a cooling tower to direct airflow.Basin水池/槽: concrete storage compartment or catch basin located at the bottom of the cooling tower.Blowdown排污/清洗: a process of controlling the level of suspected solids in a cooling tower by removing a certain amount of water from the basin and replacing it with makeup water.Capacity可冷却的水量: the amount of water a cooling tower can cool.Cooling towers冷却塔: are evaporative coolers specifically designed to cool water or other mediums to the ambient wet-bulb air temperature.Drift elimina