（京津鲁琼专用）2020版高考英语二轮复习专题五书面表达层级三第三讲概要写作教案.docx

第三讲概要写作考点考查项目2019.62018.112018.62017.112017.6概要写作语篇类型议论文说明文轮空轮空轮空主题语境人与社会人与自我主题内容表扬孩子的方式参观即将报考的大学考查方式提供一篇350词以内的短文，要求考生基于该短文写一篇60词左右的内容概要概要写作是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。概要写作考查的是考生在实现自由的思维表达之前，对他人的信息在充分理解的基础上进行大意表达的能力。一、题型特点1概要写作是读写结合的题型，既考查考生理解文章主旨和段落中心的能力，又考查考生用正确的语法形式、适当的语言表达主旨的能力。2概要写作一般以自然段为基础概括要点。有些段落有主题句，考生需要对主题句进行改写和调整；有些段落没有明显的主题句，考生需要自己归纳要点。二、选材特点概要写作的原文一般是议论文和说明文。文章结构比较清楚。三、评分标准1本题总分为25分，按5个档次给分。2评分时，先根据所写概要的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来衡量、确定或调整档次，最后给分。3词数少于40的和多于80的，从总分中减去2分。4评分时，应主要从以下四个方面考虑：对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；上下文的连贯性；对各要点表达的独立性情况。5拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个重要方面，评分时，应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。6如书写较差以致影响交际，可将分数降低一个档次。各档次的给分范围和要求档次要求第五档(2125分)理解准确，涵盖全部要点；能准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇；有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使所完成的概要结构紧凑；完全使用自己的语言第四档(1620分)理解准确，涵盖绝大部分要点；所使用的语法结构和词汇虽有些错误，但完全不影响意义的表达；比较有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使所完成的概要结构紧凑；有个别整句抄自原文第三档(1115分)理解较为准确，涵盖大部分要点；所使用的语法结构和词汇虽有些错误，但不影响意义的表达；使用简单的语句间的连接成分，使上下文内容连贯；出现两句以上整句抄自原文的现象第二档(610分)理解有误差，仅涵盖半数要点；有些语法结构和词汇方面的错误，影响了意义的表达；较少使用语句间的连接成分，全文内容缺失连贯性；出现两句以上整句抄自原文的现象第一档(15分)没有理解原文，造成概要内容与原文主题不符；有较多语法结构和词汇方面的错误，严重影响了意义的表达；缺乏语句间的连接成分，全文内容不连贯；多个句子抄自原文0分白卷、内容太少无法判断或所写内容与所提供内容无关典例阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Dieters have long sworn that grapefruit helps people lose weight.The Grapefruit Diet，also called the Hollywood Diet，dates back to the 1930s and has a host of celebrity fans including singer Kylie Minogue.It involves having grapefruit or grapefruit juice with every meal while cutting back on calories.Now, scientists are beginning to believe them.A study has found that drinking grapefruit juice when eating fatty food lowers the amount of weight put on by up to a fifth.The research also suggested that grapefruit could be as good as prescription drugs at keeping blood sugar levels under controla key part of managing diabetes(糖尿病)The experiments were conducted on micebut researchers say the results justify studies on humans.Professor Joseph Napoli, of the University of California, Berkeley, said, “We see all sorts of scams about nutrition. But these results, based on controlled experiments, warrant(需要) further study of the potential healthpromoting properties of grapefruit juice.” The researchers found that when the mice were fed fatty food for three months, those given grapefruit juice to drink gained up to 18 percent less weight than those given water.They also had lower blood sugar and insulin(胰岛素) levelsdespite eating the same number of calories and doing the same amount of exercise as the mice who drank water. In fact, grapefruit juice was as good at controlling insulin as the widely used diabetes drug metformin(二甲双胍), the journal PLOSONE reports.However, the fruit juice only had an effect on weight when the animals ate fatty food.The researchers said they did not know how grapefruit stops the pounds from piling on.Spokesman Mariette Abrahams, a dietician, said until then it is too early for people to try grapefruit diets. “Grapefruit should be part of a healthy balanced diet，but it shouldnt be the focus of the diet，” she said._本文是一篇科普类说明文，主要介绍了葡萄柚的减肥功效。第一段介绍了葡萄柚用于减肥的历史背景；第二至七段的内容是：研究表明，葡萄柚对人的身体健康有很多好处；第八段介绍了葡萄柚汁减肥的局限性；最后一段对葡萄柚饮食提出了不同的意见。考生在作答时，应注意条理清晰，避免混乱性语句；语言简洁，要点全面，可将原文中涉及的人名、地名等非重要信息忽略，以节约词数。另外，考生在作答时应注意语言的准确性和语句间的衔接性。Dieters think grapefruit juice helps lose weight and the Grapefruit Diet or the Hollywood Diet was a popular way of losing weight in the 1930s.(要点1)The experiments conducted on mice, which can also apply to humans, show that grapefruit juice benefits the loss of weight and the control of blood sugar and insulin levels.(要点2)However, the fruit only takes effect when the animals eat fatty food.(要点3)The opposite view doesnt think eating grapefruit can be the focus of the diet.(要点4)一、解题步骤1解读文本，提取关键词 概要写作就是浓缩文章的一个过程，首先要解读文本，并且要遵循整体阅读的阅读原则，把握文章的整体结构，然后提取关键词。关键词的提取在概要写作中发挥着重要的作用，因此要尽可能保证其准确性。如果关键词提取把握不准，将会导致一步错即步步错。首先将文章中的衔接词标注出来，并且对文章的整体结构进行梳理。(1)语篇中并不是每一个段落都有主题句，因此不能有依赖主题句而去找主题句的意识，有些段落没有主题句，就应当寻找关键词。(2)即使语篇段落中有主题句，而且主题句很明显，但是主题句的替换难度比关键词的替换难度要大，因此，如果对主题句有过度的依赖，思维方面会受到严重的限制。(3)从主题句中提取出来的关键词，经过还原之后会发现，经常会出现还原后的要点在表述和覆盖上面欠缺完整性。基于此类原因，我们要对语篇关键词和主题句的提取加以重视，从以下两个方面着手：直接提取。有些文本中主题句很明显，而且对于目标和要点也进行了精准的概括，这时候就可以采取直接提取法，从主题句中提取关键词。如北京卷的：The phenomenon of tracking celebrities has been around for ages. In the 4th century BC., painters followed Alexander the Great into battle, hoping to picture his victories for his admirers. When Charles Dickens visited America in the 19th century, his soldout readings attracted thousands of fans, leading him to complain(抱怨) about his lack of privacy. Tabloids of the 1920s and 1930s ran articles about filmstars in much the same way that modern tabloids and websites do.“The phenomenon of.and websites do.”这一段就将整篇文章的目标要点详细概述出主题句是开头的第一句即“The phenomenon of.for ages.”我们可以直接从这一句中提取关键词，如“for ages”和“tracking celebrities”，除此之外，还要提取语篇当中的衔接词，如“in the 4th century”，“the 1920s and 1930s”等，这些词将下文中的时间信息精准概括起来，利用这些关键词，可以有效还原原文的脉络。间接整合。如果语篇中没有明显的主题句，而且关键词也不集中，在文本结构中比较分散，这个时候，可以筛选段落中的关键词并进行整合。如四川卷中的Generally, people believe that the hormone oxytocin is let out in our body in various social situations and our body creates a large amount of it during positive social interactions(互动) such as falling in love or giving birth.But in a previous experiment Professor Ryan found that the hormone is also let out in our body during negative social interactions such as envy.这一部分中有很多重要的关键词，但是没有主题句子，即使有较多的衔接词如“but”，“generally”也并未有多大的作用，这时候就应当进行间接整合，提取这一部分中的关键词，如“is let out”，“social interactions”以及“negative”等。 2扩词成句 扩词成句是概要写作的最基本要求，在这个过程中，我们应用推理对关键词和主题句进行反复的推敲，争取还原的要点与原文的要点守恒，既不多也不少。一般还原包含两个部分，一是简单句，二是复合句。简单句可以利用同义词替换，即在提取关键词之后，对其进行简单的扩充，将关键词变成简单的句子，这样不仅保证表达的要点不变，还使替换后的语篇在句子表达上面更加丰富。对于复合句，在关键词扩充成句的基础上再用一些合适的连接词进行连接，既丰富了句子的表达形式，又保证了句子的结构连贯、完整。 3增添色彩，使语篇更加丰富 提取关键词并对关键词进行扩词组句之后，接下来就要将这些句子自然衔接起来，使文章结构和谐。通过增加连接词、采用连接句以及应用篇章结构等方式，突出文章的要点，使文章读起来流畅。 二、解题流程1细读原文。首先要仔细阅读所给短文，掌握文章主旨和结构，明确各段的大意。2弄清要求。概要写作是写全文的概要，不是写某一部分的概要，也不是单就某些问题写出要点。3列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。4动笔前五定：(1)定体裁：通过阅读原文确定写作体裁。(2)定主题：根据原文中的内容确定文章的主题。(3)定时态：如果材料是过去时，那么基本时态用过去时；如果材料是现在时，那么基本时态就用现在时。(4)定人称：一般情况下用第三人称写作。特殊情况，如书信可用第一、第二人称。(5)定技巧：结合相关技巧，重新组句。牢记词数要求，使用地道表达。明确写作词数的上下限、采用高级或精简句式浓缩多个信息点于一句中，高度概括所给文章内容。弄清写作任务中的人称和时态，准确、地道地表达，充分展示语言的表现力。(1)概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。(2)安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。基本上就是段落大意。每段一句话概括或者两段一个大意，最多用两句话概括。(3)注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地罗列一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。每句话要表意明白，无空泛、笼统、含混之词。(4)不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。(5)计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。以4080词为宜。(6)概要写作中的三忌：忌照抄原文；忌私加观点；忌不符字数。 三、高分技巧 四、常用方法1同义替换法I didnt catch any fish owing to the fact that I was not patient.I didnt catch any fish because I was not patient.2正反法You will fail.You will not_succeed3词性转换法Patience is very important.Patience is of_great_importance4句式变换法语态变换：Parents should give children more praise.Children should be_given more praise.简单句变复合句：Children should be encouraged more.This will help them learn faster.Children should be encouraged more, which will help them learn faster.Children are given more praise.They will achieve more success.When given more praise, children will achieve more success.5连词衔接法注意使用一些短而精的连词， 如but, and, so, while, however, then, thus, yet, for, therefore, including, instead of等。We should encourage students.We should not scold them.We should encourage students instead of scolding them.巧设加分点， 想办法为作文加分(1)多使用各种连词， 使文章更为连贯。顺接、递进：firstly/secondly/thirdly, besides, in addition, whats more, whats worse, whats more important, moreover, also, finally, last but not least 转折：but, however, nevertheless, yet, instead, on the other hand, on the contrary, although, while原因：because, because of, since, as, for, now that, thanks to, due to 结果：so, therefore, as a result, so that, then, so.that, such.that总结：to sum up, to conclude, in conclusion, in summary, in a word, in general, in short, above all, after all, generally speaking(2)多使用高级词汇、 句式和短语进行变换， 不要重复使用一个句式和短语。同时要注意避免常见错误：不要为了减少句数而不断使用逗号， 可以通过从句、 连词、 非谓语等来减少句数。如：It was raining hard, so they could not work in the fields.6词序改变法The secret of success was patience.Patience was the secret of success.7细节省略法Dont always scold and give lots of praise instead.Dont scold and give praise instead.8句意理解法Shopping on the Internet is becoming increasingly popular.More and more people prefer Internet shopping.五、写作模板1记叙文概要写作模板点明写作目的类：The writer tells us.(主题)by showing us an example of., who/which.(故事情节)作者经历类：In the passage, the writer mainly tells us his experience of doing sth., which.他人经历类：This passage is mainly about sb.s experience of doing sth.2议论文概要写作模板The article gives the view that.should/shouldnt.(主题).(补充论据)The passage highlights the importance of sth.The author argues that.3说明文概要写作模板现象解释类：This article points out the common phenomenon.(主题), which.(补充解释)利弊对比类：The article compares the disadvantages/benefits of A and B.The passage discusses the impact of sth.On the positive side., but it may also.研究显示类：The study reveals that.The purpose of the report is to show that.(2019浙江卷6月) 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Parents everywhere praise their kids. Jenn Berman, author of The A to Z Guide to Raising Happy and Confident Kids, says, “Weve gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be more strict.” By giving kids a lot of praise, parents think theyre building their childrens confidence, when, in fact, it may be just the opposite. Too much praise can backfire and, when given in a way thats insincere, make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parents praise has put them.Still, dont go too far in the other direction. Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging as giving too much. Kids will feel like theyre not good enough or that you dont care and, as a result, may see no point in trying hard for their accomplishments.So what is the right amount of praise? Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity. If praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome, you can give it as often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward.“We should especially recognize our childrens efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal，” says Donahue, author of Parenting Without Fear: Letting Go of Worry and Focusing on What Really Matters. “One thing to remember is that its the process not the end product that matters.”Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team. But if hes out there every day and playing hard, you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses. Praising the effort and not the outcome can also mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard to clean the yard, cook dinner, or finish a book report. But whatever it is, praise should be given on a casebycase basis and be proportionate(相称的) to the amount of effort your child has put into it._One possible version：How to praise our kids is really a sensitive problem.Experts believe that too much praise or praising the kids in a wrong way may have opposite effects on children.(要点1) On the other hand, no praise also does harm to kids development.(要点2)To gain the best result, our praise should focus on the process rather than the end product.(要点3)Therefore, what we should praise is our kids proper effort, regardless of the result.(要点4)阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。In schools and at home，most of us have been scolded or even got punished for daydreaming.The majority of people say that by daydreaming we waste our time and energy in something that is nothing less than unproductive things.But many medical studies have showed something different.Theyve stressed on the fact that daydreaming works wonders on our imagination power，creativity and situationhandling technique.In fact，many problems can be easily solved if we daydream.The topmost benefit of daydreaming is that your mood gets the right improvement.By separating yourself from the world around you，you tend to enjoy the aloneness in your mind and get peace from daydreaming as you think about something that calms your senses.When you start imagining things while daydreaming，you tend to forget all the stress and tension.Instead，you get happiness from it and this happiness changes into a source of energy that helps you work in a good mood.Many psychologists have said that people who daydream tend to have a sharper memory.Its true that when youre daydreaming，you tend to get carried away to imagining various situations，either real or unreal.You tend to act differently in different situations，trying to satisfy your mind by doing what you want in your dreams.When your mind gets satisfied，youre in a better position to concentrate more on your work.Since daydreaming activates the nerves of your brain，you tend to have higher attentiveness and your ability to remember things develop.When you daydream，you automatically imagine yourself as your heart says and therefore，you get to know yourself better.You also start realizing the mistakes youve made in life and you start trying your best to avoid repeating them.Such imagination techniques help you to connect yourself with your soul._One possible version：Most people regard daydreaming as a waste of time and energy.(要点1) However，thats not the case.Many medical studies have found that daydreaming has a lot of benefits.(要点2) First of all，daydreaming can improve your mood.(要点3) Whats more，it helps develop your memory.(要点4) Last but not least，daydreaming helps you to know yourself better.(要点5)概要写作(一) (建议用时：每篇25分钟)A阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。If youre anything like us, it seems that your stomach starts to grumble as soon as McDonalds golden arches come into view. The reason behind that isnt the mouthwatering taste of their delicious friesthis is how they get them to taste so good by the wayits actually psychological, and it has to do with the colors of their logo.The colors red and yellow were chosen for a specific reasonand no, it wasnt because they looked nice with Ronald McDonalds clownlike face. It actually has to do with science. The color red is stimulating and is associated with being active. It also increases heart rate, which helps to jumpstart your appetite. The color yellow is associated with happiness and is the most visible color in daylight, so thats why a McDonalds sign is so easy to spot on a crowded road.The brain processes color before it processes words or shapes, so thats why the fastfood chain chose these two colors for their logo and brand. Red and yellow makes you hungry, encouraging you to want to buy the product they sell, while also making you feel happy.McDonalds has started to use this color philosophy to influence and change the way people currently think about their brand as well. Many franchises have started to incorporate more of the color green into their storefronts and interior design because its associated with nature and being environmentally friendly, something McDonalds has been criticized for not being in the past. The company has been working to become greener by using environmentally friendly refrigeration and converting used oil into biodiesel fuel.So, next time you pass a McDonalds, dont