勘探开发介绍-英语.ppt

ExploringandDrillingforOilandGas,PreparedbyTomSheeran,WhatareOilandGas?,OilandGasaresubstancesfoundwithintheearthscrust.Theyarethoughttocomefromdecomposedplantandanimalmatter.Scientistsbelievetheplantsandanimalsdiedlongago,andwereslowlyburiedbythicklayersofsediments.Overalongperiodoftime,andwithpressureandtemperature,theorganicmaterialswereconvertedintotheoilandgaswhicharefoundtoday.(Forexample,weknowthatpresentdaygarbagedumpsgiveoffmethanegas),PreparedbyTomSheeran,Oilinitsnaturalstatecanbethickorthin,blackorlightcolored.Whenoilisrefined,manyproductscanbeobtained:EnergyforpowerGasolineforcarsDieselfuelfortrucksandtrainsHi-octanefuelsforplanesHeatingoilforhouses,Manyothermaterialsalsocomefrompetroleum:PlasticsMaterialsforclothes(example:polyesterfabrics)ChemicalsforeverydayusePaints,Whatelsedoweknowaboutoilandgas?,PreparedbyTomSheeran,Didyouknowthatoilhasnaturalgasinit?,Thenaturalgasisinsolution,justlikethecarbondioxidewhichisputinsideofpoptogiveititsfizz.,Whenoilisproduced,somegasisproducedwiththeoil.,Abarrelofoilmaycontainanywherefrom1cubicftofgas,toover10,000cubicft,dependingonthetypeofreservoir.,Thatsenoughgasinasinglebarrelofoiltofillyourwholehouse!,PreparedbyTomSheeran,WherecanwefindOilandGas?,PreparedbyTomSheeran,Somepeoplethinkthatoilisinbigpoolsunderground.Actually,mostoilistrappedinthetinyporespacesbetweengrainsofrockorsand.Mostoftheseporesaretoosmalltobeseenwiththenakedeye.,PreparedbyTomSheeran,So,howdowefindoil-bearingrocks?,Oilandgasarefoundinnaturaltrapswithintheearth.Thesetrapsconsistofdomesorfaults.Impermeablerockabovethetrappreventstheoilandgasfrommigratinguptosurface.An“impermeable”rockisonethatfluidcannotpassthrough.withouttraps,theoilandgascouldmigrateallthewaytothesurfaceandevaporate.,PreparedbyTomSheeran,Oil,Heresanexampleofadome-shapedOilreservoir.,Notethelayerofimpermeablerockwhichpreventstheoilfrommigratingupwards.Also,notethelayerofwaterbelowwhichpreventstheoilfromescapingdown.Why?,PreparedbyTomSheeran,Gas,HeresanexampleofaGasreservoir.,Again,notetheimpermeablelayerofrockpreventingthegasfromescaping.,PreparedbyTomSheeran,Gas,HeresanexampleofanOilreservoirwithaGascap,Oil,Whydoyousupposethegasisontop?,PreparedbyTomSheeran,Howdowefindtheoilreservoirs?,Geophysicistsfindreservoirsbybouncingsoundwavesoffthem,andtiminghowlongittakesforthesoundtocomebackComputersprocessthedatatoconstructpicturesofwhattheearthlookslikeunderground.,source,receivers,t=1sec,t=1.2sec,t=1.42sec,PreparedbyTomSheeran,Whatdowedoafterwefindareservoir?,?,?,?,PreparedbyTomSheeran,WeDrillIntoIt!,PreparedbyTomSheeran,Whatdowedrillwith?,PreparedbyTomSheeran,ADrillingRig!,Hereareafewdifferenttypesofdrillingrigsavailable:,Drillshipsandsemi-submersiblerigsarefordrillinginwaterdepthsfrom100to5000+ft.,JackupRig,Fordrillinginwaterdepthsfrom15ftto+/-350ft.,InlandBarge,Fordrillinginwaterdepthsfrom8to30ft.,PreparedbyTomSheeran,Whatsadrillingrig?,PreparedbyTomSheeran,ADrillingRigis:Apackageofspecialequipmentputtogethertoenableustodrillintotheearth.Adrillingrighasmanydifferentparts:aderrick,asubstructure,hoistingequipment,enginesforpower,drillpipe,steeltanks,pumps,solidscontrolequipment,andmanyotherpieces.Didyouknowthatsomedrillingrigscandrillasdeepas6miles?ThatsasdeepasMt.Everestistall!,PreparedbyTomSheeran,DrillstringDrillbit,Thehoistingequipmentconsistsof:acrownblock,atravelingblock,drillingline,andadrawworkstopullthedrillinglineupordown.,substructure,Thispictureshowsthehoistingequipmentonarig.Thisequipmentisusedtoraiseorlowerthedrillstring,whichispickedupin30footlongsegments,or“joints”,ofdrillpipe.,sparedrillpipe,Thisshowsa30footsectionofdrillpipebeingaddedtothedrillpipealreadyinthehole.,PreparedbyTomSheeran,Heresapictureofthedrillbitdrillingtherock.,Thedrillstringisturnedatsurface,whichturnsthebitatthebottomofthehole.Theteethonthedrillbitgrindtherockintofragments,or“cuttings”.,Drillingmudispumpeddowntheinsideofthedrillpipe,throughjetnozzlesinthebit,andintothe“annulus”.Thisisthespacebetweenthesidesoftheholeandthedrillpipe.Themudliftsthecuttingsandcirculatesthembacktosurfacewheretheyareremoved.,PreparedbyTomSheeran,3)themixtureofdrillingmudanddrillcuttingsarecirculateduptheannulus,screens,5)thedrillcuttingsareremoved,andformacuttingspile.Thiscanbehauledoffanddisposedof.,4)themixtureiscirculatedacrossscreensatsurface,1)Cleandrillingmudistakenfromthesteelmudtanksandpumpeddowntheinsideofthedrillpipe.,2)themudiscirculatedthroughthedrillbitintotheannulus,liftingthecuttingsremovedbythedrillbit.,6)Cleanmudfallsthroughthescreensandisreturnedtothepits,TheDrillingMudCycle,mudpump,PreparedbyTomSheeran,Heresasequenceshowinghowholesaredrilled,First,alargedrillbitisusedtodrillashortintervalofhole.,Then,steelcasingisrunandcementedontheoutsidetokeeptheholefromcollapsing.,0,200,PreparedbyTomSheeran,Next,asmallerbitisruninsidethefirstcasing.Thisbitdrillsoutthebottomofthecasing,anddrillsnewhole.,Then,thisnewholeisalsocasedoffandcemented.,PreparedbyTomSheeran,Again,asmallerholeisdrilledout,andsmallercasingisruntokeeptheholefromfallingin.,PreparedbyTomSheeran,Inthisway,theholeisdrilledinstages,untilthetargetreservoirrockispenetrated.Atthispoint,thegeologistsmustfigureoutifthereisoilorgasinit.,PreparedbyTomSheeran,Theydothisbyrunninglogsacrossthezone.Logsaretoolsrunonelectriccable(“wireline”)whichrecordthephysicalpropertiesintherocksuchasresistivity,porosity,density,radioactivity,andporepressure.,HowdoGeologiststellifthereservoirhasoilorgas?,PreparedbyTomSheeran,Sand,Shale,Siltstone,Shale,Siltstone,Dolomite,Shale,Heresanexampleofwhataloglookslike.Geologistslookatlogstodecidewhetherornottocompleteawell(ifthereisoil),orabandonit(iftheresnooil).,PreparedbyTomSheeran,Canyoutellwherethegeologistwouldcompletethiswell?,GammaRadiation,2005003000,ElectricalResistivity,Porosity,Lookslikegoodsandquality,goodresistivity,mayhaveoilorgas,poorresistivity,probablywater,goodporosity,poorporosity,goodporosity,poorresistivity,probablywater,poorporosity,goodporosity,Righthere!Thisshowsacleansand,withgoodporosityandresistivity.,goodporosity,poorporosity,PreparedbyTomSheeran,Ifthewelllooksgoodonthelogs,werunafinalstringofcasingacrosstheproductionzone,andcementitinplace.,PreparedbyTomSheeran,Then,werunperforatinggunsintheholeandperforate(shootholes)inthecasingacrosstheproductivezone.,PreparedbyTomSheeran,Productiontubingisrun,withapackertoisolatetheproducedzonefromthecasingabove.,tubing,Packer,PreparedbyTomSheeran,Finally,thewellisproducedintoapipeline,whichtakesittoproductionfacilitiesonsurface.,PreparedbyTomSheeran,Theproductionfacilitiesonsurfaceseparateoutthegas,oil,andwaterintotheirseparatephases.,PreparedbyTomSheeran,ProductionSeparator,Oil,ProducedWater,ProducedGas,Fromthere,theoilandgasmayberefinedfurtherbeforebeingreadytomarket.,OilRefinery,StorageTanks,PreparedbyTomSheeran,Finally,thegasandoilcanbesoldtopowercarsandheathouses.,PreparedbyTomSheeran,AndThatsWhe