REACH法规-第三卷译稿-4.doc

A.3 相对密度1. 方法这里描述的方法基于经济合作发展组织测试指南 (1). 基本原理在参考文献 (2)给出.1.1. 简介确定所述的相对密度的方法可应用于固体和液体物质,没有对他们的纯度的任何限制. 被用的各种不同的方法在表1列出.1.2. 定义及单位固体或液体的相对密度是在20时测定的物质的质量与在4测定的水的质量之比。相对密度没有尺寸。物质的密度是其质量与体积之比。在SI单位中,密度的单位为千克/立方米.1.3. 标准物质 (1) (3)在研究一新物质时，并不是在所有的情况下都需要使用标准物质。有时使用标准物质主要是为了检查方法的效果并与其他方法的结果相比较。1.4. 方法原理使用了四种方法1.4.1.浮力方法1.4.1.1.液体比重计 (液体物质)可用漂浮的液体比重计快速并准确的确定密度, 通过读出浸入的深度刻度推出液体的密度。1.4.1.2.流体静力学平衡 (液体和固体物质)利用在空气中测定的试样重量和在一适当的液体中测量 (例如水)的试样重量之间的不同来确定它的密度.对於固体，测定的密度只代表所用的特定的样品. 对于液体的密度的确定，先在空气中测定已知的体积的液体的重量，再在液体中测定液体的密度。1.4.1.3.浸提法 (液体物质) (4)在这个方法中，通过比较液体在侵入一已知体积的试液前后的重量的不同来确定液体的密度。1.4.2.比重瓶法对于固体或液体, 各种不同的形状和已知体积的比重瓶可被使用.通过满和空的比重瓶之间的重量不同和它的已知体积计算密度.1.4.3.空气比较比重瓶(为固体)以任何的形式存在的固体的密度能在室温下通过比较空气比较比重瓶测量. 在空气或一种经体积校准的汽缸中的惰性气体中测量物质的体积。测量质量和体系计算密度。1.4.4.振动密度计 (5) (6) (7)液体的密度可由一振动的密度计测量. 一个U形管机械振动器在由其质量决定的共振频率内振动. 引入一样品改变振动器的共振频率. 应用两已知密度的液体物质对该装置进行校准。应该选择密度在被测物质密度范围内的物质。1.5. 质量标准用于确定相对密度的不同方法的适用性在表中列出.1.6. 方法说明例子给出的标准, 作为附加的技术的细节,在附录中给出.必须在20进行 测试，而且至少进行两次测量.2. 数据见标准.3. 报告测试报告应，如果可能，包括下列信息:- 使用的方法,- 物质 (本身和杂质) 特性的精确详细说明和初步净化步骤,.相对密度应按1.2的规定报告,连同被测物质的物理状态.对结果的解释有关的所有信息和评论必须被报告,尤其关於物质的杂质和物理状态。4. 参考文献(1) OECD, Paris, 1981, Test Guideline 109, Decision of the Council C(81) 30 final.(2) R. Weissberger ed., Technique of Organic Chemistry, Physical Methods of OrganicChemistry, 3rd ed., Chapter IV, Interscience Publ., New York, 1959, vol. I, Part1.(3) IUPAC, Recommended reference materials for realization of physico-chemical properties, Pure and applied chemistry, 1976, vol. 48, 508.(4) Wagenbreth, H., Die Tauchkugel zur Bestimmung der Dichte von Flssigkeiten, Technisches Messen tm, 1979, vol.ll, 427-430.(5) Leopold, H., Die digitale Messung von Flssigkeiten, Elektronik, 1970, vol. 19,297-302.(6) Baumgarten, D., Fllmengenkontrolle bei vorgepackten Erzeugnissen -Verfahren zur Dichtebestimmung bei flssigen Produkten und ihre praktische Anwendung, Die Pharmazeutische Industrie, 1975, vol. 37,717 -726.(7) Riemann, J., Der Einsatz der digital en Dichtemessung im Brauereilaboratorium, Brauwissenschaft, 1976, vol. 9,253-255.附录对於附加的技术上的细节，下列各项标准可作参考.1. 浮力方法1.1 液体比重计DIN 12790, ISO 387 Hydrometer; general instructionsDIN 12791 Part I: Density hydrometers; construction, adjustment and usePart II: Density hydrometers; standardized sizes, designationPart III: Use and testISO 649-2 Laboratory glassware: Density hydrometers for general purposeNF T 20-050 Chemical products for industrial use - Determination of density of liquids - Areometric methodDIN 12793 Laboratory glassware: range find hydrometers1.2 流体静力学平衡对于固体物质I ISO 1183 Method A: Methods for determining the density and relative density of plastics excluding cellular plasticsNF T 20-049 Chemical products for industrial use - Determination of the density of solids other than Powders and cellular products - Hydrostatic balance methodASTM-D-792 Specific gravity and density of plastics by displacementDIN 53479 Testing of plastics and elastomers; determination of density 液体物质ISO 901 ISO 758DIN 51757 Testing of mineral oils and related materials; determination of densityASTM D 941-55, ASTM D 1296-67 and ASTM D 1481-62ASTM D 1298 Density, specific gravity or API gravity of crude petroleum and liquid petroleum products by hydrometer methodBS 4714 Density, specific gravity or API gravity of crude petroleum and liquid petroleum products by hydrometer method1.3 浸提法DIN 53217 Testing of paints, varnishes and similar coating materials; determination of density; immersed body method2. 比重瓶法2.1. 对於液体物质ISO 3507 PycnometersISO 758 Liquid chemical products; determination of density at 20 CDIN 12797 Gay-Lussac pycnometer (for non-volatile liquids which are not too viscous)DIN 12798 Lipkin pycnometer (for liquids with a kinematic viscosity of less than l00 . 10-6 m2 s-1 at 15 C)DIN 12800 Sprengel pycnometer (for liquids as DIN 12798)DIN 12801 Reischauer pycnometer (for liquids with a kinematic viscosity of less than l00 . 10-6 m2 s-1 at 20 C, applicable in particular also to hydrocarbons and aqueous solutions as well as to liquids with higher vapour pressure, approximately 1 bar at 90 C)DIN 12806 Hubbard pycnometer (for viscous liquids of all types which do not have too high a vapour pressure, in particular also for paints, varnishes and bitumen)DIN 12807 Bingham pycnometer (for liquids, as in DIN 12801)DIN 12808 Jaulmes pycnometer (in particular for ethanol - water mixture)DIN 12809 Pycnometer with ground-in thermometer and capillary side tube (for liquids which are not too viscous)DIN 53217 Testing of paints, varnishes and similar products; determination of density by pycnometerDIN 51757 Point 7: Testing of mineral oils and related materials; determination of densityASTM D 297 Section 15: Rubber products - chemical analysisASTM D 2111 Method C: Halogenated organic compoundsBS 4699 Method for determination of specific gravity and density of petroleum products (graduated bicapillary pycnometer method)BS 5903 Method for determination of relative density and density of petroleum products by the capillary- stoppered pycnometer methodNF T 20-053 Chemical products for industrial use - Determination of density of solids in Powder and liquids - Pyknometric method2.2. 对於固体物质ISO 1183 Method B: Methods for determining the density and relative density of plastics excluding cellular plasticsNF T 20-053 Chemical products for industrial use -Determination of de