初中英语系动词全解.doc

系动词连系动词即系动词。 系动词，亦称连系动词（Link Verb）。作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语，亦称补语（形容词），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。目 录1简介1. 1.1 定义 2. 1.2 详细分别 3. 1.3 主要分类2注意事项3怎样区分1. 3.1 比较法 2. 3.2 替换法4专项训练1. 4.1 练习题 2. 4.2 答案与分析1简介定义例如：He feel ill yesterday. 他昨天病了。（feel是系动词，后跟表语，说明主语情况。）。关于连系动词后接不定式 连系动词 be (am,is,are)后根据情况可自由地接不定式作表语：1).My dream is to be a scientist. 我的梦想是当一名科学家。2).All you have to do is to listen. 你只需要听。 seem, appear, prove, turn out, grow 等连系动词后也可接不定式(尤其是 to be)短语作表语：1).The man seemed to be ill. 这个人好像病了。2).The plan proved to be useful. 这个计划证明是有用的。3).He appears to know this. 他好像知道这一点。4).The weather turned out to be fine. 天气结果很好。5).He has grown to like studying English. 他渐渐喜欢学英语了。若所接不定式为to be，通常可以省略be。 sound, smell, feel, taste, become 等连系动词后通常不能接不定式：(也可以理解为用主动表被动）误：These oranges taste to be good. (应去掉 to be)误：The roses smell to be nice. (应去掉 to be)连系动词look后有时也可接to be，但以省略to be为多。详细分别1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）2）持续系动词He always keeps silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。3）表像系动词He looks tired. 他看起来很累。He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。4）感官系动词感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft.这种布手感很软。This flower smells very sweet.这朵花闻起来很香。5）变化系动词例如：She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富有了。6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达证实，变成之意，例如：The rumor proved false. 这个谣言证实有假。The search proved difficult. 搜查证据很难。His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）主要分类状态可用来表示主语性质或状态，只有be一词，例如：He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。（表示主语的身份性质）He is ill. 他病了。（表示主语的状态）持续He always keep silent at meeting. 他开会时总是保持沉默。This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍然是一个谜。表像He looks so tired. 他看起来很累。He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。感官感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, look 例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft.这种布手感很软。This flower smells very sweet.这朵花闻起来很香。变动,be.例如：He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。终止表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达证实，变成之意，例如：The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）英语系动词的功能主要是把表语（名词、形容词、某些副词、非谓词、介词短语、从句）和它的主语联系在一起，说明主语的属性、特征或状态。它有自己的但不完全的词义，不能在句中独立作谓语，必须和后面的表语一起构成句子的谓语。它虽是虚词，但是其用法是复杂的，而且不可忽视。许多英语初学者会因此出现这样那样的错误，然而许多语法书却没作专门系统的介绍。因此，我们有必要小结一下英语系动词用法，以便大家参考。我想从以下四个方面归纳一下英语系动词的用法：I、常见系动词错误及其成因；II、系动词分类；III、系动词用法应注意的8个问题；IV、系动词与高考及其练习。2注意事项系动词本身有一定的词义，不能单独作谓语，后面与表语连用。复习系动词时，必须注意以下几个问题：1.系动词be是最重要的，主语不同，be的形式也不同，且有时态的变化。通常表示主语的特征、状态和身份等，后面接形容词、副词、名词、介词短语、不定式、v-ing、过去分词及表语从句作表语。特别要注意“由be+过去分词”所构成的系表结构与“由be+过去分词”所构成的被动语态的区别。前者侧重于表示主语的特征或所处的状态，通常没有由by引导的介词短语。如：The door was closed.后者侧重于强调主语是谓语动词所示动作的承受者，表示动作；句中可以用由by引导的介词短语。如：The door was closed by me.还要注意“由be+ V-ing所构成的系表结构与“由be+ V-ing”所构成的进行时态的区别。前者侧重于说明主语具有的特征或存在的状态，也可说明主语是什么。如：My job is teaching English.后者侧重于强调主语正在做某事。如：Mr Wang is reading an evening paper now.2. 要注意由行为动词转化成的系动词。表示人体感官的系动词有sound，taste，look，feel，smell等，后面接形容词；表示主语从一种状态转变到另一种状态的系动词有become，get，go，turn，run，grow，come，fall，prove等，后面接形容词、名词或 to be+形容词，become后面接单数名词时，名词前要用不定冠词，turn后面接单数名词时，名词前不用不定冠词；表示主语继续或保持某种身份、特征或状态的系动词有continue，keep，remain，stay，stand lie，rest，stay等，后面接表示状态的形容词；表示判断的系动词有seem和appear，后面接形容词、to be+名词或形容词、that-clause、不定式等。3. 要注意系动词的固定搭配。常见的有come true, fall asleep, fall ill, go bad, come right, run wild, wear thin, turn nasty等。4.要特别注意某些动词既可以做系动词，又可以做实意动词的用法。系动词部分主要注意：其后要求接形容词，而不是副词做表语。遇到这种情况，只能先根据其意思判断清楚到底是前者还是后者，然后再对后面的词性和词义做出正确判断和选择。以taste一词为例：The newly-invented soft drinking tastes quite unique.（这种新研制的软饮料尝起来挺独特的。注意：在这句话里，taste做系动词，不能使用进行时，后面接形容词。）The chef is tasting the fish carefully.（厨师长正在品尝这道鱼。注意：在这句话中，taste做实意动词，可以使用进行时，并且后面接副词做状语。）系动词用法应注意的七个问题1系动词的进行时态应分情况讨论。一般地说，状态系动词无进行时态，而动态系动词有进行时态。但是在某些情况下，状态系动词也有进行时态，表示两个用途：一是表示一种短暂的、反常的状态。如：He is being kind.（一时而不能持久的性质）他装出和蔼可亲的样子。二是表示一种探询口气，使语言客气、生动、亲切。例如：I hope you are keeping well.（语气委婉）我希望你保持健康。Are you feeling any better?（语气亲切）你感觉好了些吗？试比较：Your hand feels cold.（无意识的静态性质。）你的手摸起来冰凉。不可以说：Your hand is feeling cold.()但可以说：The doctor is feeling her pulse.（有意识的动态动作）医生正在给她拿脉。The soup tastes good.（静态性质，无进行时）这汤的味道不错。The cook is tasting the soup.（动态动作，有进行时）厨师在尝汤的味道。总之，系动词有无进行时态应随系动词的意义或其语境变化而变化。我们在概述某一动词的进行时态时，不能笼统地说feel，smell无进行时，应指出其意义及其语用环境。例如smell的用法可见一斑。smell作“嗅觉”的能力时，虽是实义动词，但指的是一种性质的存在状态不能用于进行时态，常与can, could, be able to连用。The camels can smell the water a mile off.骆驼能嗅出一英里外有水。指“嗅、闻”的动作时，实义动词，可用于进行时态。The girl is smelling the flower.这姑娘正在闻那朵花。smell指“含有气味”，“发出气味”等事物性质时，半系动词，无进行时态。The dinner smells good.这饭菜闻起来真香。2系动词的时态与形容词的比较级连用的问题。某些含有变化意义的动态系动词如get, become, grow, turn等的进行时态可与形容词的比较级连用，表示渐进过程，其意思是“越来越”。例如：He is growing taller and taller.他长得越来越高了。Our life is getting better and better.我们的生活是越来越好了。The things are getting worse.情况是越来越糟了。3所有半系动词的被动语态要分情况讨论。英语中某动词在作系动词用时，无被动语态，而作实义动词用时，才有被动语态，二者不可混为一谈。例如：不能说：The apple is tasted good.（因为taste此时是系动词，“尝起来”之意，指的是苹果的性质，无被动语态）但我们可以说：The apple is tasted by me.这苹果被我尝了一下。（taste此时指“尝一尝”这一动作，有被动语态）因此，在平时的英语教学和学习之 ，要有意注意半系动词在具体的语言环境中到底是系动词用法还是实义动词用法，要注意区分、识别。4瞬间动态系动词能否与时间段连用的问题英语中某些表示瞬间意义的系动词不能与“for+时间段，since+时间点，how long until+时间,by + 时间，so far”等直接连用。例如：不能说：He has become a teacher for 2 years.应改为：He has been a teacher for 2 years.不能说：He has turned writer since 3 years ago.应改为：He has been a writer since 3 years ago.或It is three years since he turned writer.不能说：He got angry until his child came back home.应改为：He didnt get angry until his child came back home.5系动词能接几种表语（从句）系动词除了接adj.n.prep.短语，某些adv.以外，还可接以下几种表语形式：能接as if/as though表语从句的系动词有：look（看起来），smell（闻起来），sound（听起来），feel（觉得）；appear（显得），seem（似乎）。例如：It looks as if we are going to have snow.看样子天要下雪了。He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairy tales.他看来好像刚从我的童话故事中走出来似的。She seemed as if (though) she couldnt understand why Laura was there.看来她好像不能理解为什么劳拉呆在那儿。It sounds to me as though theres a tap running somewhere.我好像听到某处水龙头流水的声音。She felt as if her head were splitting.她仿佛觉得她的头要裂开了。The river appeared as if enveloped in smog.那条河好像笼罩在烟雾之中。It seems as if it were spring already.好像已是春天了。可用于“It+系动词+that从句”结构的有：seem, appear, 不可用be, look。如：It seemed that he had made some serious mistakes in his work.好像他在工作中犯了严重错误。It appeared that he was talking to himself.好像他在自言自语。能用不定式作表语的系动词有：be, seem, get, look, appear, prove, grow.Her job is to look after the children.她的工作是照料孩子们。He seems not to look after the children.他好像不是她的父亲。She looks to be a young girl of twenty year-old.她看起来像是一个20岁的年轻姑娘。He didnt appear to dislike it.看不出他憎恨此事。My advice proved to be wrong.我的建议证明是错误的。He will grow to like this work gradually.他会逐渐喜欢这个工作的。能与there连用的系动词有：be, appear, seem.There appeared to be only one room.那儿好像只有一个房间。There seems(to be)no need to go.似乎没有必要走。6能用两种否定形式的系动词有两个：seem, appear.举例说明：It doesnt seem that we can get our money back.= It seems that we cant get our money back.He seems not to be her father.= He doesnt seem to be her father.The baby doesnt appear to be awake.= The baby appears not to be awake.7后接作表语的过去分词可构成系表结构能构成系表结构的系动词通常有两个：第一个是常见的be(is, am, was等)；第二个是get，口语中常用。当二者作系动词用时，它们均表示一种存在状态，而不表示被动动作；当二者作助动词用时，后接作谓语的过去分词构成被动语态。Be + P.P常可以用get + P.P.来代替，但是并不是be系动词总是可以用get来代替。Get + P.P.系表结构常用于以下两种情况：1）表示偶然的、突发性的、意想不到的被动动作的结果或状态。Last night I got caught in the downpour.昨夜我被雨淋了（表示意想不到）The new car got scratched.新车给刮坏了。（表突发性）2）表示对自身所作的事。如get dressed, get lost等。John got injured while playing football last Saturday.约翰上周星期六踢足球时受了伤。They got married last month.他们上个月结婚了。另外，要注意区分系表结构与被动语态结构的用法。8.系动词与动词的区别系动词亦称联系动词（Link Verb），作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。但是，有些系动词又是实义动词，该动词表达实义时，有词义，可单独作谓语。例如： He fell ill yesterday. 他昨天病了。（fell是系动词，后跟补足语，说明主语情况。） He fell off the bike. 他从自行车上摔下来。fell是实义动词，单独作谓语。表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类，分别是：实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词。但是，有些情况下，有些动词是兼类词。例如： We are having a meeting. 我们正在开会。（have是实义动词。） He has gone to New York.他已去纽约。（have是助动词。）动词根据其后是否带有宾语，可分为两类，分别是：及物动词、不及物动词，英语缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。但是，同一动词有时可用作及物动词，有时可用作不及物动词。例如： She can dance and sing. 她能唱歌又能跳舞。（sing在此用作不及物动词。） She can sing many English songs. 她能唱好多首英文歌曲。（sing用作及物动词。）3怎样区分连系动词多有自己的意思，但不能独立作谓语，必须与表语（名词、形容词，或与之相当的词类、短语、从句）一起构成合成谓语。最常用的连系动词为be（系）动词，即完全连系动词，另外还有look，turn，feel，get，become，sound，smell，stand，go，remain等半连系动词。无论是完全连系动词还是半连系动词、后面都有表语。半连系动词是由实意动词变来的，分辨该动词为实意动词还是半连系动词可以尝试用比较法和替换法。比较法比较下列各组句子(1) A Please look at the blackboard请看黑板。B He looked a perfect fool他看上去是个十足的神经病(2) ATurn to Page 16翻到 16页。BHe turned traitor to his country他背叛了祖国。(3)AHe felt it his duty to help others他认为帮助别人是自己的责任。BI felt very hungry after a long walk走了一段长路，我感到很饿。(4)A.Get me some ink给我一些墨水。BOur motherland is getting stronger and stronger我们国家变得越来越强大了。(5)ASuch words do not become a scholar那样的话不像出自学者之口。BSome of the fields became covered with water一些田地覆盖着水。(6)AThis black key on the piano wont sound这钢琴上的黑键按下去不响。B The story sounds interesting这故事听起来很有趣。(7)A.I am sure I smell gas我肯定闻到了煤气味。BTheflowers smell sweet花朵散发芳香。(8)AHe was too weak to stand他太虚弱，不能站立。BHolding the note in his hand，he stood there dumbfounded他拿着钞票，站在那里，目瞪口呆。(9)AHe goes to school early every morning.他每天早上很早上学。B They went mad他们发狂了。(10)A I remained 3 weeks in Paris我在巴黎逗留了三周。BHe never remained satisfied with his success他从不满足于自己的成绩。替换法分析以上10组句子我们不难看出B组动词均为连系动词，因为如果我们把动词 be（是）的适当形式替代斜体动词，句子能够成立，后面的成分即是表语。（1）He was a perfect fool（2）He was a traitor to his country.（3）I was very hungry after a long walk（4）Our motherland is stronger and stronger（5）Some of the land was covered with water（6）The story is interesting（7）The flowers are sweet（8）Holding the note in his hand，he was there dumbfounded（9）They were mad（10）He was never satisfied with his success反之，如果把 be（是）动词的适当形式替代 A组动词，句子则不能成立，无法解释，A组动词均不为连系动词：*（l）Please be at the blackboard*（2）Be to Page l6*（3）He was if his duty to help others*（4）Be me some ink*（5）Such words are not a scholar*（6）The black key on the piano wont be*（7）I am sure I am gas*（8）He was too weak to be*（9）He is to school early every morning*（10）I was 3 weeks in Paris另外半连系动词是由实意动词变来的。所以把含有半连系动词的句子改为疑问句时，一定要用助动词。例如：1 Do they look tired？2Has she got ready？3Did it become much more expensive to travel abroad？不论完全连系动词或半连系动词，它们都有时态的变化，但有些半连系动词从形式上看像是现在进行时，实际上并不表示动作正在进行。而是表示“渐渐”的意思或表示一种感情色彩。（1）Its getting warmer and warmer天渐渐暖和起来了。（2）Are you feeling better now？你现在好点了吗？因为半系动词本属于不及物动词，所以没有被动语态。如不能说：* Good medicine is tasted bitter to the mouth应说：Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth良药苦口。4专项训练练习题1. What is Mr Wang like?_.A. He is a teacherB. He is old and kindC. He looks like a balloonD. He likes English2. What Mr White said sounds_.A. friendly B. wonderfully C. pleasantly D. nicely3. The poor boy _ blind at the age of three.A. turned B. goes C. became D. went4. When he was a child he_ .A. grew patience B. was alive C. ran wild D. came true5. His voice_ as if he has a cold.A. sounds B. listens C. hears D. seems6. This shirt_ as if it is made of cotton.A. is B. looks C. feels D. seems7. He looks _ he hadnt had a good meal for a monthA. that B. as if C. when D. so far8. It _that he was late for the train.A. looks B. turns C. gets D. seems9. These apples taste_.A. to he good B. to be well C. well D. good10. Do you like the shirt?Yes, it _ very soft.A. feels B. felt C. is feeling D. is felt11. The moment Mr Zhang went to bed, he_ asleepA. kept B. got C. fell D. fall12. When I went home yesterday, it was _ dark.A. going B. getting C. running D. coming13. Their plan _ to be a perfect one.A. proved B. was proved C. is proving D. proving14. The flowers in the garden _ sweet.A. sound B. taste C. become D. smell15. She_ like her mother in character.A. looks B. seems C. is D. feels16. It_ a