（京津鲁琼专用）2020版高考英语专题一阅读理解第二部分第四讲根据上下文推断词句的含义——词句猜测题教案.docx

第四讲根据上下文推断词句的含义词句猜测题词句猜测题旨在考查考生根据上下文推断单词、短语或句子的本意或外延含义的能力，既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的新意，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。除了直接的命题外，在阅读理解的文章中，常常有一些单词或短语超出了考试大纲，但又没有附加注释，也需要考生猜测词义才能准确理解文章，这是词义猜测题的一种简单命题形式。高考全国卷词句猜测题题量统计考纲解读年份卷别201920182017(1)正确理解文章中单词或短语的含义是理解文章的第一步，也是理解文章的基础。(2)英语单词的含义并非完全等同于词典中所标注的汉语意思，其含义在不同的语境中会有所不同。能根据上下文正确理解灵活变化的词义，才算是真正初步具备了一定的阅读理解能力。(3)阅读文章时，常常会遇到一些过去未见过的词，但这类生词的词义可以通过上下文推断出来，这是阅读理解中经常考查的一种能力。全国卷1(单词stumbles的含义)1(单词 dominant的含义)2(代词that的含义； 短语the water catcher的含义)全国卷2(代词I的含义；短语tug at the heartstrings的含义)1(短语a juicer的含义)2(代词that的含义； 句子the tables are turned的含义)全国卷1(短语taking on的含义)1 (短句more is more的含义)1(单词displaced的含义)【考查特点】.把握词句猜测题最常见的命题方式：(1)The phrase“.” in the sentence could be replaced by “_”(2)The underlined word “.” in paragraph.refers to _(3)What is the meaning of the underlined word in the.paragraph？/What does the underlined word mean in the.paragraph?(4)Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the phrase “.”？(5)The underlined word “.” most probably means “_”(6)The underlined sentence in the second paragraph implies that _.掌握词句猜测题的考查角度：(1)猜测生词或熟词的含义。(2)猜测短语的意义。(3)猜测替代词所替代的内容(如it，one，they，this，that，these，those等)。(4)猜测句意。词义猜测题语境分析猜词义无论是直接的词义猜测题，还是文章中需要理解的生词，考生都可以利用构词法、同义词、近义词、反义词、逻辑关系、定义和解释、例证、同等关系及生活常识和文化背景等方法猜出单词或短语的意思，这些方法体现了高考对考生的文化品格要求越来越高。掌握了这些方法，考生猜测词义的准确度也会越来越高。1利用构词法猜词义阅读中常常会遇到一些由熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词，考生可以根据构词法猜测词义。构词法有合成法、派生法和转换法(即单词的词性转变而词形不变)。典例(2018北京卷D片段)A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrolpowered private cars worldwide with electric, selfdriving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ridehailing services, considering the cost of selfdriving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.49What does the underlined word “fielded” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?AEmployed.BReplaced.CShared. DReduced.解析A词义猜测题。利用构词法解题。field常用作名词， 表示“场地，领域”，此处用作动词，引申为“使用，应用”。根据上段中画线词所在句的前半部分内容“The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly”并结合下句中的“as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology”可知，随着价格的降低以及人们对这项技术开始应用自如，第一批上市的无人驾驶车辆会“被应用”到“叫车服务”中。故选A。2利用同义、近义词猜词义在生词所出现的上下文中，有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义。表示同义或近义的信号词/词组常见的有：and，or，similarly，likewise等。典例(2017全国卷A片段)By translating the rich and humorous text of Loves Labours Lost into the physical language of BSL, Deafinitely Theatre creates a new interpretation of Shakespeares comedy and aims to build a bridge between deaf and hearing worlds by performing to both groups as one audience.点拨根据上文中的“By translating the rich and humorous text of Loves Labours Lost into the physical language of BSL”中的translating可知，interpretation与translating同义，意为：翻译。3利用反义词猜词义有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子，这时就可根据反义词线索猜测词义。表示对比或反义的信号词/词组常见的有：(whether).or，unlike，but，yet，however，while，although，nevertheless，instead，rather than，in contrast，on the contrary，on the other hand等。典例(福建卷E片段)If youre tired of wandering around the gym wasting time and becoming bored，you can attend an upbeat group fitness class thatll keep your workout on track.73The underlined word “upbeat” in the second paragraph probably means “_”Acheerful BaverageCserious Dtemporary解析A词义猜测题。根据上文语境可知，upbeat应与上文中的“tired of”意义相反，可猜测为“快乐的，乐观的”，故选A。4利用逻辑关系猜词义任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。考生可以利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义。常见的上下文之间的关系有：因果关系、转折关系、并列关系、递进关系、解释关系等。典例(2019北京卷D片段)Phytoplankton live at the ocean surface, where they pull carbon dioxide(二氧化碳) into the ocean while giving off oxygen. When these organisms die, they bury carbon in the deep ocean, an important process that helps to regulate the global climate. But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the oceans warming trend. Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth, since they need not only sunlight and carbon dioxide to grow, but also nutrients.43What does the underlined word “vulnerable” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?ASensitive. BBeneficial.CSignificant. DUnnoticeable.解析A词义猜测题。根据上段尾句“Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth.but also nutrients.”可知，温度变化对phytoplankton有很大的影响；由此可推知phytoplankton对海洋的温度很敏感。故选A。5利用例证猜词义为了说明或证实，文章中经常会举例，往往用来列举说明前面较难理解的词，这些例子可以帮助考生猜测生词。举例时，常常会用一些连接性的词，如such as，like, for example, for instance等。典例(2018全国卷C片段)In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nationstate and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.29Which of the following best explains “dominant” underlined in paragraph 2?AComplex. BAdvanced. CPowerful. DModern.解析C词义猜测题。根据“dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over”可知，英语、西班牙语和汉语正在替代其他语言。由此推知，dominant languages意为“强有力的语言”。故选C。6利用同等关系猜词义同等关系是指一个词、一个词组或短语在句中作同一成分，而且他们的词义属于同一范畴。只要认出其中一个或几个词或短语，即可以确定同等关系中生词的词性、作用和大概的意思。常见的表示同等关系的信号词有：or，namely, that is, in other words, that is to say, to be more exact, to put in another way等。典例(2018全国卷B片段)If you have a_juicer,_you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a “softserve” creamy dessert, to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity for a childrens party; they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below.26What is “a juicer” in the last paragraph?AA dessert.BA drink.CA container. DA machine.解析D本段对juicer的功能做了描述，从其中的“you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a softserve creamy dessert.”这些字眼可以看出juicer是一种机器，是一种将冷冻的香蕉、浆果等制成果汁的机器，此外，最后一句中的“they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below”明确指出画线词指的是一种机器(榨汁机)。故选D。7利用生活常识和文化背景猜词义典例(2019全国卷B片段)But hes nervous. “Im here to tell you today why you should.should.” Chris trips on the “ld，” a pronunciation difficulty for many nonnative English speakers. His teacher, Thomas Whaley, is next to him, whispering support. “.Vote for.me.” Except for some stumbles,_Chris is doing amazingly well. When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion, Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him.25What does the underlined word “stumbles” in paragraph 2 refer to?AImproper pauses. BBad manners.CSpelling mistakes. DSilly jokes.解析A词义猜测题。根据文章内容可知，老师借助竞选演说鼓励同学们学会赞美自己。文中Chris Palaez的母语不是英语，他学英语才三年多，说话不流利，而且他在演讲时非常紧张，所以说话磕磕绊绊，故选A。代词指代题就近原则判指代此类题目要求考生根据语境判断代词(this, that, it, they, them, one, which等)究竟指代什么。典例(2017全国卷C片段)Despite the celebrations, though, in the US. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.Its Jason Morans job to help change that. As the Kennedy Centers artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture.29What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to?AJazz becoming more accessible.BThe production of jazz growing faster.CJazz being less popular with the young.DThe jazz audience becoming larger. 第一步确定题干中的关键信息the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3第二步定位到原句，并找出该词所代替的内容the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations 第三步综合判断得出答案由关键句可知，that指代爵士乐听众的数量减少并且趋于老龄化，不受年轻人喜欢的现状。自主解答：C代词指代判断三法1返回原文，找出指代词(it, they, them, this等)。2向上(有时向下)搜索，找最近的名词、代词、短语或句子(就近原则)。3将找到的词、词组或句子代入替换该指代词，看其意思、逻辑关系是否通顺，并最终确定最佳答案。 句意猜测题意义吻合定句意高考阅读理解有时对某一个句子的外延含义进行考查，因此要求考生准确理解前后句所表达的含义，巧解句意猜测题。典例(2019浙江卷6月B片段)Money with no strings attached. Its not something you see every day. But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month, a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read, “Give What You Can, Take What You Need.”24What does the expression “money with no strings attached” in paragraph 1 mean?AMoney spent without hesitation.BMoney not legally made.CMoney offered without conditions.DMoney not tied together.第一步确定题干中的关键信息“money with no strings attached” in paragraph 1第二步定位到原句，并找出与该句相关的信息句Give What You Can, Take What You Need. 第三步综合判断得出答案由“尽你所能，取你所需”可知，此处money with no strings attached的意思应该是“无条件提供钱”。自主解答：C句意猜测两注意句意猜测题要求考生通过阅读文章，用合适的语句对其进行解释性的描述。1返回原文，找到该句，对原句进行语法和逻辑关系的准确分析。对需要推理的句意理解，首先要理解句子前后的语境，其次对此句在文章中的意思进行合理的推断，最后再归纳总结。2一般来说，正确选项的意思与原句的意思完全相同，只是用其他的英语词汇和句式来表达相同的意思。 (2019天津卷D)Would you BET on the future of this man？He is 53 years old. Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune. A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning，and he has often been in prison. Driven by heavenknowswhat motives，he determines to write a book.The book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years. That former prisoner was Cervantes, and the book was Don Quixote(堂吉诃德). And the story poses an interesting question: why do some people discover new vitality and creativity to the end of their days，while others go to seed long before?Weve all known people who run out of steam before they reach lifes halfway mark. Im not talking about those who fail to get to the top. We cant all get there. Im talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.Most of us，in fact, progressively narrow the variety of our lives. We succeed in our field of specialization and then become trapped in it. Nothing surprises us. We lose our sense of wonder. But，if we are willing to learn，the opportunities are everywhere.The things we learn in maturity seldom involve information and skills. We learn to bear with the things we cant change. We learn to avoid selfpity. We learn that however much we try to please，some people are never going to love usan idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing.With high motivation and enthusiasm，we can keep on learning. Then we will know how important it is to have meaning in our life. However, we can achieve meaning only if we have made a commitment to something larger than our own little egos(自我), whether to loved ones, to fellow humans, to work, or to some moral concept.Many of us equate(视等同于) “commitment” with such “caring” occupations as teaching and nursing. But doing any ordinary job as well as one can is in itself an admirable commitment. People who work toward such excellencewhether they are driving a truck，or running a storemake the world better just by being the kind of people they are. Theyve learned lifes most valuable lesson.【解题导语】本文从西班牙文学巨匠塞万提斯讲起，告诉我们不论身处哪个年龄阶段，只要有目标，并且愿意学习，我们就可能取得成功。51The passage starts with the story of Cervantes to show that_Aloss of freedom stimulates ones creativityBage is not a barrier to achieving ones goalCmisery inspires a man to fight against his fateDdisability cannot stop a mans pursuit of successB解析：推理判断题。根据第一、二段可知，塞万提斯成年后生活坎坷，但他决心写一本书，结果这本书畅销了350多年，有些人直到生命的最后时刻都在发现新的活力和创意。由此可推知，作者以塞万提斯的故事开头是为了告诉我们年龄不是实现目标的障碍。52What does the underlined part in Paragraph 3 probably mean?AEnd ones struggle for liberty.BWaste ones energy taking risks.CMiss the opportunity to succeed.DLose the interest to continue learning.D解析：词义猜测题。根据语境并结合画线短语所在句可知，“人们在还没到达人生的中点之前就失去了兴趣”。故选D。53What could be inferred from Paragraph 4?AThose who dare to try often get themselves trapped.BThose who tend to think back can hardly go ahead.COpportunity favors those with a curious mind.DOpportunity awaits those with a cautious mind.C解析：推理判断题。通读第四段可知，该段是说我们中大多数人总是减少自己生活的多样性，困在自己的专业领域，没有什么能给我们带来惊喜，但是只要我们愿意学，到处都是机会。由此可推知，机会青睐求知欲强的人。54What does the author intend to tell us in Paragraph 5?AA tough man can tolerate suffering.BA wise man can live without selfpity.CA man should try to satisfy people around him.DA man should learn suitable ways to deal with life.D解析：推理判断题。通读第五段可知，该段说到我们成熟之后学会忍受自己改变不了的事，学会避免自我哀怜；知道有些人是我们无论怎么做都讨好不了的，这种想法最初会困扰我们，但最终我们会感到释然。由此可知，作者在第五段想告诉我们应该学会用合适的方式对待生活。故选D。55What is the authors purpose in writing the passage?ATo provide guidance on leading a meaningful adult life.BTo stress the need of shouldering responsibilities at work.CTo state the importance of generating motivation for learning.DTo suggest a way of pursuing excellence in our lifelong career.A解析：写作意图题。通读全文可知，本文通过塞万提斯的经历告诉我们要让自己成年的生活充满意义。A(2019福建厦门一中高三第二学期检测)When she first started learning about the climate change from one of her elders, Fawn Sharp was invited on a helicopter flight over the Olympic Mountains to survey the Mount Anderson glacier. But the glacier was gone, melted by the warming climate. Sharp had a deep sense of loss when she discovered the glacier wasnt there any more.Loss is a growing issue for people working and living on the front lines of climate change. And that gave Jennifer Wren Atkinson, a fulltime lecturer at the University of Washington Bothell, US, an idea for a class.This term, she taught students on the Bothell campus about the emotional burdens of environmental study. She used the experiences of Native American tribes, scientists and activists, and asked her 24 students to face the reality that there is no easy fixthat “this is such an intractable problem that theyre going to be dealing with it for the rest of their lives.”Student Cody Dillon used to be a climate science skeptic(怀疑论者). Then he did his own reading and research, and changed his mind. Dillon wasnt going into environmental workhe was a computerscience major. Yet, the potential for a worldwide environmental catastrophe seemed so real to him five years ago that he quit his job and became a fulltime volunteer for an environmental group that worked on restoration projects.Six months into the work, he decided that Atkinsons class was just what he was looking fora place where he could discuss his concerns about a changing climate.Atkinson said she hoped the class helped her students prepare themselves for the amount of environmental loss that will happen over their lifetimes.“We are already changing the planetso many species are going to be lost, displaced or massively impacted，” she said. “The future isnt going to be what they imagined.”【解题导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要报道了Jennifer Wren Atkinson给同学们上环境研究的情感负担课，意在通过这类课程告诉学生气候变化日益严峻，没人能够独善其身，因此要更加关注环境问题。1Why did the author mention the case of Fawn Sharp?ATo lay a basis for Fawn Sharps further research.BTo prove Fawn Sharps work is similar to Atkinsons.CTo lead into the issue of loss caused by climate change.DTo show scientists concern about the Mount Anderson glacier.C解析：推理判断题。根据第一段内容可知，Fawn Sharp被邀请乘坐直升机飞越奥林匹克山脉，调查Mount Anderson冰川。但是因气候变暖，冰川融化消失了，当Fawn Sharp 发现冰川已经不在那里时，她有一种深深的失落感。由此可推知，作者通过Fawn Sharp发现冰山消失以及她的感受来引入“气候变化导致环境损失”的主题。故选C。2Whats the main purpose of Atkinsons class?ATo explore how different people deal with climate change.BTo get students more concerned about environmental issue.CTo find solutions to the Olympic Mountains environmental issue.DTo teach students how to conduct a research about environment.B解析：细节理解题。根据倒数第二段Atkinson said she hoped the class helped her students prepare themselves for the amount of environmental loss that will happen over their lifetimes.可知，Atkinson的课的主要目的是让学生更加关注环境问题。故选B。3Which of the following best explains the underlined word “intractable” in paragraph 3?ASimple.BDifficult.CComplicated. DInteresting.B解析：词义猜测题。根据本句中的“and asked her 24 students to face the reality that there is no easy fix”可知，Atkinson让她的24名学生面对这样一个现实：没有简单的解决办法；再根据破折号可知，此处表示这是一个如此棘手的问题，他们将在余生中处理它。由此可推知，intractable意为“困难的”，与difficult意义相近。故选B。4How did Atkinsons class influence Dillon?ADillon worked as a parttime volunteer for restoration projects.BIt made him realize a planetwide climate disaster would happen.CIt encouraged him to be more involved in environmental protection.DIt discouraged him to work on restoration projects for the environment.C解析：推理判断题。根据第五段第二句“Yet, the potential for a worldwide environmental catastrophe seemed so real to him five years ago that he quit his job and became a fulltime volunteer for an environmental group that worked on restoration projects.”可知，五年前，Dillon认为世界环境灾难的可能性是如此真实，以至于他辞去了工作，成了一名致力于修复项目的环保组织的全职志愿者；又根据第六段“Six months into the work, he decided that Atkinsons class was just what he was looking fora place where he could discuss his concerns about a changing climate.”可知，工作六个月后，他认为Atkinson的课正是他想要的一个他可以讨论他对不断变化的气候的担忧的地方。由此可推知，Atkinson的课鼓励了Dillon更多地参与环境保护。故选C。长难句分析Yet，the potential for a worldwide environmental catastrophe seemed so real to him five years ago that he quit his job and became a fulltime volunteer for an environmental group that worked on restoration projects.(第五段第二句)分析：本句是一个复合句。so.(第一个)that.引导结果状语从句；第二个that引导定语从句，修饰先行词an environmental group。译文：然而，五年前，Dillon认为世界环境灾难的可能性看起来如此真实，以至于他辞去了工作，成了一名致力于修复项目的环保组织的全职志愿者。B(2019陕西高三年级第二次联考)Have you ever caught yourself saying “I hate small talk！” the minute you walk into a party? If so, you might be an