2018年3月11日托福阅读预测

-本文为网络收集精选范文、公文、论文、和其他应用文档，如需本文，请下载-2018年3月11日托福阅读预测本文从网络收集而来，上传到平台为了帮到更多的人，如果您需要使用本文档，请点击下载按钮下载本文档（有偿下载），另外祝您生活愉快，工作顺利，万事如意！一轮托福考试过后，很多考生会搜集下一轮考试的预测试卷，那么最新一轮的预测内容有哪些呢?这想必是不少出国人士比较关心的问题，你可以往下看文章或者点击收藏，和出国留学网一起来看看2019年3月11日托福阅读预测，欢迎阅读。2019年3月11日托福阅读预测Title：Sociality in AnimalsSocial insects represent the high point of invertebrate evolution. Some specieslive in communities of millions, coordinating their building and foraging, their reproduction, and their offspring care. Yet sociality is found in only a few species of insects, and is rare among vertebrates as well: wildebeest (large antelope)and lions are the exception rather than the rule. Nearly all fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals are solitary, except when courting and mating. Birds and mammals usually rear their young, but year-round family groups are almost unknown, though they are intensely studied where they do exist. The same is true for insects.We know, or think we know, that social groups are good. Wolves are better predators when they hunt in packs, and pigeons escape from falcons far more often when feeding in flocks. Group building projectsthe dams beavers build to block a body of water that provides them with relative safety from predators and the lodges they build for shelter, for instancecan provide a high level of protection and comfort. Why, then, are social species so very rare? In fact, living socially presents inevitable problems that transcend habitat needs so that only when these costs are offset by corresponding benefits is group living a plus.The most obvious cost is competition. All the members of a species share the same habitat; when they live together, they are trying to eat the same food and occupy the same nesting sites. In general, there is far less competition away from a group, and selection should favor any individual who (all things being equal) sets off on its own, leaving the members of its group behind to compete among themselves for limited resources. Another difficulty is that concentrations of individuals facilitate disease and parasite transmission. On the whole, social animals carry more parasites and species-specific diseases than do solitary animals. Parasites and diseases diminish the strength and limit the growth of animals, and among highly social creatures, epidemics can devastate whole populations. Distemper (a viral disease) has been known to wipe out entire colonies of seals, for instance. So the penalty of social life is potentially huge.But in some instances, the payoffs can be even greater. Two have already been mentioned: cooperative hunting and defensive groups. Social hunting is likely to evolve where prey is too large to be taken by individuals operating alone. To capture wildebeest some members of a group of lions follow their prey and herd them toward others lying in ambush. In other species, individuals forage or hunt simultaneously and share the food. Vampire bats that have had a bad day, for instance, are fed by more successful members of the community, but they are expected to return the favor in the future. Cooperation can even involve sharing information about the location of food. Some colonial birds, such as bank swallows, use the departure direction of a successful forager (food hunter) to locate concentrations of prey. Information transfer can be unintentional though some species make use of special assembly calls or behavior.Cooperation in group defense, such as we see in circles of musk oxen or elephants, is quite rare among vertebrates but is prevalent among the social insects. The strategy of employing many eyes to watch for danger, on the other hand, is widespread in birds and mammals. A herd of gazelles (small antelope) is far more likely to spot a lurking lion or a concealed cheetah than is a lone individual, and at a greater distance. In fact, a group enters into a kind of time-sharing arrangement in which individual antelope alternate biting off a mouthful of grass with a period of erect and watchful chewing. A larger group can afford more bites per individual per minute, there being more eyes to scan for danger. For a small antelope living in a forest where visibility is limited, however, remaining hidden is probably a better bet than assembling into noisyherds.Among the millions of species of insects, only a few thousand are social. Those rarities are generally confined to termites and Hymenoptera. All termites are social: their diet (cellulose) requires that each generation feed a special kind of bacteria or fungi to the next generation to aid in its digestion. Of the numerous hymenopterans, some are socialincluding all ants and a few bees and waspsbut many are solitaryParagraph 1Social insects represent the high point of invertebrate evolution. Some specieslive in communities of millions, coordinating their building and foraging, their reproduction, and their offspring care. Yet sociality is found in only a few species of insects, and is rare among vertebrates as well: wildebeest (large antelope)and lions are the exception rather than the rule. Nearly all fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals are solitary, except when courting and mating. Birds and mammals usually rear their young, but year-round family groups are almost unknown, though they are intensely studied where they do exist. The same is true for insects.1. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of sociality among animal species? Sociality is much more common among invertebrates than among vertebrates. Very few animals are considered social because most spend the majority of their lives alone. An animal group must contain more than one family unit for the species tobe considered social. All animals that rear their young are considered to be social.Paragraph 2We know, or think we know, that social groups are good. Wolves are better predators when they hunt in packs, and pigeons escape from falcons far more often when feeding in flocks. Group building projectsthe dams beavers build to block a body of water that provides them with relative safety from predators and the lodges they build for shelter, for instancecan provide a high level of protection and comfort. Why, then, are social species so very rare? In fact, living socially presents inevitable problems that transcend habitat needs so that only when these costs are offset by corresponding benefits is group living a plus.2. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. Group living allows some animals to transcend problems of habitat. Group living is only advantageous when benefits outweigh inevitable problems. Problems resulting from living socially extend beyond the habitat. It is difficult to determine whether the benefits of social living offset its costsParagraph 3The most obvious cost is competition. All the members of a species share the same habitat; when they live together, they are trying to eat the same food and occupy the same nesting sites. In general, there is far less competition away from a group, and selection should favor any individual who (all things being equal) sets off on its own, leaving the members of its group behind to compete among themselves for limited resources. Another difficulty is that concentrations of individuals facilitate disease and parasite transmission. On the whole, social animals carry more parasites and speciesspecific diseases than do solitary animals. Parasites and diseases diminish the strength and limit the growth of animals, and among highly social creatures, epidemics can devastate whole populations. Distemper (a viral disease) has been known to wipe out entire colonies of seals, for instance. So the penalty of social life is potentiallyhuge.3. What does paragraph 3 say about the relationship between natural selection and animals that live apart from other members of their species? Natural selection does not favor living apart because individuals are unable to obtain resources equal to those of group members. Natural selection does not favor living apart because of the intense competition for resources among individuals apart from a group. Natural selection favors living apart because individuals are unlikely to attract the attention of predators. Natural selection favors living apart because group living increases competition for limited resources of food and nesting sites.4. The word “devastate “ in the passage is closest in meaning to alter spread to destroy involve5. In paragraph 3, why does the author mention distemper and its effect on seals? To explain why sociality is now relatively rare in seals To prove that parasites prevent animals from growing healthy and strong To show how easily social animals transmit potentially deadly diseases To provide an example of a species-specific disease that affects solitary animals标题:社会性的动物群居昆虫代表了无脊椎动物进化的高潮。一些物种生活在数以百万计的群体中，协调它们的建筑和觅食、繁殖和后代的照料。然而，只有少数种类的昆虫存在社会性，而且在脊椎动物中也很罕见:羚羊(大羚羊)和狮子是例外，而不是规则。几乎所有的鱼、两栖动物、爬行动物、鸟类和哺乳动物都是孤独的，除非是在求爱和交配的时候。鸟类和哺乳动物通常会养育它们的幼仔，但一年四季的家庭几乎是不为人知的，尽管它们的研究对象确实存在。昆虫也是如此。我们知道，或者认为我们知道，社会群体是好的。狼是更好的捕食者，当它们成群猎食时，鸽子会从猎鹰中逃脱，更多时候是成群觅食。团体建筑工程筑坝者建造水坝来阻挡水体，使它们相对安全，免受掠食者和他们为庇护所所建的小屋的保护，例如，可以提供高水平的保护和舒适。那么，为什么社会物种如此稀有呢?事实上，在社会生活中，生活中必然会出现超越生境需求的问题，因此只有当这些成本被相应的利益抵消时，才会有一群人活得更久。最明显的代价就是竞争。一个物种的所有成员都有相同的栖息地;当它们生活在一起时，它们会尝试吃同样的食物，并占据相同的巢穴。总的来说，一个群体的竞争要少得多，而选择应该有利于任何一个人(所有的事物都是平等的)自己出发，让集团的成员在有限