issue-简介及基本写作步骤.docx

GRE教案 学生姓名授课老师黄静时间本次课时教学内容ISSUE简介和写作基本步骤教学目标 了解issue基本情况，熟悉写作步骤，对如何备考做到心中有底ISSUE简介1. Issue要求就一般性话题提出一个观点，题目中会包含就该话题进行回应提出明确的写作要求； 2. 考试时由计算机从题库（149个题目）中随机抽出一道题进行考试，考试时长为30分钟。Issue总分为6分 3. 评分标准 (一般350-400/3分,500+,高分600-700)机评：句子的长度，连接词的个数，单词的长度，简单的语法错误; 雷同问题E-rador（例子雷同，语句雷同）人评：观点和思想是否明确，句子结构是否完整优美 机器+人 评出的分数的平均分就是Issue的分数满分标准l Articulates a clear and insightful position on the issue in accordance with the assigned task （清晰、深刻的观点）l Develops the position fully with compelling reasons and/or persuasive examples（原因）l Sustains a well-focused, well-organized analysis, connecting ideas logically（不要跑题，有条理，有逻辑性）l Conveys ideas fluently and precisely, using effective vocabulary and sentence varietyl Demonstrates superior facility with the conventions of standard written English (i.e., grammar, usage, and mechanics) but may have minor errors4. 考察能力有效地识别并处理原论点的复杂性和各观点间的牵连关系分析能力有效地组织，发展并表达自己的见解组织能力有效地支持自己的观点(通过列举原因和例证)组织能力有效地支配标准书面英语的各项要素(语法，句型以及词语的运用)语言能力5. Tips:1) 每篇文章由两位评分人分别打分2) 如果两位评分人分数差异超过1分，将会由第三位评分人对成绩进行评定；若没超过1分，则这篇文章最终取两个分数的平均值3) 重视GRE作文，因为作文内容是要寄送到学校作为参考的4) ETS保留取消分数的权力ISSUE分析步骤1. 题目分析；你拿到一个题目，肯定要对题目的内容进行分析，看题目说的到底是什么意思方法： 筛选重点词汇，比如must，only，any, most，best, first等绝对的词。题目一旦出现了这些绝对的词汇，我们就可以根据这些词汇去承认一些题目当中的观点，还可以找出一些例外去反驳题目中不合适的一面。例1：“To understand the most important characteristics of a society, one must study its major cities.” （2）Corresponding Practice: 1. “No field of study can advance significantly unless it incorporates knowledge and experience from outside that field. 2. “Requiring university students to take a variety of courses outside their major fields of study is the best way to ensure that students become truly educated.”思考：关键词在哪，对于这样的关键词应该如何来分析这些题目。2. 看清题目要求；题目要求一共有六种。a. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position. （按情况而定）b. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position. （批判反对的观点）c. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim and the reason on which that claim is based. （讨论到原因、结论和因果关系）d. Write a response in which you discuss which view more closely aligns with your own position and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should address both of the views presented. （两个观点都得写，选一个支持的写优点，另一个写缺点）e. Write a response in which you discuss your views on the policy and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider the possible consequences of implementing the policy and explain how these consequences shape your position. （从结果来写，支持写优点，反对写缺点）f. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, describe specific circumstances in which adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position. （从结果分情况讨论，哪种情况下有好处，哪种没有好处）注意：在新GRE中，每道题目后面都会有相应的要求，这些要求在本质上都是相同的，但是需要注意的是要根据题目的要求细节来进行相应的论述。3. 列提纲；确定立场（平衡，倾向，一边倒）根据自己能够考虑出来的论据论点来决定一个立场，组织观点，也就是对想到的论证和论据做一个符合逻辑的排列，最起码要能够说服自己。平衡：对于整个命题的态度一分为二，认为命题中有一部分论述正确，而另一部分论述错误；或者命题中的论述在有些情况下正确，而在有些情况下错误。The best way to teach is to praise the positive actions and ignore the negative ones.（1）段间平衡：分为几个方面（有几个方面就分几段），在某些方面持赞成，在另外一些方面持反对（2）段内平衡：分为几个方面（有几个方面就分几段），每个方面即每段内部都有正反意见（3）段间平衡+段内平衡倾向：对于整个命题的态度为大部分赞同小部分反对（大正小负），或者大部分反对小部分赞同（大负小正）以大负小正为例）（1）让步：承认题目中的结论/说法有一定合理性（驳斥对方，加强自己） 驳1：题目中的结论/说法在在多数情况下或者过度的时候不合理 驳2：自己的结论/说法是什么，合理性在哪例：Nations should suspend government funding for the arts when significant numbers of their citizens are hungry or unemployed.（2）让步：承认题目中的结论/说法有一定合理性（正反论证强调自己） 驳1：自己的结论/说法是什么，合理性在哪。 驳2：如果不按自己的结论/说法去理解或实行，将有哪些危害。例子：Governments should focus on solving the immediate problems of today rather than on trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future.（3）让步：承认题目中的结论/说法有一定合理性（由浅入深的论证） 驳1：自己的结论/说法对低水平对象（个人、当前、小群体等等）的合理性 驳2：自己的结论/说法对高水平对象的（群体、未来、社会等）的合理性。例子：Scandals are useful because they focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could.（4）让步：承认题目中的结论/说法有一定合理性（多角度论证/平行） 驳1：自己的结论/说法在一些方面有合理性 驳2: 自己的结论/说法在另一些方面也有合理性一边倒：认为题目的论述完全正确，或者完全错误。注意：在GRE的issue作文中，绝大部分文章都可以采用平衡和倾向的态度，一边倒的文章也可以，但是对于一些写作能力不强的学生来说，这样的立场容易造成逻辑的片面性和论证的难度，所以除非学生自己的英语和逻辑能力很强，否则一般不赞成大家使用。 思考：1. To understand the most important characteristics of a society, one must study its major cities. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.2. Claim: Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial support they need in order to thrive. Reason: It is primarily in cities that a nations cultural traditions are preserved and generated.Write a re