毕业论文-从马斯洛需要层次理论解读《荒野生存》 中的人物心理.docx

本科毕业论文（设计） 题 目 从马斯洛需要层次理论解读荒野生存 中的人物心理 学生姓名 专业班级 2013级英语本科3班 学 号 2 院 （系） 外国语系 指导教师(职称) 完成时间 2017年x月xx日 注：封面填写时请注意，题目可分1-3行，最后的横线末端对整齐 A Study of Characters Psychology in Into the Wild Based on Maslows Need Hierarchy Theory A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsfor the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in EnglishBy Ren Yali Supervisor: Ms. Zhang HuasongDepartment of Foreign Languages & Literature Zhengzhou Shengda College of Trade Economics & Management xxx, 2017AcknowledgmentsI would like to express my sincere gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis.First and foremost, I will give my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Ms. Zhang Huasong who guided me through all the steps of writing the thesis. She helped me to choose the title, make the outline, and correct the errors in translation, grammar and format in my thesis. Without her helps, I could not complete it well. Thanks again for her patient guidance, generous assistance and invaluable advice.Secondly, I would like to thank my roommates. They helped me to translate and check the difficult sentences. They helped me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis. Last but not least, I would like to my appreciation to my parents, who comforted me in my dejection. Besides, they often encourage me when I was tired. A Study of Characters Psychology in Into the Wild Based on Maslows Need Hierarchy TheoryAbstract The film described the protagonist Christopher McCandless who is a idealist and transcendentalist. He abandoned everything that people envy and all the shackles of modern civilization. Eventually he decided to return to the origin. The thesis studies the characters psychology in Into the Wild based on Maslows need hierarchy theory. The thesis analyses of the characters growth and self-actualization from a new angle and concludes that: in modern society, we are faced with a lot of problems and external disturbance, people should know how to listen to their inner sound. Individuals can gain their happiness and achieve their self-realization as long as they have an awareness of reasonable content of needs and a clear direction towards self-value. The thesis also analyses others psychology of the film. It show that different people have different needs at different stages.Key Words: Into the Wild; Maslows Need hierarchy theory; enlightenment;Self-value 从马斯洛需要层次理论解读荒野生存中的人物心理摘 要电影讲述了主人公抛弃人们为之所羡慕的一切，抛弃一切现代文明的束缚回归原始。本文运用马斯洛需要层次理论来对电影中的人物心理进行分析，目的在于从全新的角度得出了对现代社会人的成长和自我实现的一些启示：人在面临纷繁复杂的世界与外界的困扰时应当认清自己的合理需求和努力方向，病懂得倾听自己内心的声音，这样才能有效的实现自我价值去收获人生的幸福与快乐。本文也分析了电影中的其他任务的心理，表明不同的人在不同的阶段有不同的需求。关键词：荒野生存；马斯洛需要层次理论；启示；自我价值ContentsAcknowledgmentsiAbstractii摘要iiiChapter One Introduction1Chapter Two Movie Review2 2.1Relevant Studies Abroad2 2.2 Relevant Studies at Home3 2.3 A Brief Summary4Chapter There Maslows Need Hierarchy Theory5 3.1Abraham Maslow and the Theory of Hierarchy Needs5 3.2 Application and Significance of Need Hierarchy Theory7Chapter Four Chriss Self-Actualization in Into the Wild8 4.1 Physiological needs during the adventure8 4.2 Satisfaction of Safety needs9 4.3 Dissatisfaction of Esteem, Affection and Belonging needs10 4.4 Pursuit of Self-actualization11Chapter Five Various Needs of other Characters12 5.1 Wayne and Ron Franzs Safety needs12 5.2 Old man of Salvation Mountain and Ron Franzs Affection and Belonging needs13Chapter Six Conclusion14Work Cited15Chapter One Introduction The film Into the Wild is adapted from an American alternative author Jon Krakauers popular novel. This novel is published in 1998 and based on real events that took place in 1992. The film won the 17th New York Gotham award for best film and the sixty-sixth golden global award for best original film of song. The novel is based on Chriss real experience. Jon Krakauer visited Chriss families and friends he met in the road to record their memory or comments to Chris use a similar way of reportage. The carried on a detail investigation to each place along the way. Besides, it also revealed that Chris intend to return to human society after he arrived in Alaska. At last, the author put forward his own opinion that the real reason to cause younger have anti-civilization tendency is not to have an unfortunate family. Because of Jon Krakauers deep thinking and his poignant writing style attracted Sean Penns attention who have a discerning eye. He has an idea of made this novel into a film over ten years ago. The plan has been delayed. Owing to Sean Peen waiting for McCandless familys permission. After all, it involves a lot of unknow familys privacy. McCandless family consider repeatedly, and finally moved by Sean Peen who waiting for ten years. When the film was released, it aroused strong social repercussions. Chris family is generous. His father works in NASA and designs for the American satellite radar systems. His father and mother later started up a consulting firm. What is more,Chris is a honors student in Emory, a private famous school in Atlanta. Almost all of the subjects are A. After he graduated from college, he chose to give up everything and donate twenty-four thousand dollars to charity, he went to Alaska to find freedom and become a veritable wanderer. He met a lot of people, but also suffered from several challenges in the wild. Every step is filled with hardship. With a strong will, he realized his dream of finding freedom. In Alaska, he ending his life by eating poisonous plants. This thesis focuses on the theme of growth and self-actualization in Into the Wild and it applies Maslows need hierarchy theory to study characters satisfactions on different levels of need and to evaluate their developments. Meanwhile, this thesis gains enlightenment on individuals growth and self-actualization in the modern times from the psychological study of the novel. Chapter Two Movie Review2.1 Relevant Studies Abroad Some scholars at home and abroad have different opinion on Into the Wild. Katarzyna Matecka thinks that the Puritans, American culture and literature have been dominated by individuals who have valued hard work. American managed to produce the leisurely and stressed the importance of leisure in life. She believes that Into the Wild is a slacker film. Besides, she supposes that Chriss trip to Alaska is to have a leisurely life (Katarzyna Matecka 190) . Lisa Kortewey, Jan Oakley study the main character of eco-heroic in Into the Wild. They argue that an Indigenous-focused Land education and its counter-narratives of holistic relations are sorely needed. It is Indigenous Land education that can break the cycle of Eurocentric celebrations of solitary heroism, rugged individualism, and ignorance of place. In order to forge Indigenous/non-Indigenous relations in our cultural imaginations and to address compounding environmental struggles, we need to turn to Indigenous stories and teachings that are already in place, in deep relation with the Land, water, animals and plants on Indigenous territory we need to turn to Land education that is currently not in place or acknowledged in environmental education (Korteweg 131). Molly Hartzog analyze the different stories of the news media about two outdoor adventures-Aron Ralston and Christopher McCandless. McCandless is vilified while Ralston is valorized. Both of them have the same mistake in being underprepared. She offers a rhetorical analysis of newspaper articles on each story. She argue that the essential difference between these two stories are that they present two opposing ideals of a human-nature relationship, with Ralstons ideology including a space for technology and industrial knowledge, this ideology is more appropriate than McCandless ideology. She analyzes the reason for Chriss criticism from a different angles and put forward her own opinion (Molly Hartzog 520). 2.2 Relevant Studies at Home Not only foreign scholars to evaluate Into the Wild, some scholars at home also have a profound study of it. Bian Li reconsidered the narrative aesthetics of the narrative from the three aspects of the implicit paradoxical narrative structure, the tensioned theme image and the straight poetic lens language. She thought that Chriss self-exile was another significant regression. She pointed out in the paper Into the Wild was a profound reflection on their own national spirit. In her paper, she wrote Chris measured the distance between him and happiness and truth in his own way. What Chris did was only for the wandering things he loved and the wandering soul he met (L. Bian 120). Shao Fei and Zhang Hong explored the meaning of the existence of life through the protagonists lifestyle in Into the Wild. They thought that Chriss wildness trip in Into the Wild was a hymn to life for freedom. He through the pursuit of freedom to express life. The meaning of Chris alive was to abandon all the society to bring peoples camouflage to return to nature (Shao and Zhang 81). Cao Jiguang thought that Chis accepted the “existence” education in the wildness. In modern era, education has become materialized education. Under materialized shading, people became slaves of material. The relationship between people was manifested as material, practical, utilitarian. Under material education, humanity was the least concern for people (J. G. Cao 87). Zhou Hejun by interprets the theme of Into the Wild and put forward that Chris was a self-exile from the spirit to the flesh. What is more, he even was an independent, free, introspective, from spiritual pilgrims and life practitioners (H. J. Zhou 81). Peng Tong supposed that Chris had a strong resistance to society from the reality of disappointment. He could not tolerate hypocrisy, but also could not be copied by the system. Chris got the final happiness by interprets life in his own way. In front of Chriss flash of life, we should look at the depths of our own souls (T. Peng 60). Zhou Tingting revealed the aesthetic connotation of “wilderness” from two aspects. Though excavated the meaning of “wilderness” to show the mental state of modern people. To some extent, “wilderness” has became many peoples spiritual home and a potential way of life (T. T. Zhou 100). Yu Xiaodong analyzed Chris from the freedom and truth, love and happiness, death. He believed that return to nature seems to be the eternal pursuit of mankind. Most of people were tired with the hypocrisy and fraud of civilized society and wanted to find a paradise in pure nature. But facing the developed modern civilization, can we return to the most primitive world of mankind? At the same time, he praised Chriss behavior of getting rid of the shackles of social civilization and going to the wild (X. D. Yu 20).2.3 A Brief Summary Research on Into the Wild are wide and profound both at home and abroad. Critics and readers pay much attention to various aspects of Into the Wild, involving mainly the films style, Chriss behavior, the meaning of “wilderness”, narrative structure, theme image, camera language Chriss lifestyle and so on. Though the critics and the audience accept and appreciate Into the Wild from various perspectives concerning different themes. The theme of individual growth and self-realization in Into the Wild has also aroused much attention but it has been discussed mainly from Chriss behavior. A review of the previous researches shows that there are not any special essays that have discussed this novel from the perspective of Maslows Need Hierarchy Theory. Therefore this research will concentrate on the theme of growth and self-realization in view of Maslows Need Hierarchy theory to investigate the individual growth and self-realization in Into the Wild and probes into factors contributing to individuals sound mind and growth. The thesis argues that happiness of the individual lies heavily with a rational pursuit of gratification in modern times. Based on foregoing analyses of the characters growth and self-realization, the thesis concludes that in modern times, as people are faced with a chain and problems, individuals can gain and develop their happiness as long as they have an awareness of rational gratification of needs and a clear direction towards self-realization. This thesis not only analysis Chriss growth and self-realization but also analysis other characters from five various needs, such as Wayne and Mr. Franzs safety needs, old mens affection and belonging needs. It shows that different people have different needs at different stages.Chapter Three Maslows Need Hierarchy Theory3.1 Abraham Maslow and the Theory of Hierarchy Needs Abraham Maslow (1908-190) was an American social psychologist who was best known for Maslows Needs Hierarchy Theory, a theory of psychology predicated on fulfilling innate human needs, finally in self- realization and a wonderfully sample and elegant model to understand so many aspects of human motivation. It is recognized as the most complete, most systematic, most influential motivational theory. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs is a contribution in the field of human behavior psychology which was put forward and demonstrates systematically Need hierarchy theory firstly in his representative work Motivation and Personality in 1943, which is a model comprised of five levels of need, including physiological need, safety need, love and belonging need, the esteem need and self-realization need. In his theory, he named human beings motivations as needs. Maslow described human needs in an ordered hierarchy-a pressing need would need to be mostly satisfied before moving to the next higher need. According to Maslows theory, when people ascend the levels of the hierarchy having achieved the need in the hierarchy, one may eventually fulfill self-realization. Maslow divided the hierarchy of human needs in two levels: physical needs, safety needs and emotional needs belong to the needs of the first level. These needs would be satisfied by external conditions. Esteem need and self-fulfillment need are the second level.These needs would be satisfied by internal factors. However, esteem need and self-realization need of a man are endless. Within the deficiency needs, the higher level of needs will appear after each lower need has been satisfied. In the same period, a person may have several needs, but there is always a need to dominate position at the same period and play a decisive role in behavior. Any kind of need will not disappear because of the need for higher levels of development. Each level of needs is interdependent and overlapping. The low level of needs will still exist while high level of needs to develop. Maslow urged people to recognize their basic needs before questing higher needs and ultimately self-realization. The base of the hierarchy is the “Basic needs or psychological needs”, including food, water, sleep and whatever else we need for basic survival. The most basic and necessary requirements for human being survival is psychological needs. If any of these needs is not satisfied, the human life will not work properly and would finally fail. In this sense, physical needs are the most important motion to promote people to act. Maslow think that only these basic needs would to be satisfied the extent necessary to sustain life, other needs can become a new incentive factor. And at this time, these relatively satisfied needs will no longer be an incentive factor. The second level is “Safety Needs”: personal safety, health protection, moral security. These two steps are significant to the physical survival of the person. One people have basic needs, they attempt to implement more. Maslow think that the whole organism is a mechanism for the pursuit of safety and think that human receptors, effects of organs, intelligence and other energy are mainly tools for seeking safety, even see science and life as a part of the need to satisfied the security needs. After that is the need of “Affection and Belong”, which are psychological needs. Everyone wants to get mutual relationship and care. Emotional needs are more meticulous than physical needs, Esteem needs related to a persons physiological characteristics, experience, education, religious beliefs. According to Maslow, individuals need to feel a sense of belong and acceptance in their social groups, regardless of these groups are large or small. Many people become more sensitive to loneliness, depressive disorder and social communication anxiety in the absence of these love or belong factors. The fourth level is the “Esteem needs”: self respect, confidence, achievement, respect for others, respected by others. Everyone wants to have a stable social status and require the individuals ability and achievement to be recognized by society. Esteem needs can be divided into two parts: including internal esteem and external esteem. Internal esteem means the need for self-respect. It also means that a person have strength, confidence, and autonomy in a variety of situations. External esteem means the need to be respected by others. It also means that a person wants to have status, prestige, trust and gets a high praise of others. Maslow noted that esteem need can make people confident, full of enthusiasm for the community, to feel the usefulness and value of their own alive while it to be satisfied. The fifth level is the “Self-real