段落写作(主题句扩展句).ppt

,段落的写作,主题句,扩展句,扩展句,扩展句,Inthisworld,weshouldthinkmoreofotherpeoplethanofourselves.Bysodoing,ourworldwillbefullofhappiness.This,ofcourse,ismypersonalview.ButitisalessonIhavedrawnfromoneofmyownexperience.Sonow,Iwouldliketosharethatexperiencewithyou,mydearreader.,美国编者认为：Thisisessentiallyasolid(不错的)essay.Thewriterusesananecdote(轶事)tomakeapointNowwejustneedtogiveitagood,strongtopicsentenceusingthewritersownideastoformit.,美国编者给这个开头段拟了下面的主题句：Alittlegirltaughtmeanimportantlessonabouttheimportanceofthinkingmoreofotherpeoplethanofourselves.OnedayItookaverycrowdedbustoschool,中国学生作文批改,Inmychildhood,thereweresomanythingsthatwereworthcallingtomind.Somemademehappy,somemademeexcited,andsomemademesad.Butamongthemwasanunforgettablething,whenIthinkofit,mygoodfriendTongTongwilloccurtome.,美国编者认为：Thisisamovingstoryaboutfriendswhohavequarreled.Itneedsagoodtopicsentencetobringthereaderintothefeelingsthewriterwantstoconvey(传达).,美国编者给这个开头段拟了下面的主题句：OneofthemostunforgettableexperienceofmychildhoodinvolvesmygoodfriendTongTong.IthappenedwhenIwaseightyearsold.,中国学生作文批改,主题句的位置可以是在段落的开始，也可以处于段落的中间或者末尾。也有的段落没有主题句。1）主题句在段首,JaneandKarenhavemanythingsincommon.Tobeginwith,bothgirlshavethesamebackground.JanewasbornandraisedintheWest,andsowasKaren.Next,bothgirlsareinterestedinthesamekindsofsubjectsinschool.JanelikesFrench,history,andEnglish.Inthesameway,KarenlikesSpanish,historyandEnglish.Furthermore,bothgirlswanttobeteachers.Janeplanstobecomeanelementaryschoolteacher.ButKarenwantstobeahighschoolteacher.Asyoucansee,thetwogirlsarealmostliketwins.,2）主题句在段落中间CaliforniansandNewEnglandersarebothAmerican.Theyspeakthesamelanguageandabidebythesamefederallaws.Buttheyareverydifferentintheirwaysoflife.Mobility(流动性)-bothphysicalandpsychological-hasmadeagreatimpressiononthecultureofCalifornians;lackofmobilityisthemarkofthecustomsandmoralityofNewEnglanders.,3）主题句在段落结尾AmericansmightbeembarrassedbecausetheirJapanesefriendsaresoformalwiththem.JapanesemightfeelinsultedbecauseAmericanacquaintances(熟人、朋友)greetthemcasually.Still,theformsofgreetinginbothcountriesonlyshowrespectforothers.ItjusthappensthatAmericansandJapanesehaveadifferentwayoflookingathumanrelationshipsandthushaveadifferentwayshowingrespect.,4）段落没有主题句：英文正规的文章，尤其是informativewriting很少没有主题句的，没有主题句的情况一般出现在记叙文体中。但是也有作者有意隐而不说的情况。Firstyoumustwaitforasunnyday.Rememberthattheraysofthesunaremostdirectbetween11A.M.and2P.M.Thisisthetimewhenyouwilltanthequickest.Attherighttimeandontherightday,pickanopenspotoutdoorsandlayoutalargetowelorbeachmat.Youmaywanttobringalongseveralthings:suntanoil,aportableradio,abookormagazine,sunglasses,apillow.Itisagoodideanottostayinthesuntoolongatfirst.Beginwithahalfhour,andthengraduallyincreasethetimeyouspendinthesun.Certainpartsofyourbodywillburnmorequicklythanothers.Theseincludethebacksofyourknees,theinsideofyourelbows,yourshoulders,andyournose.Besuretocoverthesespotswithsuntanoilwhenyoufirstgooutside.Coverthemagainwithoilafteryouhavebeenoutsideinthesunforawhile.,Takingasunbathcallsforcarefulplanning.,主题句放在句首是英语段落写作中最常见的一种方法。,哪一种主题句位置最常见？,中国大学生作文评改的中国作者毛荣贵说：“笔者曾就美版的ReadersDigest和Time两本期刊的100篇短文做过调查，发现其中仅有2篇其topicsentence较为模糊，而有68篇的topicsentence均被置于文/段首，其余30篇已经将段落的topicsentence升格为小标题。”,SeePage47:尽管主题句可以出现在段落中的任何位置,主题句（TopicSentence）写作的两个基本要求：,第一:要包含主导思想(thecontrollingidea)；,第二：要做到概括和具体的统一。,主题句在段落中用于概况段落的主旨大意，准确地表达作者观点和态度。(SeesampletopicsentenceonPage43),“Wehadapleasantsummervacationbutsummervacationalwaysseemsshort.”。,注：一个段落要求作者只表达一个意思，不同的意思要放在另外的段落中表达。,要注意把自己的思想用最切近的语言表达出来。既不能过于概括，也不能过于具体。(SeesamplesonPage46:1.AmericanFood.2.Hongkong),DoexercisesonPage51:Practice1-2.,Writeatopicsentenceforthefollowingsupportingideas.,IthascreatedMs.,atitleforwomencomparabletoMr.formen.TheMovementhaschangedtheendingofseveralcompoundwordsfrommantoperson.TheMovementisresponsibleforsomenewterms.TheMovementhashadaneffectonthethird-personsingularpronoun.,TheWomensMovement_.,hashadseveraleffectsontheEnglishlanguage,Studentsonthiscampus_,recentlyvoicedseveralcomplaints.,Theyvoiceddissatisfactionwiththecampuslighting.Theyexpressedtheirdisgustwiththefoodsoldbythedining-hall.Theyprotestedthegradingpoliciesoftheinstructors.,扩展句/辅助句（supportingsentences）写扩展句要注意以下两点：,第一，意义的相关性（unity）/段落的整体性,第二，逻辑的一致性(coherence)/段落的连贯性,所有的扩展句都必须是主题句的延伸或者证明,对主题句能起到支持的作用,无论如何都不能超出由主题句限定的范围,根据各个句子之间的关系以及与主题句之间的关系来安排其逻辑顺序。,要有充足的论证细节来说明主题思想,用一定的过渡词来体现这种安排。,DoexercisesonPage50:Practice1-1.,SeePages52-54,SeePages54-66,根据下面的主题句，思考需要哪些内容来支持它：Springisthemostpleasantseasonoftheyear.Riversplayaveryimportantpartinourlife.SeveralfactorshavecontributedtothedifficultyintravelinginChina,butingeneral,therearethreemajorcauses.Comparedwithcars,bicycleshavemanyadvantages.Menandwomenareequalathomenow.Gettingupearlycanhelpyoukeephealthy.Mr.Petersonisaveryresponsibleteacher.OfallthesubjectsthatIstudyinschool,IthinkthatEnglishisthemostimportantone