包装技术基础1.ppt

包装技术基础FundamentalsofPackagingTechnology,编著：陈满儒教授,Unitone,perspectiveonpackaging第一单元透视包装,Lesson1,AHistoryofPackaging第1课包装发展史,WhatisPackaging?,1.AdefinitionofpackagingPackagingisbestdescribedasacoordinatedsystemofpreparinggoodsfortransport,distribution,storage,retailing,anduseofthegoods2.Themanythingsapackagemightbeaskedtodo-Packagingisacomplex,dynamic,scientific,artistic,andcontroversialbusinessfunction-Fundamentalfunctionofpackaging:containprotects/preservestransportsinforms/sells.,WhatisPackaging?,Packagingfunctionsrangefromtechnicalonestomarketingorientedones(Figure1.1).TechnicalFunctionsMarketingFunctionscontainmeasurecommunicatepromoteprotectdispensedisplaysellpreservestoreinformmotivateFigure1.1PackagingencompassesfunctionsrangingfromthepurelytechnicaltothosethataremarketinginnatureTechnicalpackagingprofessionalsneedscienceandengineeringskills,whilemarketingprofessionalsneedartisticandmotivationalunderstanding.,WhatisPackaging?,3.Howpackagingchangestomeetsocietysneeds-Packagingisnotarecentphenomenon.-Packagingisanactivitycloselyassociatedwiththeevolutionofsocietyand,canbetracedbacktohumanbeginnings.-Thenature,degree,andamountofpackagingatanystageofasocietysgrowthreflecttheneeds,culturalpatterns,materialavailabilityandtechnologyofthatsociety.-Astudyofpackagingschangingrolesandformsoverthecenturiesisastudyofthegrowthofcivilization.-Socialchangesareinevitablyreflectedinthewaywepackage,deliverandconsumegoods.,WhatisPackaging?,Untilthe1950s,motoroilwasdeliveredinbulktoservicestations,whichinturnmeasureditinto1-quartglassjars;premeasuredoilinmetalcans;-Now,milkdeliveryfromglassbottlestoavarietyofplainandasepticpapercartons,plasticbottlesandflexiblebags;-Tomorrow,howoilormilkwillbedelivered?-environmentallyacceptablepackaging(minimalwaste)-choicesofpetrochemicals,woodpulp,andmetalgoverned-thewaywebuyandconsumeoilormilk-milkdeliveredinrefillablealuminumcans?,PrimitivePackaging,1.Theoriginsofpackaging-Wedontknowwhatthefirstpackagewas,butwecancertainlyspeculate.-Primitivehumans:nomadichunter/gatherers,livedofftheland.Socialgroupingsrestrictedtofamilyunits.-Theywouldhavebeensubjecttothegeographicalmigrationsofanimalsandtheseasonalavailabilityofplantfood.-Suchanextremenomadicexistencedoesnotencouragepropertyaccumulationbeyondwhatcanbecarriedononesback.,PrimitivePackaging,-Primitivepeopleneededcontainmentandcarryingdevices,andoutofthisneedcamethefirst“package”.-awrapofleaves;-ananimalskin;-theshellofanutorgourd;-anaturallyhollowpieceofwood;-thefire-bearerandthe“packaging”offire.,PrimitivePackaging,2.Howpackagingchangedassocialstructureschanged-5000B.C.,domesticatedplantsandanimals.-areasonablefoodsupplyinagivenvicinity;-evolutionarystage:supportedlargersocialgroups,gavebirthtosmalltribalvillages;-storageandtransportcontainersneededformilk,honey,seedgrains,nuts,anddriedmeat;-villageswithaccesstodifferentresourcestradedwiththeirneighbors,requiringtransportcontainers;-About250B.C.,theGreekcity-stateperiod,lawthataffectedpackagingenacted,PrimitivePackaging,3.Earlypackagingmaterials-fabricatedsacks,baskets,andbags,madefrommaterialsofplantoranimalorigin;woodboxesreplacedhollowlogs;aclaybowl,thefire-driedclaypots(thepotteryandceramictrade).4.Thediscoveryofglass-By2500B.C.,ahardinertsubstanceinthefiresremains;glassbeadsandfiguresmadeinMesopotamia(todaysIraq).-About1500B.C.,theearliesthollowglassobjectsappearedinMesopotamiaandEgypt.,PrimitivePackaging,-Glasscontainers,theancientpackagingmaterials,core-formedancientEgyptianglasscontainers(Figure1.2).,Figure1.2Formingahollowglassvesselaroundacore,FromRomeToTheRenaissance,1.Howpackagingchangedassocialstructureschanged-Manysocietalchangesleadingtothecorrespondingchangesinpackaging:mostlythequalityandquantityofexistingpackagingpractices.2.Theinventionoftheglassblowpipe,woodbarrels-TheRomansinabout50B.C.,theglassblowpipe；-Theblowpipesinventionbroughtglassoutofnoblehouseholdsandtemples;-ThefirstwoodenbarrelappearedpossiblyintheAlpineregionsofEurope，oneofthemostcommonpackagingformsformanycenturies.,FromRomeToTheRenaissance,3.TheDarkAges-TheDarkAges:withtheRomanEmpirescollapseinabout450A.D.,Europereducedtominorcity-statesmanyestablishedartsandcraftsforgottenorstagnant,the600yearsfollowingthefallofRomebeingsodevoidofsignificantchangethathistoriansrefertothemastheDarkAges.4.Thediscoveryofpaper-InChina,TsaiLuniscreditedwithmakingthefirsttruepaperfromtheinnerbarkofmulberrytrees.Thename“paper”giventotheChineseinventionmadeofmattedplantfibers.,FromRomeToTheRenaissance,5.Ancientprinting-In768,theoldestexistingprintedobjects(JapaneseBuddhistcharms);in868,theoldestexistingbook(theDiamondSutra)printed,foundinTurkistan.6.TheRenaissance-Inabout1100,theEuropeanawoken,neglectedcraftsrevitalized,theartsrevivedandtradeincreased,bythe1500s,theartofprintingborn.-Fundamentalsocialstructuresnotchangedsignificantly:-livedofftheland-typicallyasserfs,FromRomeToTheRenaissance,-atewhattheyraised,foundorcaught-consumerneeds:nonexistent-manufacturingwasstrictlyacustombusiness-packages:personallycrafted,valuableutensils,andrarelydisposableinthemannerofamodernpackage-sincetherebeingnoretailtrade,conceptsofmarketing,advertising,pricestructuresanddistributionbeingirrelevant-populationlevelsbeingnotlargeenoughtosupportmassproduction,TheIndustrialRevolution,1.TheI.R.definition-TheI.R.startedinEnglandinabout1700andspreadrapidlythroughEuropeandNorthAmerica.-TheIndustrialRevolution:thechangethattransformsapeoplewithpeasantoccupationsandlocalmarketsintoanindustrialsocietywithworld-wideconnections.-Thisnewtypeofsocietymakesgreatuseofmachineryandmanufacturesgoodsonalargescaleforgeneralconsumption.,TheIndustrialRevolution,2.CharacteristicsoftheIndustrialRevolutionRuralagriculturalworkersmigratedintocities,whereemployedinfactories.Inexpensivemass-producedgoodsavailabletoalargesegmentofthepopulation;theconsumersocietyborn.Factoryworkersneededcommoditiesandfood,previouslyproducedlargelyathome.Manynewshopsandstoresopenedtoselltothenewlyevolvingworkingclass.Bynecessity,someindustrieslocatedinnonagriculturalareas,requiringthatallfoodbetransportedintothegrowingurbansettings.,TheIndustrialRevolution,3.Thedramaticchangesinhowwelived-Thechangesincreasedthedemandforbarrels,boxes,kegs,baskets,andbagstotransportthenewconsumercommoditiesandtobringgreatquantitiesoffoodintothecities.-Thefledglingpackagingindustryitselfhadtomechanize.-Necessarytodevisewaysofpreservingfoodbeyonditsnaturalbiologicallife.,TheEvolutionofNewPackagingRoles,1.HowtheIndustrialRevolutionaffectedpackagingTheevolutionofsellingandinformingasvitalpackagingroles-Bulkpackagingwastherule,withthebarrelbeingtheworkhorseofthepackagingindustry.-Flour,apples,biscuits,molasses,gunpowder,whiskey,nailsandwhaleoiltransportedinbarrels.-Packagingservedprimarilytocontainandprotect.-IndividualpackagingbeingoflittleimportanceuntiltheIndustrialRevolutionspurredthegrowthofcities.2.Thefirstpackagedretailproducts-Medicines,cosmetics,teas,liquorsandotherexpensiveproducts;“apaperofpins”.,TheEvolutionofNewPackagingRoles,3.Theoriginoftheterm“brands”andhowitwastransferredtounitpackages,earlybrands,earlylabeling-Thefirstbrandnameswereinevitablythoseofthemaker.Yardleys(1770),Schweppes(1792),Perrier(1863),SmithBrothers(1866)andColgate(1873).-Theevolvingprintinganddecoratingartsappliedto“upscale”packages,manyearlydecorationsbasedonworksofartornationalsymbolsorimages.-Earlylabels:picturesofpastorallife,barnyards,fruit,thegoldmedals.,TheEvolutionofNewPackagingRoles,4.QuakerOats-anewideainbranding-Apackagingmilestonein1877,theQuakerpersonage,the“persona”,adescriptionofthepackageorproductasifitwereaperson.-Between1890andabout1920,decorationfollowedtheartnouveaustyle,thisbeingfollowedbyaperiodofartdecographicsanddesigns.5.Thenewpackagingmaterial-plastics-Thefirstplastic(basedoncellulose),madein1856.,TheEvolutionofNewPackagingRoles,6.Changesinthewaywetraveledandshopped,changesintheretailstore-Thesmallcommunitygeneralstorewasnolongerenough.-Nationalrailroadsmadecoast-to-coasttransportareality.-Theautomobilefreedconsumers-firstfive-and-tenstore-Refrigerationwasbecomingcommonplace.7.ThepackagesmotivationalandinformationalrolesThepackagehadtoinformthepurchaser.Thepackagehadtoselltheproduct.,PackagingInTheLate20thCentury,1.Changesindemographics-Demographics,thestudyofpopulationstructureandtrends,universallyrealizedtobeanimportantfactorindesigningproductsandpackages.2.Fastfoodandotherinstitutionalmarkets-Fast-foodappearedandcreatedademandfordisposablesingle-servicepackaging.-Twofactorstoinfluencepackaging:publichealthcareandarapidlygrowingtrendtowardeatingoutratherthanathome.-TheHRI(hospital,restaurant,andinstitutional)market.-Petroleum-derivedplasticsaddedtothepackagedesignersselectionofpackagingmaterials.,PackagingInTheLate20thCentury,3.The“babyboom”andpackaging-Inthelate1960s,thecoming-of-agebabyboomerswasreflectedinamajoryouthorientationinpackagingandproducts.4.Legislatedchanges-Inthe1970sandearly1980s,manyaspectsinpackaginglegislated:-Child-resistanceclosuresmandatedforsomeproducts;-Tamper-evidentclosures;-Labelinglawsrequiredlistingofingredients;-InternationalagreementssignedtophaseouttheuseofCFCs;-Standardsfortheacceptanceofnewpackagingmaterialsraised.,PackagingInTheLate20thCentury,5.Theadventofmicrowaveovens,thevanishingdomestichousewife-Devisingproductsandpackagingspecificallyforthemicrowave.-Anewhealthawareness,changesinconsuminghabitsandnutritionallabeling.-Opportunitiesforentirenewfoodlines.-Yogurtbecamethe“in”food.-Therapidchangeinthelastdecadesofthe20thcentury,ModernPackaging,ChangingNeedsandNewRoles.-Allhistoricalchangeshavehadanimpactonthewayproductsarebought,consumedandpackaged;-Thepackagingprofessionalsmustalwaysturntheirattentiontotheneeds,markets,andconditionsoftomorrow;-Mostofgoods,notessentialtosurvival,constitute“thegoodlife”;-Inthesecondhalfofthe20thcentury,theproliferationofgoodswassohighthatpackagingwasforcedintoanentirelynewrole:providingthemajorpurchasemotivationratherthanpresentingthegoodsitself.-theonlymethodofdifferentiatingwasthepackageitself;,ModernPackaging,1.Thetrendtowardmoreintensivemarketing-marketersaimedatlifestyles,emotionalvalues,subliminalimages,features,andadvantagesbeyondthebasicproductitself;-thepackagehasbecometheproduct,andoccasionallypackaginghasbecomeentertainment.2.Globalization-Providingincreasedtonnagesofhigh-qualityfoodtomassivecitycomplexesataffordablepriceschallengespackagers;-Anewconcernistheremovalofthedebrisgeneratedbyaconsumersocietyandtheimpactthattheseconsumptionrateshaveontheplanetsecology;,ModernPackaging,PackagingandtheModernIndustrialSociety1.Whypackagingisimportanttoourfoodsupply-Foodisorganicinnature(ananimalorplantsource);-Onecharacteristicofsuchorganicmatteristhatithasalimitednaturalbiologicallife.2.Freedomfromgeographicalandseasonalfoodproduction-Mostfoodisgeographicallyandseasonallyspecific.,ModernPackaging,-Inaworldwithoutpackaging,wewouldneedtoliveatthepointofharvesttoenjoytheseproducts,andourenjoymentofthemwouldberestrictedtothenaturalbiologicallifespanofeach.-Itisbyproperstorage,packagingandtransporttechniquesthatweareabletodeliverfreshpotatoesandApplesderivedfromthem,throughouttheyearandthroughoutthecountry.-Wearenolongerrestrictedinourchoiceofwheretolive.wearefreeofthenaturalcyclesoffeastandfaminethataretypicalofsocietiesdependentonnaturalregionalfood-producingcycles.,ModernPackaging,3.Advantagesofcentralprocessingandprepackagedfood-Centralprocessingallowsvaluerecoveryfromwhatwouldnormallybewasted.-By-productsoftheprocessed-foodindustryformthebasisofothersub-industries4.Packagingandmassmanufactureofdurablegoods-Theeconomicalmanufactureofdurablegoodsalsodependsonsoundpackaging;-Aproductscostisdirectlyrelatedtoproductionvolume;-Distributionpackagingisakeypartofthesystem;-Someindustriescouldnotexistwithoutaninternationalmarket.irradiationequipmentandthesafepackaging.,ModernPackaging,WorldPackaging-Humankindsglobalprogressissuchthatvirtuallyeverystageinthedevelopmentofsocietyandpackagingispresentsomewhereintheworldtoday.1.Packagingindevelopedcountries-Toagonizeoverchoiceofpackagetype,hireexpensivemarketinggroupstodevelopimagestoenticethetargetedbuyerandspendlavishlyongraphics.,ModernPackaging,2.Packaginginless-developedcountries-Attheextreme,consumerswillbringtheirownpackagesorwillconsumefoodonthespot,justastheydid2,000yearsago;-Packagersfromthemore-developedcountriessometimeshavedifficultyworkingwithless-developednations;.a.theyfailtounderstandthattheirrespectivepackagingprioritiesarecompletelydifferent.b.developingnationstryingtosellgoodstoNorthAmericanmarketscannotunderstandtheirpreoccupationwithpackageandgraphics.,ModernPackaging,3.TheUnitedNationsandpackaging.-Theless-developedcountriesdonothaveadequatelandtoraiseenoughfood.-Foodgoesbeyonditsnaturalbiologicallife,spoils,islost,isinfestedwithinsectsoreatenbyrodents,getswetintherain,leaksawayorgoesuneatenfornumerousreasons,allofwhichsoundpackagingprinciplescanprevent.-Inapooreconomythatcanaffordnowaste,noindustriesrecoversecondaryvaluefromfoodby-products.-Packagingisperceivedtobeaweaponagainstworldhunger.,WasteManagementandEnvironmentalIssues,1.Thesourcesofwastematerial-Adiscussionofpackagingtodaymeanseventuallyturningtoenvironmentalissues.-Aperception:ifonlythepackagingindustrywouldstopdoingsomethingor,conversely,startdoingsomething,allourlandfillandpollutionproblemswouldgoaway.-Ampleevidencesuggeststhatgoodpackagingreduceswaste.-Theconsumerseespackagingasthatpartofshoppingtripthatgetsthrownaway.Hence,packagingisgarbage.,WasteManagementandEnvironmentalIssues,2.Thepercentageofwastethatispackaging-TheUniversityofTennesseeprovidesthefollowingbreakdownoftotallandfillwasteResidentialwaste:37.4%Industrialwaste:29.3%Commercialwaste:27.3%Othersources:6.0%,WasteManagementandEnvironmentalIssues,MaterialPackagingNonpackagingPaper12.7%19.6%Wood4.6%-Metal2.0%5.7%Glass5.7%0.8%Plastic4.1%5.5%Othermisc.0.1%12.1%Foodwaste-8.1%Yardwaste-19.0%Totals29.2%70.8%Table1.1Materialsmixbyweightinresidentialsolidwaste,3.Thematerialsinthewastestream,WasteManagementandEnvironmentalIssues,4.Consumerperceptionsofpackaging-NorthAmericanconsumershaveabasicdistrustofmanufacturers;tothem,manufactureisadirtybusiness.5.Jurisdictions-Mostwaste-managementissues:localjurisdictions;everystateorprovincecanpassitsownpackagingregulationsormandates.-IntheUnitesStates,thestatesaremostlyactingontheirown;CONEGandSSWMCarenotableexceptions.,WasteManagementandEnvironmentalIssues,6.PossiblelawsandmandatesRecyclingmandates/lawsMaterialreductionmandates/lawsRestrictionsonselectedmaterials/packagetypesMaterialbansorrestrictions(forexample,heavymetalsorPVC)Bansonmaterialsacceptedaslandfill(suchasnotacceptingascorrugatedfiberboard)Greenlabelingrequirements/prohibitionsPurchasingpreferencemandatesTaxincentives/penalties.Depositlaws/advancedisposalfees,WasteManagementandEnvironmentalIssues,7.ThefourRshierarchyandwhatitmeans-Reduce:usetheminimumamountofmaterialconsistentwithfulfillingitsbasicfunction.-Reuse:containersorpackagingcomponentsshouldbereused.-Recycle:packagingshouldbecollectedandthematerialsrecycledforfurtheruse.-Recover:topossiblyrecoverothervaluefromthewastebeforeconsigningpackagingtoalandfill.,WasteManagementandEnvironmentalIssues,Table1.2PercentofmunicipalsolidwasteincineratedinselectedcountriesCountryIncineratedWasteSwitzerland74%Japan66%Sweden50%France35%UnitedStates15%,WasteManagementandEnvironmentalIssues,8.Recyclingrealities-Thepublicmyths:1.Placingmaterialinablueboxconstitutesrecycling.Recyclingdoesnotoccuruntilsomeoneusesthematerialcollected.a)PCRmaterialsinimmediatecontactwithfoodneedtobeextensivelyinvestigated.b)Intheinstanceofpharmaceuticalpackaging,suchuseissimplynotallowed.c)Anotherimpedimentisaguaranteeofconsistentandreliablesupplyoftherecoveredmaterial.,WasteManagementandEnvironmentalIssues,2.Recycledmaterialshouldbeeconomical.Inmanyinstances,recycledmaterialismorecostly,anditsuseneedstobesupportedinsomeway.a)ThecostoflandfillingMSWisstilllessthanrecyclinginmostareas.b)Revenuesgeneratedfromthesaleofrecyclablematerialsdonotalwaysrecovercollectingandrecyclingcosts.c)Theprocessofrecyclingcannotignoremarketeconomics.,WasteManagementandEnvironmentalIssues,d)Environmentalistsmaintainthatrecyclingisanissueoftheenvironment,notofeconomics.Moneyexpendedtorecycleamaterialrepresentsaninvestmentinfuel,waterandotherresources.Whentheresourceinvestmenttorecoveramaterialexceedsthevalueofthematerialrecovered,thentheharmtotheenvironmentisgreater,notless.e)Theprocessofcollectingandregeneratingapackagingmaterialforfurtheruseisacomplexoneformostmaterials.,WasteManagementandEnvironmentalIssues,-significantinvestmentinsophisticatedequipment.-Whileglassisapparentlyreadilyidentifiable,individualglasscompositionsaswellasdifferentcolorsmakeitdifficulttogetuncontaminatedfeedstock.-Paperfiberqualitydeteriorateswitheveryrecycling,andsopapercannotberecycledindefinitely.-Plasticmaterialsposeanumberofseriousrecyclingproblems.Theplasticindustrydeve