文化词与文化含义词.ppt

1,Chapter18,文化词与文化含义词,2,文化词（CulturalWords）,PeterNewmarkcallsthemEmptyWordsTheword(phrase)thatcarriesthemeaningofaculturaltraitparticulartoacertainsocio-culturalcommunity,thatis,whosereferentisauniquethingorconception,andthereforethathasnocorrespondingequivalentinothercommunities,whenitisusedincross-culturalcommunication,iscalledwordofculturaluniquenessorculturalword.,3,CulturalWords5Types,1.Ecologicaleg.selva,igloo,sirocoo,三伏,三九2.Materialeg.swallowtail,马褂,ravioli,包子,粽子3.Socio-culturaleg.snooker,cricket,teleathon,LordChancellor,大锅饭,民工,家庭联产承包责任制4.Religiouseg.cathedral,abbey,阴阳,庵,老天5.Gesticulareg.叩头,作揖,单腿跪拜,4,文化含义词（CulturallyLoadedWord/Phrases）,Theword(phrase)whosereferentisnotauniquethingorconceptioninoneculture,butdoesnotoverlapwiththatinanotherculture,andthereforethathasnocorrespondingequivalentinothercommunities,whenitisusedincross-culturalcommunication,iscalledculturallyloadedword.,5,CulturallyLoadedWords3Types,1.Culturallyloadedwords(phrases)duetodifferentclassification（切分和归类不同）eg.Familymembers1)sex2)generation3)degreeoflineality(directorindirect)eg.Colourseg.Cookingmethods,6,CulturallyLoadedWords3Types,2.Culturallyloadedwords(phrases)duetodifferentassociation（联想不同）eg.Redeg.Magpieeg.Summereg.Westwind,7,CulturallyLoadedWords3Types,3.Culturallyloadedwords(phrases)duetodifferentculturalnorms（语用规范不同）“Culturalmeaningsareexpressedinthecognitivestructuresaswellasnormsofbehaviourpeopleutilizewhenusinglanguage.”(KachruYamuna)eg.YesorNoeg.Youdontsay./Youarenoteg.Nowyouaretalkingeg.Oh,youshouldntthave,8,TranslatingCulturalWords,1.Fullborrowing（全式借用）eg.garage,reservoir,spaghetti,plaza2.Semi-borrowing（半式借用）rade(comarada),cartoon(cartone)3.Transliteration（音译）eg.kowtow,fengshui,dimsum4.Semi-transliteration（半音译）eg.teahouse,tongoil,taoism5.Loantranslation（仿译）eg.蜜月，蓝领，超人，loseface,papertiger,9,TranslatingCulturallyLoadedWords,1.Culturallyloadedwords(phrases)duetodifferentclassification（切分和归类不同）1)borrowing（借用）eg.sake,kaoliang,cigar2)substitution（替代）eg.templefor寺，庙，庵，观3)paraphrasing（释义）亲家，妯娌，连襟,10,TranslatingCulturallyLoadedWords,2.Culturallyloadedwords(phrases)duetodifferentassociation（联想不同）1)loantranslation（仿译）eg.黑名单，瓶颈，连锁反应2)substitution（替代）eg.蓝眼睛,红眼病,green-eyed3)paraphrasing（释义）eg.九曲十八弯，走桃花运，tongue-in-cheek,11,TranslatingCulturallyLoadedWords,3.Culturallyloadedwords(phrases)duetodifferentculturalnorms（语用规范不同）substitution（替代）eg.吃了吗？/上哪儿去？eg.Howareyou?/Howdoyoudo?eg.司马昭之心，路人皆知Si-Ma-Zhaosheart?notorious?asplainasthenoseonface?anopensecret?,12,Exercise:TryTranslatingThem,尊重，干部，态度，国家，意义，关心，情况，宣传，统一，传统讲，搞，化个体经济，社会主义精神文明，乱收费，基本实现小康，街道妇女，三高农业,13,ExamplesAnalysis,处理国与国关系的时候，我们应该尊重现实。Whendealingwithinter-staterelations,weshouldfacereality.,14,ExamplesAnalysis,国有企业的主要领导干部应该坚决抵制和反对腐败。Leadingmanagerialstaffofstate-ownedenterprisesshouldresolutelyresistandopposecorruption.,15,ExamplesAnalysis,今天，亚洲和欧洲的国家领导人聚集一堂，以平等友好的态度，就广泛领域的合作交换意见。Today,leadersofAsianandEuropeancountriesgatherheretoexchangeviewsoncooperationinawiderangeofareasonanequalfootingandinafriendlymanner.,16,ExamplesAnalysis,互相尊重国家主权，是开展国际合作的重要前提。Mutualrespectforstatesovereigntyisanimportantprerequisiteforcarryingoutinternationalcooperation.,17,ExamplesAnalysis,我们在贵国度过了内容丰富和有意义的六天时间。Oursix-daystayinyourcountryhasbeenpleasant,substantialandinteresting.,18,ExamplesAnalysis,我们希望一切关心中东地区稳定的国家多做有利于解决争端的工作。WehopethatallcountriesthatcareaboutthestabilityoftheMiddleEastwilldomoretohelpresolvethedisputes.,19,ExamplesAnalysis,最近，在南海问题上出现一些新的情况，我想借此机会与您交换意见。Recently,somenewcomplicationshaveoccurredontheSouthChinaSea.Iwishtotakethisopportunitytoexchangeviewswithyou.,20,ExamplesAnalysis,在对内努力推进经济社会发展的同时，还应该大力加强对外宣传。Whiledoingagoodjobinadvancingsocialandeconomicdevelopment,weshouldalsomakegreateffortstoenhancepromotion/publicitytotheoutsideworld.,21,ExamplesAnalysis,在这个问题上，我们已经统一了思想。Asforthisissue,wehavealreadyreachedconsensus/achievecommonunderstanding.,22,ExamplesAnalysis,双方应保证两国公民在边境地区的传统经济生活正常进行。Thetwosidesshouldensuretheircitizensintheborderareaanormaleconomiclifeastheyusedtolead.,23,ExamplesAnalysis,一次分配讲效益，二次分配讲公平。Stressisputonefficiencyinthefirstdistributionofincome,andonequalityintheseconddistributionofincome.讲大话，讲空话都不行。Neitherbraggingnoremptytalkwilldo.讲信义是我们民族的传统。ActingingoodfaithisaChinesetradition.,24,ExamplesAnalysis,我们说话算数，不搞小动作。Wemeanwhatwesay.Wedonotplayprettytricks/games.他到北京工作了两个月，搞得很好。HeworkedinBeijingfortwomonthsanddidagoodjobthere.我们必须一心一意搞建设。Wemustconcentrateoneconomicdevelopment.搞经济协作区，这个路子是对的。Itistherightthingtoestablisheconomiccooperationbetweendevelopedandlessdevelopedareas.,25,ExamplesAnalysis,国民经济市场化、社会化程度明显提高。Markethasnoticeablyassumedgreaterimportanceinournationaleconomyandmoreandmoresocialserviceshavebeenmadeavailable.美化环境Tobeautifytheenvironment干部队伍的年轻化、知识化、专业化。Tomakeourrankofleadersyounger,bettereducatedandmorecompetentprofessionally.,26,ExamplesAnalysis,个体经济self-employment,familybusiness社会主义精神文明socialistcivilizationwithhighculturallevelandmoralstandards乱收费arbitrarycharges基本实现小康buildamoderatelywell-offsociety街道妇女housewivesworkingintheneighbourhood三高农业high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