语法精讲-名词(最终版).ppt

Welcometomyclass.,Topic:noun,名词的数,名词的所有格,名词的变化,可数名词,不可数名词,NOUN.,普通名词,专有名词,主谓一致,常考点,名词的定义和分类,一、定义：表示人、事物和抽象概念的词。如：人的姓名与称呼、物品的名称、地点、时间、兴趣爱好和行为等。二、分类：1、专有名词：表示人名、地名、国家名、机构、日期、称呼等的名词，人名、称呼:Grandma,Mr.Green,Mrs.White，MissWright地名、国名:Africa,China,Singapore,Beijing等日期、节日:January,Wednesday，WomensDay,MothersDay,ChildrensDay等由普通名词构成的专有名词：theGreatWall,theUnitedStateofAmerica,等注意：1）专有名词首字母要大写2）由普通名词组成的专有名词前要用the(the与介词不必大写）,2.普通名词,可数名词：（1）个体名词：表示个别人或事，如：student,bicycle,book,engineer,pen,tree等（2）集体名词:表示一群人或一些事物的总称，如：class,family,group,people,army,team,police等不可数名词：（1）物质名词:表示无法分为个体的实物如：cotton,oil,wood,coal,air,water,rice,iron,fire,等（2）抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、情感等抽象概念，如:love,progress,friendship,health,pleasure,honesty,weight,homework,housework,fun等,flower,flowers,找规律,NOUN.,book,books,factories,baby,babies,factory,leaf,wolf,wolves,leaves,knife,knives,watch,es,box,es,bus,es,brush,es,要点考点聚焦,找规律,tomatoes,potatoes,heroes,NOUN.,negroes,radios,photos,找规律,zoos,pianos,NOUN.,不规则变化,child-children,woman-women,man-men,goose-geese,NOUN.,mouse-mice,foot-feet,deer,sheep,deer，sheep，fish，li，jin，yuan,mu,Japanese,Chinese等的单复数同形.,Yuan,dollars,meters,pounds,cap-capstask-tasksstar-starstree-treesstomach-stomacheshouse-housesexercise-exercises,可数名词的复数形式,规则变化,A.绝大多数名词的复数形式在单数形式后加-S,B.以字母x、s、ch、sh结尾的名词在其后加-es,bus-busesbox-boxeswatch-watchesdish-dishesclass-classes,C.（1）以辅音字母+y结尾的名词需把y变为i再加-esstorystoriesbabybabiescountrycountriespartyparties（2）以元音字母+y结尾的名词在后面直接加-sdaydaysboy-boystoy-toys,E.（1）以元音字母+o结尾的名词，以及某些以o结尾的外来词，变为复数时只加-Sradioradioszoo-zoosbamboo-bamboos,D.以-f或-fe结尾的可数名词,先将f或fe变成v再加-esshelf-shelveslifelivesknife-knivesleaf-leaveswifewiveshalfhalves特殊:roof-roofs,（2）以辅音字母+o结尾的名词变为复数+espotato-potatoeshero-heroestomatotomatoes但pianopianos,photo-photos除外.,不规则变化,特殊变化：,单复同形,manmengentlemangentlemenpolicemanpolicemenwomanwomenfootfeettoothteethmousemicechildchildren,sheepsheepfishfish/fishesdeerdeerChineseChineseJapaneseJapanese,3.表示“某国人”的名词，其变化有三种情况,aJapanesefiveJapanese(e.gChinese),aFrenchmantwoFrenchmen(e.gEnglishmanEnglishwomanfishermanpolicemanFrenchwoman),aGermanfiveGermans(e.gRussianAmericanIndianItalianKorean),4.常以复数形式出现的名词,集体名词：trousersglassesclothespeoplepolice,口诀：中日不变英法变，其余把S加后面,与众不同,NOUN.,scissors,shoes,pants,glasses,chopsticks,不可数名词,常见的不可数名词.drink-coffee,milk,tea2.food-rice,bread,meatporridge,tofu,3.sugar,salt,pepper,butter4.weather-rain,snow,ice,cloud,wind5.cotton,silk,wool,mental,paper,wood,glass,plastic6.English,Chinese,Japanese,French,German7.history,maths,science,physics,biology,PE,music,art8.help,confidence,courage,success,danger,safe9.work,homework,teamwork,news,money,advice,物质名词(如：water水)抽象名词(如:happiness幸福),不可数名词数量的表达法：通过改变量词形式的方法来表示不可数名词的量,abottleofmilk-twobottlesofmilkapieceofmeat-threepiecesofmeat,不可数名词没有复数形式,可数名词和不可数名词的数量表达,abottleofjuice,aglassoforange,twoboxesofmilk,不可数名词,NOUN.,既可做不可数名词，又可做可数名词的：,不可数名词可数名词,paper纸apaperglass玻璃aglassiron铁aironroom空间aroomchicken鸡肉achickenbeauty美abeauty,一张报纸一个玻璃杯一个熨斗一个房间一只小鸡一个美人,名词的所有格,看例题识所有格,1.BeijingisthecapitalofChina.BeijingisChinascapital.,2.ThisisMaryandhersistersbedroom.BobandLucyssisterisanurse.,的,NOUN.,3.TheseareTomsandLilysbags.,4.Sheisthetwoboysmother.,5.thedooroftheroomtheleavesofthetree,6.thegirlsname=thenameofthegirl,7.Heisafriendofmybrothers.,名词的所有格,单数的名词所有格,Mikesbagtheboysknife2.在词尾有-S的复数名词所有格,只在词尾加,读音与名词变复数同thestudentsbookstheteachersoffice,3.不规则名词复数的所有格,即词尾不是以-s结尾的单词,在词后加s,如:WomensDaymensclothesshop4.如果事物为2人或2人以上共同所有，在最后一个名词后加-s;,珍妮和海伦的房间,JennyandHelensroom,JennysandHelensrooms,5.如果事物不是2人或2人共同所有，而是分别有的,则在2个名词后都加-s珍妮的房间和海伦的房间,1.有生命的东西所有格用s的形式,8.无生命的东西一般用“of+名词”的形式表示其所有格,thedooroftheroomthewallofthepark,6.有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体的等无生命的东西，也可以加-s构成所有格,2小时路程北京最好的公园今日报纸车站休息室,twohourswalk,Beijingsbestpark,todaysnewspaper,thestationswaiting-room,atmyuncles=atmyuncleshomeatatailors=atatailorsshop,9.表示类别的名词作定语，不用所有格,asilkhatcottoncloth,acoffeecup,7.表示某人的家、店铺、诊所时，常省略所有格后面的名词,myteachersofficestudentsexercisebooksChildrensPalacetodaysnewspaper15minuteswalk=a15-minutewalkatthebutchers=atthebutchersshoptoToms=toTomshouse,1我老师的办公室2学生们的练习本3少年宫4今天的报纸5十五分钟的路程6在肉店7到汤姆家去,名词的所有格Practice,8广东的省会9教室的门10我父亲的一个朋友11他的两个兄弟12爱迪生的一些发明13他弟弟的一张照片(照片属于他弟弟)14他弟弟的一张照片(照片里的人是他弟弟),thecapitalofGuangdong,thedoorsoftheclassroom,afriendofmyfather(s),twobrothersofhis,someinventionsofEdisons,apictureofhisbrothers,apictureofhisbrother,主谓一致,当class,family,team,group,public等集体名词做主语时，如果看成一个整体，动词就用单数；看成一个个具体成员时，就用复数。,e.gTheclassarewaitingforher.Tomsfamily_ratherbig.Tomsfamily_filmfans.,is,are,2.news,maths,politics表示单数意义，动词用单数。,e.gThenewsmakesherveryhappy.Maths_noteasyforhim.,is,3.像chopsticks,shoes,glasses,trousers等表示复数含义的词，动词用复数。,e.gTheshoesarehers.,但是:Apairofglasses_onthetable.Twopairsofglasses_onthetable.,is,are,4.police,people(人们),youth(青年们)只有单数形式，但表示复数意义，动词用复数。,e.gThepolicearegatheringinthestreet.TheChinesepeople_peace.,love,但是:people当“民族”，youth当“男青年”讲时，有单复数之分,e.gHeisayouthof20.ManyEnglish-speakingpeoples_thisbook.,like,5.像deer、sheep等单复同形的词，动词单复根据具体情况定,e.gAdeerisoverthereinthefield.Agroupofdeer_overthereinthefield.,are,6.Thepoetandmusician_attheparty.Thesingeranddancer_justarrived.Thebreadandthebutter_ready.Breadandbutter_herusualbreakfast.涂了黄油的面包,was,has,are,is,8.Bothand的谓语动词用复数形式。,e.g.Bothheandhisfather_there.,were,7.采取就近一致原则的句型结构：,Therebee.g.There_abookandtwoapplesonthedesk.notonlybutalsoe.gNotonlyyoubutalsohe_right.eitherore.gEitherheorI_wrong.neithernore.gNeithershenorI_right.,is,is,am,am,表示时间、距离、金额、度量、书名、国名等的复数名词，看作整体，动词用单数。e.gEighthoursofsleep_enoughforyou.Tendollars_toomuchtopay.,is,is,10.each+单数名词+and+each+单数名词every+单数名词+and+every+单数名词no+单数名词+and+no+单数名词,eachof+复数名词oneof+复数名词,manya+单数名词,every/each+单数名词+and+单数名词,等结构做主语时，动词用单数。,e.g.Eachboyandeachgirl_seenthefilm.Noteacherandnostudent_comeyet.Everyknife,fork,andspoon_tobebought.Eachofthestudents_adictionary.,has,has,has,has,1、就近原则,TherebeEitherorNeithernorNotonlybutalso,2、就远原则,AswellasWithTogetherwithBut,ExceptLikeNolessthan,Nobodybuttwostudentsisintheclassroom.除了这两个学生，没有人在教室Awomanwithtwochildrenhascome.一位妇女带着两个孩子已经来了。,名词的变化,看我“七十二变”,常具有赞美的意味,ful,NOUN.,y,表示充满的,danger,ous,具有的性质,less,没有的,形容词,指点迷津,Tenyears_(is,are)shorttimeforme.Apairofshoes_(is,are)underthebed.Thenumberofthestudentsinourschool_(is,are)2,000.Thewomanwithtwochildren_(is,are)cominghere.NeitherhenorI_(are,am)anAmerican.,is,is,is,is,am,NOUN.,指点迷津,6.Maths_(are,is)hardtolearnfortheboy.7.Theyareall_(woman,teachers;womenteachers).8.ThepopulationofChina_(are,is)over1,300,000,000.9.Therearemany_(peoples,people)inthestreetinsummer.10.Oneofthestudents_(have,has)gonetoShanghai.,is,is,womenteachers,people,has,NOUN.,1.Several_aretalkingunderthetreeAndtheyare_.Awoman;childrenBwoman;childCwomen;children2.Howfarisyourschoolfromhere？NotveryfarItsabouttwentywalk.AminutesBminutesCminutes3.Therearethreeinmyfamily.A.peopleB.personC.child4.Moststudentscangotocollegeforfurtherinourcity.A.educationB.informationC.science5.Thisisbedroom.Thetwinsisterlikeitverymuch.A.AnnandJaneB.AnnandJanesC.AnnsandJanes,典型例题解析,C,C,A,A,B,NOUN.,典型例题解析,TheBrownsisgoingtovisitChina.()TheBrownsaregoingtovisitChina.()Theyoungisdancingthere.()Theyoungaredancingthere.()Physicsareverydifficulttolearn.()Physicsisverydifficulttolearn.()WehavefiveGermeninthismeeting.()WehavefiveGermansinthismeeting.()ThisisoneoftheEnglish-Chinesedictionary.()ThisisoneoftheEnglish-Chinesedictionaries.(),NOUN.,()1.Pleasegiveme_paper.A.oneB.apieceC.aD.apieceof()2.Thistableismadeof_.A.manyglassB.someglassesC.glassesD.glass()3.Billrunsfast.Hewonthe_800-metreraceyesterday.AboysBboysCboyDboys.()4.Some_cametoourschoolforavisitthatday.A.GermansB.GermenC.GermanyD.Germanies()5.Inthepicturetherearemany_andtwo_.A.sheeps;foxesB.sheeps;foxesC.sheep;foxesD.sheep;foxs,课时训练,D,D,B,A,C,选择填空：,NOUN.,()6.Thisisnotmycap,butmy_.A.brothersB.brothersC.brothersD.brother()7._are_forcuttingthings.A.Knife,usedB.Knives,usingC.Knife,usingD.Knives,used()8.J