高考阅读理解指导-主旨大意.ppt

高考阅读指导标题和主旨大意,2014年浙江省普通高考考试说明对阅读理解题的考查要求:本部分共分两节，测试考生的英语阅读理解能力，要求考生能够读懂书、报、杂志、网络中关于一般性话题的短文以及公告、说明、广告等（生词量不超过3%），并能从中获取相关信息。考生应能：(1)理解主旨和要义；(2)理解文中具体信息；(3)根据上下文推断生词的词义(4)作出判断和推理；(5)理解文章的基本结构；(6)理解作者的意图、观点和态度。,2009-2013年浙江省高考英语试卷阅读理解第一节考点分布,另：第二节2011、2012考查给各个段落加小标题，2013考查找段落的首句，其实质也就是考查主旨大意，对考生的语篇归纳与概括能力要求较高。,阅读中主旨大意题的题型分类,主旨题,标题类,文章主旨,段落主旨,Scanthequestionsinthefivepassagesandtrytofindtherelatedquestions.,Example150,Example260Example359Example459Example560,Example356,设问形式:1、标题类常见的标题型题干：1)Thebesttitle/headlineforthispassagemightbe_.2)Thetext(passage)couldbeentitled_.3)Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?4)Whichofthefollowingwouldbesuitableasatitleforthepassage?5）Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?2、大意类常见的主题型题干：1)Whichofthefollowingisconveyedinthisarticle?2)Withwhattopicisthepassagechieflyconcerned?3）Themainideaofthepassage/paragraph1is4）Thepassage/paragraph1ismainlyabout5）Thepassage/paragraph1mainlydiscusses6）Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?,解题思路与应试技巧,一、标题类标题是段落中心思想最精炼的表达形式。文章标题可以是单词，短语，也可以是句子。特点：.概括性:短小精悍，多为一短语；.全面性:涵盖性强，一般要求能覆盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小；.针对性:精确性强，不能随意改变表意的程度及色彩。标题要避免概括不够，即以部分代整体，或以事实细节代替具体的大意；也要避免概括过度，即脱离了文本内容的过度发挥，导致标题范围太大，缺乏针对性。标题得像帽子一样，大小合适才行。另外，标题要新颖醒目，能吸引读者。,选帽原则,Example1,50.Whatcouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.CharmoftheDetourB.TheRoadtoBraveryC.CreativityoutofNecessityD.RoadtripandCountryLife,PoetWilliamStaffordoncesaidthatwearedefinedmorebythedetours(绕行路)inlifethatbythenarrowroadtowardgoals.Ilikethisimage.ButItwasquitebyaccidentthatIdiscoveredthedeepmeaningofhiswords.Someroadtripsarebynecessityfastandstraight.ButthattripwithBanneropenedoureyestoaworldavailabletoanyoneadventurousenoughtowanderaroundandmademerealizethatadetourmayuncoverthebestpartofajourney-andthebestpartofyourself.,CharmoftheDetour,Anexperience,(Toolarge),(Toonarrow),(Toonarrow),二、主旨大意类,关键：识别文体，找到主题句（topicsentence),不同体裁文章主题句在文中的位置:,注：8090%的主旨大意出现在文章首段,说明文重视首段,议论文重视首尾段,注意每段第一句话；记叙文重视重要情节，人物及事物特征。,如何找准主题句,一：主题句的特点:包含文章的主要内容，体现文章的主题。某些文章中反复出现的中心词(即高频词)二.关注重要标志词：but,yet,however等notonlybutalso句型forexample，suchas等词so,therefore,actually,inshort,等词show/find/suggest/argue等词后往往预示着新发现或真理,其后的为主题句,butalso后的为主题句,其前的为主题句,其后的为主题句,其后的为主题句,PlanningavisittotheUK?Herewehelpwithwaystocutyourcosts.,Example2,说明文,主题句在文章首段（较常见）,60.Themainpurposeofthepassageis_.A.totellvisitorshowtobookinadvanceB.tosupplyvisitorswithhotelinformationC.toshowvisitorstheimportanceofself-helpD.tooffervisitorssomemoney-savingtips,Example3,广告类,56.Whatismainlydiscussedinparagraph2?theheatoftheEPB.thesafetyoftheEPC.theappearanceoftheEPD.thematerialoftheEP,TheEPhasnoexposedheatingpartsthatcancauseafire.TheoutsideofEPonlygetswarmtothetouchsothatitwillnotburnchildrenorpets.(para2),无主题句：考生需根据文章(段落）中所叙述的事实或提供的线索来概括和总结文章（段落）的大意,59.Themainpurposeofthepassageisto.A.persuadepeopletobuytheproductB.advisepeopletosaveonheatingbillsC.reportthenewdevelopmentofportableheatersD.comparethedifferenceofdifferentheaterbrands,Takeactionrightnow!,注：结论性或者转折性的语言，这往往是文章的主旨。,Somepeoplewilldojustaboutanythingtosavemoney.,Itellyouthisbecausethereisnoshameingettingyourmoneysworth.Imalsotightfistedwhenitcomestoshoes,clothesformychildren,andexpensiverestaurants.ButIwouldnthesitatetospendonagoodhaircut.Itkeepsitsshapelonger,anditsthefirstthingpeoplenotice.AndIwillalsospendonaclassicpieceoffurniture.Qualitylasts.,Example4.59.Whatdoestheauthorwanttotellus?A.Howtoexposebadtricks.B.Howtoreserveairlineseats.C.Howtospendmoneywisely.D.Howtomakeabusinessdeal.,注：要关注关键段落、关键词、主题句。,议论文,Example560.Thepassageismeantto.A.justifypayingforfasterservicesB.discussthemoralsofallocatingthingsC.analyzethereasonforstandinginlineD.criticizethebehaviorofqueuejumping,Para2.Marketsandqueuespayingandwaitingaretwodifferentwaysofallocatingthings,andeachisappropriatetodifferentactivities.,Para6.Ofcourse,marketsandqueuesarenottheonlywaysofallocatingthings.,文章中多次复现,反复讨论的话题大多是文章的主旨,议论文,推敲选项,排除干扰,1.干扰项(即错误选项)特点1）以偏概全，选项只是局部信息,或是一句没有展开论述的话；2）过于笼统，即选项归纳的主题过于宽泛,与细节脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论述；3）选项的观点强加于作者,选项的观点往往是读者根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而忽视作者的见解；4）相反信息，与文章的主题完全相反5）无关信息，既在文章中没有提到或找不到语言依据的信息。,2.正确选项特点：1）涵盖性强，覆盖全文；2）确定的范围恰当,既不太大,也不太小；3）精确性强,不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。切记在文章首尾段找准主题句,逆向思维法：先设定某一个选项为正确的文章标题或中心大意，那么，按照这个标题或大意文章通常应该怎么写、写什么呢？根据其核心词,我们可以大致确定下文章的结构和内容，如果二者与阅读短文基本相同，就可以判断该项正确；如果与短文大相径庭，就可以判断该项不对。,推敲选项,排除干扰,Practice2013安徽卷B,62.Thelastparagraphisintendedto.A.showushowtofixleaksathomeB.tellushowtorunadishwasherC.provewhatdrinkingglassisbestforusD.suggestwhatwedotosavewaterathome,Youcantakestepstosavewaterinyourhome.Tostartwith,usethesameglassforyourdrinkingwaterallday.Washitonlyonceaday.Runyourdishwasher(洗碗机)onlywhenitisfull.Helpyourparentsfixanyleaksinyourhome.Youcanevenhelptokeepourwatersupplycleanbyrecyclingbatteriesinsteadofthrowingthemaway.,Topicsentence,63.Thetextismainlyabout.A.WhypavingroadsreducesourwaterB.howmuchwedependonwatertoliveC.whydroughtsoccurmoreindryclimatesD.howhumanactivityaffectsourwatersupply,Usingtoomuchwaterorthrowingrubbishintoourriversareclearwaysthathumanscanputourwatersupplyindanger,butwealsoaffectourwatersupplyinlessobviousways.Youmaywonderhowpaving(铺砌)aroadcanleadtolessuseablefreshwater.AmajorPartofthewaterweuseeverydayisgroundwater.Groundwaterdoesnotcomefromlakesorrivers.Itcomesfromunderground.Themoreroadsandparkinglotswepave,thelesswatercanflowintothegroundtobecomegroundwater.,but,yet,however等其后的为主题句,2012浙江任务型,.概括性.全面性.针对性,61._Whenyouconcentrateononetask,youfindyouhaveenergythatyoudidntevenknowyouhad.Justimagine:youareatafairandyouhavetocarrytwoheavypigsover100yards.Ifyoukeepgrabbingoneandthentheother,itwilltakeforever,becauseoneofthemwillkeepslippingoutfromunderyourarmandrunningoff.Butifyoutieonepiginaplace,pickuptheother,gatherallyourstrengthandmakeadashforthefinishline,pauseforamoment,runbackandgettheotherone,andwithgreatdetermination,carrythesecondpigtothefinishline,thenyoucanbesureofsuccess.,C.SeparateYourActions,62._Thepressureatworkisontheincreaseinalloccupations.Inthemodernnuclearfamily,theexpectationsthatformerlywouldhavebeensharedamongalltherelativesarenowconcentratedontheindividualpartner.Ifyouhavethefeelingthat24hoursperdayarenotenoughforallthethingsyouneedtodo,thenitsnotbecausethedayhastoofewhours,butbecauseyouhavetoomanyactivities.Asimplefactthatoverloadedpeopleoftentendtoforget.Thesolutionisequallysimple:refusetoacceptsomanyworkassignmentsinyourprivatelifeoryourworkinglife.,Topicsentence,E.RelievePressurebyFirmlySayingNo,63._Icanhandlestressisregardedasapositivestatementintheworldofwork.Peoplewhocanhandlestressaregivenmoreandmoretocopewith-untilonedaytheybreak.Paycarefulattentiontothesignsthattellyouthatyouareundermorestressthanyoucancopewith.Thesesignalscancomefromvariousareasoflife.Youbecomeill,oryourworkefficiencydecreases.Ifyouhaveanyofthesesymptoms,changeyourlifegoalsanddecreaseyourtoleranceofstress.Sayquiteopenly,Icantmanagethat.,结论性的句子,D.AllowYourselftoBeWeak,64._“IfonlyIwereslimmer,morebeautiful,richer,moreclever,thenIwouldbehappier.Thisisadreamthatmakesalotofpeopleill,depressed,andunhappy.Lifehasitsflaws,defects,corners,andedges.Onlythosewhoacceptthisrealitycanleadareallyfulllife.Ofcoursethereareactivitiesinwhicherrorsaredangerous:drivingacar;crossingtheroad.Butlifedoesntconsistentirelyofthesethings.Inamongthemthereisalotofroomforsmallandlargemistakes.,F.StopExpectingEverythingtoBePerfect,65._Successfulpeopleallhavetheirownplaceswheretheycanwithdrawinordertowor