2017届高考英语二轮专题复习非谓语动词讲义.docx

非谓语动词【考纲解读】考生应掌握: 1.非谓语动词的构成、语法功能及用法对比; 2.非谓语动词完成式和被动式的用法及特点; 3.非谓语动词的复合结构及否定形式; 4.不定式与动名词、动名词与现在分词、现在分词与过去分词、分词作状语与独立结构等用法对比; 5.不定式和动名词在及物动词后作宾语的区别; 6.过去分词作定语、不定式和分词作宾语补足语的用法。 【考点纵横】2016年全国卷2015年新课标卷20152016年地方卷目前这么考全国卷(过去分词;动名词) 全国卷(不定式) 全国卷(不定式;现在分词) 新课标卷(过去分词;现在分词) 新课标卷(过去分词;动名词) 2016年四川(不定式) 2016年天津(现在分词) 2016年江苏(过去分词) 2016年北京(不定式;过去分词) 2015年广东(不定式) 2015年陕西(不定式) 2015年四川(动名词;want后跟不定式) 2015年浙江(动名词) 2015年湖南(不定式;现在分词) 2015年江苏(过去分词) 今后怎么考今后高考试题对非谓语动词的考查主要集中在以下几个方面:非谓语动词作定语的区别;动名词和不定式作宾语的用法比较;现在分词和过去分词的用法比较;特定句型中非谓语动词的用法等。对非谓语动词的考查常出现在语法填空和短文改错之中【考题导引】1.(2016全国)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, when I was the first Western TV reporter(permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild. 解析：permitted 这里是动词的过去分词,表被动,作后置定语。 2(2016全国)Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal(create)special designs. 解析： to creat 此处是不定式短语表目的,相当于“in order to create”。 3 (2015陕西)Back from his two-year medical service in Africa, Dr.Lee was very happy to see his mother(take) good care of at home. 解析： taken 此处是“see+宾语+宾语补足语”结构,宾语与补语之间是被动关系,故用过去分词作宾补。4 (2016全国)If you find something you love doing outside of the office, youll be less likely(bring) your work home. 解析：to bring 此处是固定用法“be likely to do sth”。 5(2014湖南) (understand)your own needs and styles of communication is as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions. 解析：Understanding 这里是动名词短语充当句子的主语。 【知识网络】非谓语动词【知识梳理】一、非谓语动词的形式及意义非谓语动词主动语态被动语态意义不定式一般式to doto be done不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生进行式to be doing不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生完成式to have doneto have been done不定式的动作发生在句中谓语动词的动作之前现在分词/动名词一般式doingbeing done其表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生，或几乎同时发生完成式having donehaving been done其表示的动作先于句中谓语动词的动作发生过去分词done与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系，表完成I have a lot of reading to complete before the end of this term.本学期结束前，我有大量的阅读任务要完成。Charles Babbage is generally considered to have invented the first computer.人们一致认为查尔斯巴贝奇发明了第一台计算机。No harm seems to have been done.似乎并没有造成伤害。Do you mind being interrupted while studying?你介意学习时被打扰吗？Having been ignored for a long time, the boy sitting at the back felt bored and went out.因长时间被忽视，这个男孩坐在后面感到枯燥就出去了。Given enough time, we are sure to do it well.如果给予我们足够的时间，我们一定能做好。二、非谓语动词的用法(一)非谓语动词作状语的用法1不定式作状语(1)作目的状语不定式作目的状语意为“为了”，可以单独放在句首、句中或句末。如果强调目的性，不定式前也可加in order或so as，但so as to不能用于句首。To pass the college entrance exam, we must work hard.为了通过大学入学考试，我们必须努力学习。The bus stopped in order to/so as to pick up passengers.公共汽车停下来以便接载乘客。(2)作结果状语不定式作结果状语常表示令人意外的结果。Tom took a taxi to the airport, only to find his plane high up in the sky.汤姆乘出租车去了机场，结果发现他要乘坐的飞机已飞入高空。(3)作原因状语常用于“主语(人)系动词形容词(过去分词)to do”结构中。形容词或过去分词作表语时，后可接不定式作原因状语，用以说明产生这种情绪的原因或所表示的情况，常用于这类结构中的形容词和过去分词有sorry, surprised, disappointed, excited, glad, happy, anxious, delighted, pleased, foolish等。We were astonished to find the temple still in its original condition.令我们吃惊的是，这座寺庙仍保持着最初的样子。常用于“主语(物)系动词形容词to do”结构中。这类形容词有：easy, difficult, hard, cheap，expensive, fit, comfortable, heavy, good, important, impossible, dangerous等，表示主语的特征或性质，不定式和句子主语之间存在被动关系，但常用主动形式表示被动意义。The morning air is so good to breathe that he gets up early every day.早上的空气呼吸起来很清新，因此他每天都起得很早。2分词作状语分词包括现在分词和过去分词，现在分词表示的动作与句子主语之间是主动关系，且含有进行的意义；过去分词表示的动作与句子主语之间是被动关系，且含有完成的意义。(1)作时间状语相当于when, while, before, since, as引导的时间状语从句。Translated into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.When the sentence was translated into English, it was found to have an entirely different order.被译成英语后，我们发现这个句子有了一个完全不同的语序。(2)作原因状语相当于because, since, as引导的原因状语从句。Not understanding this problem, he asked the teacher about it.Because he didnt understand this problem, he asked the teacher about it.因为不理解这个问题，他问了老师。Defeated by his deskmate, he felt discouraged.Because he was defeated by his deskmate, he felt discouraged.由于被同桌打败了，他感到气馁。(3)作条件状语相当于if, unless等引导的条件状语从句。Given another hour, I can also work out this problem.If Im given another hour, I can also work out the problem.如果再给我一个小时，我也能解决这个问题。(4)作结果状语常用现在分词表示自然而然的结果，分词前可接thus。More highways have been built in China, making it much easier for people to travel from one place to another.中国又建了很多高速公路，这使人们的出行变得更容易了。(5)作方式或伴随状语表示一个同时发生的次要的(或者伴随的)动作，常用逗号与句子主体部分隔开，相当于并列句。One evening Harry phoned me, asking me to come to his flat as soon as possible.One evening Harry phoned me, and he asked me to come to his flat as soon as possible.一天晚上哈里给我打电话，要求我尽快去他的公寓。(6)作让步状语相当于though, although, even if等引导的让步状语从句。Warned of the danger, he still went skating on the thin ice.Though he was warned of the danger, he still went skating on the thin ice.虽然被警告危险，他仍旧在薄冰上滑冰。3独立主格结构作状语独立主格结构是由名词或代词加上名词、形容词、副词、介词短语或非谓语动词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的成分构成逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系。独立主格结构可置于主句前、主句后或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开，在句中作状语，相当于一个状语从句。(1)逻辑主语名词/形容词/副词/介词短语/非谓语动词So many children to support, they both have to work full time.有这么多孩子要养，他们俩不得不全日工作。The guide leading the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest.向导领着路，我们毫不费劲地走出了森林。Jim was listening attentively to the lecture, all his attention fixed upon it.吉姆专心致志地听着讲座，所有注意力都集中在上面了。There being no bus, we had to walk home.由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。It being Sunday, I didnt need to get up early this morning, so I stayed in bed until 9 am.因为是周日，我不必早起，所以一直睡到早上九点。(2)with/without复合宾语“with/without宾语宾语补足语”结构可以构成独立主格结构，在句中常作伴随状语和原因状语。I couldnt do my homework with all that noise going on.由于噪音不断我做不了作业。It was a pity that the great writer died with his works unfinished.真可惜，这位伟大的作家去世时，作品尚未完成。The girl feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.有这么多的名胜可以参观，小女孩很兴奋。(二)非谓语动词作定语的用法1不定式作定语(1)不定式作定语常表示将来的动作。The question to be discussed at the meeting is very important.将在会议上讨论的那个问题非常重要。(2)不定式常放在某些名词或代词后作定语。如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后需要加相应的介词。He has no pen to write with.他没有钢笔写字。(3)不定式用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any等限定的中心词，且与中心词之间为逻辑上的主动关系。He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school.他总是第一个到校，最后一个离校。(4)被修饰词是抽象名词时，常用不定式作定语。常见的该类名词有：ability, chance, idea, hope, wish, fact, excuse, promise, attempt, way等。The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.表达观点的能力与观点本身同等重要。2分词作定语(1)及物动词的分词形式作定语作定语的及物动词的分词形式有：现在分词、“being过去分词”、过去分词。当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时，用现在分词；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表正在进行时，用“being过去分词”；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表完成时，用过去分词。The park was full of people, enjoying themselves in the sunshine.(2015北京高考单选)公园里人山人海，人们在阳光下玩得很快乐。(主动)We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.我们必须对在此讨论的问题保密。(被动、正在进行)The players selected from the whole country are expected to bring us honor in this summer game.人们期待着从全国各地挑选出来的运动员能在今年夏季的赛事中给我们带来荣誉。(被动、完成)(2)不及物动词的分词形式作定语作定语的不及物动词的分词形式有：现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示动作正在进行；过去分词只表示一个动作已完成，不表被动。falling leaves正在下落的叶子(表正在进行)fallen leaves落叶(表完成)3动名词作定语动名词作定语常用来说明被修饰词的用途或目的。a walking stick拐杖a reading room阅览室a sleeping car卧铺车(三)非谓语动词作宾语的用法1只能用不定式作宾语的动词下列动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish; refuse, manage, care, pretend; offer, promise, choose, plan; agree, ask/beg, help。此外，afford, strive, happen, wait, threaten等也要用不定式作宾语。My English teacher promised to lend some books to me.我的英语老师答应借给我一些书。2只能用动名词作宾语的动词或动词短语下列动词或动词短语只能用动名词作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏。禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡。consider， suggest/advise， look forward to， excuse/pardon； admit， delay/put off， fancy (想象，设想)； avoid， miss， keep/keep on， practice； deny， finish， enjoy/appreciate； forbid， imagine， risk； cant help (禁不住)， mind， allow/permit， escape。此外，下列动词短语也要用动名词作宾语：be used/accustomed to, lead to, devote to, go back to, stick to, object to, get down to, pay attention to, cant stand (无法忍受), give up, feel like, insist on, thank .for, apologize for, be busy (in), have difficulty/trouble (in), have a good/wonderful/hard time (in), spend time (in), look forward to。We only missed seeing each other by five minutes.我们只因差五分钟而未能见面。My mother couldnt help smiling when she heard the good news.听到那好消息，我妈妈情不自禁地笑起来。3既可以接不定式也可以接动名词作宾语的动词或动词短语下列动词或动词短语既可以跟动名词作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别，要特别注意：后接不定式后接动名词regret to do sth.遗憾要去做某事regret doing sth.后悔做过某事forget to do sth.忘记要去做某事forget doing sth.忘记已做过某事remember to do sth.记得要做某事remember doing sth.记得做过某事mean to do sth.打算做某事mean doing sth.意味着做某事try to do sth.努力/企图做某事try doing sth.试着做某事cant help (to) do sth.不能帮助做某事cant help doing sth.情不自禁地做某事I meant to give you this book today, but I forgot.我本来打算今天给你这本书的，可是我忘了。Missing this train means waiting for another hour.错过这辆火车意味着你得再等一小时。(四)非谓语动词作宾语补足语的用法1不定式作宾语补足语有些动词及动词短语后接不定式作宾补，即“动词/动词短语sb.to do”。常见的这类动词或动词短语有：advise建议allow允许ask询问；要求beg乞求 cause导致 encourage鼓励expect期望 forbid禁止 force强迫intend意欲 invite邀请 order订购persuade说服 prefer喜爱 require需要teach教 remind提醒 tell告诉want想要 warn警告 wish想要wait for等待 depend on依靠 call on号召；要求The doctor warned him not to eat too much meat.医生警告他不要吃太多的肉。He depends on you to help him with his English.他指望你帮助他学英语。2分词作宾语补足语(1)现在分词作宾语补足语时，表主动、进行。They use computers to keep the traffic running smoothly.他们使用电脑以使交通畅通无阻。(2)过去分词作宾语补足语时，表被动、完成。He tried to get his work recognized in the medical circles.他试图使自己的工作在医学界得到认可。3非谓语动词作感官动词和使役动词的宾补(1)感官动词see, watch, observe, hear, notice等的宾补有以下形式(以see为例)：see sb. do sth.看见某人做了某事I saw him leave a few minutes ago.我看见他几分钟前离开了。see sb. doing sth.看见某人正在做某事The suspect was seen entering the building.有人看见疑犯进入了大楼。see sb./sth. done看见某人/某物被Back from his twoyear medical service in Africa, Dr. Lee was very happy to see his mother taken good care of at home.(2015陕西高考单选)在非洲提供了两年的医疗服务，李医生回来后十分高兴地看到家里的母亲得到了很好的照顾。(2)常见的使役动词有四个：have, make, let, get，表示“使，让”的含义。have/make/let sb. do sth.以及get sb. to do sth.表示“让/使某人做某事”，宾语与宾补之间为逻辑上的主谓关系。The teacher had/made/let some students stay in the classroom after school.The teacher got some students to stay in the classroom after school.放学后老师让一些学生待在教室里。名师指津：make用于被动语态时，其后要用带to的不定式作主语 补足语。 He was made to work day and night. 他被迫日夜工作。 have/getsb./sth.doing sth.让某人/某物一直做某事He had the light burning all night, which made his parents very angry.他让灯着了整晚，这使他父母很生气。名师指津：have sb. doing sth.用于否定句中，常与cant, wont等连用，表示“不能容忍某人做某事”。 I wont have you speaking to your dad like that. 我不容许你和你父亲那样讲话。 have/get/make宾语done让被/遭遇某事(强调被动性动作)Ill have/get/make my bike repaired tomorrow.我明天得(请人)修一下我的自行车。He had his wallet stolen on his way home.在回家的路上，他的钱包被偷了。(五)非谓语动词作主语和表语的用法1不定式作主语和表语(1)不定式作主语，一般表示具体某一次的动作。常用it作形式主语，而不定式是真正的主语，放在句末，以使句子保持平衡。To climb the mountain is hard work but to go down the mountain is great fun.上山很艰难，下山却很好玩。It is not easy to find your way around the town.在这个小镇要找到路很不容易。(2)不定式作表语常用来表示预定要发生的动作，也可用来表示未来的可能性和假设；但当不定式所作的表语仅用来说明主语的内容时，这时的不定式只作单纯的表语，而不具有未来的含义。His wish is to be a doctor in the future.他的愿望是将来当一名医生。My job is to clean the rooms every day.我的工作是每天打扫房间。2动名词作主语和表语(1)动名词作主语表示一般的、抽象的、泛指的概念，常用it作形式主语，动名词作真正的主语放在句末。常用于固定句型：Its a waste of time doing .；Its no use/good doing .；It is useless . doing .；There is no .等中。Knowing basic firstaid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.掌握基本的急救技能将会有助于你在遇到紧急情况时迅速作出反应。It is no use complaining without taking action.不采取行动而只是抱怨是没有用的。There is no joking about such serious matters.这样严肃的事开不得玩笑。(2)动名词作表语多指抽象的、概念性的动作，句子主语常是表示无生命的名词或what引导的名词性从句。Our job is playing all kinds of music.我们的工作是演奏各种各样的音乐。【考点突破】考点1非谓语动词作状语1._ it easier to get in touch with us，youd better keep this card at hand.(2016北京，26) AMadeBMakeCMakingDTo make答案D解析考查非谓语动词作目的状语。句意为：为了更容易地和我们取得联系，你最好把这张名片卡放在手头。由本句话的后半句可知，make的逻辑主语为you，you与make之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，结合句意可知，非谓语动词在这里作目的状语，故选D。2._ over a week ago，the books are expected to arrive any time now.(2016北京，28) A.Ordering B.To order C.Having ordered D.Ordered 答案D解析考查非谓语动词作原因状语。句意为：那些书一周前已经预定了，现在有望随时到货。order与其逻辑主语the books之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故选D。3.Newly-built wooden cottages line the street，_ the old town into a dreamland.(2016北京，32) AturnBturningCto turnDturned答案B解析考查非谓语动词作结果状语。句意为：新建的小木屋沿街排成一行，将这个古老的小镇变成了一个梦幻之地。句子主语newlybuilt wooden cottages与turn是逻辑上的主谓关系，应用现在分词作结果状语，表示自然而然的结果。故选B。4.Like ancient sailors，birds can find their way _ the sun and the stars.(2015重庆，11) A.used B.having used C.using D.use 答案C解析考查非谓语动词作方式状语。句意为：就像古时候的水手一样，鸟能利用太阳和星星找到它们的路。根据语境，use与其句中隐含的逻辑主语birds之间为主动关系，故用v.ing形式的一般式，在句中作方式状语，相当于by using the sun and the stars的省略。5._ for two days，Steve managed to finish his report on schedule.(2015天津，8) A.To work B.Worked C.To be working D.Having worked 答案D解析考查非谓语动词作时间状语。句意为：工作了两天后，史蒂夫设法准时完成了报告。句子主语Steve与动词work之间为主谓关系，故要用现在分词形式；同时work的动作发生在谓语动词managed to finish之前，故要用完成时。考点归纳1分词作状语表示时间、原因、条件、结果、伴随或方式、目的等；作状语时，是用现在分词还是用过去分词，取决于该动词与句子主语之间的关系。如果是逻辑上的主谓关系，一般用现在分词；如果是逻辑上的动宾关系，一般用过去分词。分词的完成时表示动作先于谓语动词发生。Pressed from his parents，and realizing that he has wasted too much time，the boy is determined to stop playing video games. 由于来自父母的压力，以及认识到浪费了太多的时间，这个男孩决定不玩电子游戏了。(表示原因)Having been told many times，he finally understood it. 被告诉了许多次，他终于明白了。(表示时间) Seen from the top of the hill，the park looks even more beautiful. 从山顶上看，这个公园显得更加美丽。(see与主语the park之间存在动宾关系) Seeing from the top of the hill，we find the park even more beautiful. 从山顶上看，我们发现这个公园显得更加美丽。(see与主语we之间存在主谓关系) 2.某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化，此时这些过去分词表示一种状态。这样的词有：lost (迷路的)，seated (坐)，lost/absorbed in (沉溺于)，dressed in (穿着)，tired of (感到厌倦)，faced with (面对)等。 Absorbed in his book，he didnt notice me enter the room. 专心于读书，他没注意到我进入房间。 Dressed in a red coat，he is like a girl rather than a boy. 穿着一件红色衣服，他更像一个女孩。 3.不定式作状语主要表示原因、目的、结果等。表原因时常用在表情感和态度的形容词后。如be happy/sorry/surprised/ashamed等；表目的时其前可加上in order或so as (so as to do一般不放在句首)；表结果时其前通常与only连用，往往表示出乎意料的结果。不定式的插入结构作状语，为固定短语结构。如：to be honest/to tell you the truth(老实说)，to be frank(说实话，坦率地说)，to begin with(首先)，to start with(首先)，to be more exact(更确切地说)，to sum up(总之，概括地说)等。They were surprised to find that nobody was in the house. 发现屋子里空无一人，他们很奇怪。(表示原因) The man has to do some part-time jobs in his spare time so as to support his family. 那人为了养家不得不在业余时间做些零活。(表示目的) Tom took a taxi to the airport，only to find his plane high up in the sky. 汤姆乘出租车去机场，却发现他要乘坐的飞机高高地飞在空中。(表示结果) To be honest/To tell you the truth，I am a writer. 跟你说实话吧，我是个作家。 考点2非谓语动词作定语1.In art criticism，you must assume the artist has a secret message _ within the work.(2016江苏，28) A.to hide B.hidden C.hiding D.being hidden 答案B解析考查过去分词作后置定语。句意为：在艺术评论中，你得假设艺术家藏了一个秘密信息在作品中。句中message与hide是被动关系，故要用过去分词作后置定语。2.There are still many problems _ before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.(2014北京，28) A.solving B.solved C.being solved D.to be solved 答案D解析考查不定式作定语。句意为：在我们准备在月球上长住之前，还有很多问题需要解决。由there are可知设空处为非谓语动词作后置定语，修饰problems；根据时间状语从句before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon可知，动作solve发生在将来，故用不定式结构；而且problems与solve之间存在被动关系，故用不定式的被动结构。3.Theres a note pinned to the door _ when the shop will open again.(2014山东，6) A.saying B.says C.said D.having said 答案A解析考查现在分词作定语。分析句子结构可知句中已经有了谓语动词is，故首先排除B项。A项saying表示主动；C项said表示被动；D项having said表示动作先于is的动作发生。从逻辑关系上看，note与say之间是主动关系，所以选A项，在此用现在分词结构作后置定语。考点归纳1分词作定语，表示被动、完成用过去分词(done)；表示主动、进行用现在分词(doing)；表示被动、进行用being done；表示被动的动作尚未进行用to be done。不定式作定语若表示已经发生的动作，名词前多用形容词、分词、序数词等修饰。This is a problem discussed. 这是一个已讨论了的问题。 This is a problem being discussed. This is a problem which is being discussed. 这是一个正在被讨论的问题。 This is a problem to be discussed. This is a problem which is to be discussed. 这是一个将要讨论的问题。 He was the last one to leave school yesterday. 昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。 2.动名词作定语表示用途，如running shoes(跑鞋)，a drawing board(画板)，a swimming pool(游泳池)，a waiting room(候车室)，a walking stick(手杖)等。 The swimmer ran to the side of the swimming pool and dived off. 那游泳者奔到游泳池边，纵身跳下。 考点3非谓语动词作宾语(主语)补足语1.Back from his two-year medical service in Africa，Dr. Lee was very happy to see his mother _ good care of at home.(2015陕西，18) A.taking B.taken C.take D.be taken 答案B解析考查非谓语动词作宾补。句意为：李博士在非洲进行了两年的医疗服务，回来后看到他的母亲在家里被照顾得很好他很高兴。此处是“see宾语宾语补足语”结构。此处his mother与take good care of之间是被动关系，故选B项。2.Listening to music at home is one thing，going to hear it _ live is quite another.(2015浙江，18) A.perform B.performing C.to perform D.being performed 答案D解析考查非谓语动词作宾补。句意为：在家听音乐是一回事，去现场听正在被演奏的音乐完全是另外一回事。题干中含有“hear宾语宾语补足语”结构，宾语it(指代music)与perform之间存在被动关系，且此处表示去现场听正在被演奏的音乐，故应用being performed作宾语补足语。3.He is thought _ foolishly.Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the job.(2014江西，34) A.to act B.to have acted C.acting D.having acted 答案B解析考查非谓语动词作主补。sb. be thought to.某人被认为，是固定句式。句意为：他被认为是举止愚蠢的，现在失去这份工作他只能责怪自己，不能怨别人。根据句意可知，他表现很糟糕是在丢掉工作之前，所以用不定式的完成式。故B项正确。考点归纳1非谓语动词(词组)作感官动词、使役动词的宾语补足语。When I passed the house，I saw him reading and didnt disturb him. 当我经过他家的时候，我看到他正在读书就没有去打扰他。 He had his wallet stolen at the station. 他的钱包在火车站不幸遭窃。 He got his brother to help him. 他让他的兄弟帮助他。 2下列动词(词组)在主动语态中用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，但在被动语态中要加上to，它们是“吾看三室两厅一感觉”五看(look at，see，watch，notice，observe)；三使(make，let，have)；二听(listen to，hear)；一感觉(feel)。He was seen to get on the bus. 有人看到他上了公共汽车。 The girl was made to cry. 女孩被惹哭了。 3动词keep，leave，set，catch及介词with后接非谓语动词作宾语补足语。Im sorry to have kept you waiting for so long. 对不起，让您