初三英语语法复习.doc

初三英语上情 态 动 词 小 结 （一）情态动词概说 1情态动词也是“辅助性”动词，用来表示说话人的语气或情态。情态动词所表示的情态有：请求、命令、允诺、可能、需要、敢于、愿望、义务、能力等。 2情态动词本身有词义，但词义不完全，不能单独用作谓语，没有人称和数的变化，且后面只跟动词原形。如：她会唱英文歌曲。 She cans sing an English song.（F） She can sings an English song.（F） She can sing an English song.（T） 3有些情态动词的过去时与其原形相同，有些与原形不同。 (1) 与原形相同的有： must - must ought to - ought to (2) 与原形不同的有： can - could will - would may - might shall - should need - needed dare - dared have to - had to4大多数的情态动词后面可以用动词不定式（多不带to）的进行时、完成时或被动形式，如：may, can, must等。 （二）情态动词的种类：（见下表）原 形过去式词 义cancould能maymight可以（或许）mustmust(had to)必须（不得不）willwould愿意shallshould应该needneeded需要daredared敢于（三）情态动词的否定形式：cannot - cant could not - couldnt may not- mayntmight not- mightnt must not - mustnt will not - wontwould not - wouldnt need not - neednt shall not - shantshould not - shouldnt ought not - oughtnt dare not - darent （四）常用情态动词的用法：1can与could1） can（1）表示体力或脑力方面的“能力”，也能表示根据客观条件能做某事的“能力”。 He can drive. Can you jump as far as he did? I cant catch up with Jim. can与be able to二者都表示“能够”，区别是：can只有现在时和过去式，而be able to可用于各种时态。如： Ill be able to speak French in half a year. He hasnt been able to finish it on time.（2）表示允许： You can go now. Can I use your bike?（3）表示推测： Who can it be? It cant be true. can表示猜测或怀疑只用于疑问句及否定句中。2） could（1）can的过去式，表示过去有能力及过去的可能性。 He couldnt climb up the mountain. The news could be true.（2）表示客气地请求或委婉地陈述意见。 Could you go skating with me tomorrow? Im afraid I couldnt give you an answer tonight.（3）表示惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度 How could he say that? He couldnt be in Beijing. 2may与might1） may（1）表示请求、许可、可以 May I use your dictionary? Yes, please/certainly. May I come in?（2）表示推测说话人的猜测，认为某一事情“或许”或“可能”发生。 It may rain this afternoon. I may leave for Hangzhou next week.（3）may用于感叹句中可以表示祝愿或愿望。 May you do well! May you have a good time!2) might（1）用作may的过去式。 We didnt know that he might be our new teacher. The accident might happen the day before yesterday.（2）替代may来表示现在时间的动作，主要于推测（但其可能性比may更低）。 Im afraid it might snow tomorrow. You might meet him at the conference. The movie might have finished now.（3）委婉地表示请求（不是过去式）。 Might I ask you a question? Might you go there with me? 3must（1）表示义务，命令或必要。 Soldiers must obey orders. We must be strict with ourselves.（2）表示肯定的推测：一定 He must be at home.（对现在的猜测） I think you must have made a mistake.（对过去的猜测） He must be our new teacher. He cant be our new teacher.（3）此外还要弄清楚must与have to的区别 4will与would1） will（1）表示意愿、决心。此时可用于各种人称。 He wont come to see you.他不愿来见你。（表示意愿） I will try my best to catch up with her.我将尽最大努力赶上她。（表示决心）（2）表示请求，此时仅限于“will you (please)？”句型中，仅用于第二人称和疑问句中。 Will you please buy me an English-Chinese dictionary when you go to the bookstore? Will you have some rice?2） would（1）will的过去式，表示过去的意愿和决心。 He said he would do everything for her, but she said she would never see him again. They believed that we would help them.（2）用于现在时，表示委婉地提出请求，建议或看法。此时would的用法比will更加委婉。 Would you please show me the way to the museum? I would like to say something about it. will和would用于“劝某人接受”时，只能用some，不能用any。如： Would you like some fish? 吃点鱼好吗？ 5shall与should1） shall 征求对方意见或请求，用于第一、三人称。表示“要不要？”、“好吗？” Shall I open the window? Shall the doctor come?2） should（1）should意思是“应该”，表示劝告或建议（=ought to） You should wash your hands before dinner. We should help each other.（2）用来表示可能性或猜测。 He should be in the office now. I should be right.（3）should有时能表示说话人的情感等。 Its funny that they should be confident.（表示轻视） Why should I do that for you?（表示不满）（4）should后接动词不定式（不加to）时，若用于肯定句，表示某件事本应该完成却未完成；若用于否定句，则表示某事不该发生却发生了。 You should have told us the truth.（应该告诉却没有） He should have known the importance of it.应该知道却不知道） We shouldnt have left so early.（不应该早出来，可已经做了） 6need1）need意思是“需要，必须”，主要用于否定句和关系问句中。 You neednt come so early. Need I take part in the Party?2) need引导的疑问句，肯定回答时多用must，否定回答时用neednt。 Need he come? Yes, he must. No, he neednt.3) need后接名词做宾语时，表示“需要”某件事物，此时用作实义动词，与一般的实义动词用法完全一样。如： We need three apples. He doesnt need so many books. 7. oughtought只有一种形式，后面常与to连用，意思是“应该”。 You ought to visit us often. Sorry, I ought to leave now.在表示“应该”时，ought to的语气比should要强，比must稍弱。 8. dare1) dare意思是“敢”，用于肯定结构中时，后接加to的动词不定式。 The boy dared to climb up the tree. She should dare to question her teacher.2）dare用于否定句或疑问句中时，与大多数的情态动词一样，后接不带to的动词不定式。 Dont dare do that again! The poor girl dare not go home. 9had better You had better see a doctor. You had better not leave now. Had I better wait for her? 练习检测 1. Nobody _ do it. Let me _ . A. can, try B. cant, to try C. can, to try D. cant, trying2. “ _ you like _ bananas to eat?” “ Yes, please.” A. Would, some B. Will, any C. Could, any D. Can, some3. “ Can you answer this question in English?” “ Sorry, I _.” A. neednt B. may not C. cant D. mustnt4. “ _ I borrow your dictionary?” “ Certainly, here you are.” A. Must B. May C. Need D. Shall5. I _ see the words on the blackboard. _ you write a bit clearly? A. mustnt, Can B. dont, will C. cant, Can D. neednt, Could6. Its a sunny day today. You _ take a raincoat with you. A. cant B. mustnt C. neednt D. can7. Ive looked for my pen everywhere, but I _ find it. A. couldnt B. cant C. mustnt D. didnt8. “ _ I speak to Ann?” “ Speaking.” A. Must B. May C. Need D. Shall9. Shall we go to the zoo tomorrow? _. A. Yes, we shall B. Yes, you shall C. Yes, you will D. All right10. Mr. John, we must hand in our homework today, _? No, you _. But you must bring it to school tomorrow. A. neednt we；mustnt B. mustnt we；neednt C. mustnt you；mustnt D. neednt we；neednt11. _ I take the newspaper away ? No, you mustnt. You _ read it only here. A. Must; can B. May; can C. Need; must D. Must; must12. - Must I stay at home and take care of her? - No, you _. A. mustnt B. wont C. cant D. neednt13. - Can you mend a TV set? - No, I _. A. mustnt B. cant C. may not D. neednt14. - Whose guitar is this？ - _. A. It must Alis. B. It might belong to Alis. C. It must Ali D. It might belong to Ali.need, neednt, can, cant, shall, shouldnt may, must, mustnt, have to, would 15. I _ show him the way, _I?16. Can you answer this question in French? No, I_.17. May I keep the book for three weeks? No, you _ .18. Nobody _ live without air or water.19. You _ not worry. Everything will be all right.20. _ I have some chocolates now? No, you mustnt.21. Children _ be left alone.22. I _ finish my homework before I go to bed.23. _we go out for a walk? Thats a good idea.24. _you like some fish?答案解析: 1. A 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. C 6. C 7. B 8. B 9. D10.由must构成的疑问句，肯定回答：Yes, you must.否定回答：No, you neednt。本题既是反意疑问句，又要做否定回答故选B。11. 表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方提建议、邀请等，可用“May I？”句型，故答案选B。12.对由情态动词must引起的一般疑问句的肯定回答用“Yes,.must.”否定回答用“No,.neednt.”所以此题答案应选D。13. can表示体力和脑力方面的能力，或根据客观条件能做某种动作的 “能力”。由can引起的一般疑问句，肯定回答是“Yes, I can. ” 否定回答是“No, I cant. ”。所以答案应选B。14. 选D,其他三项格式不对15. neednt, must 16. cant17. mustnt 18. can19. need 20. May21. shouldnt 22. have to23. shall 24. would 语法专项-宾语从句一、宾语从句概说 宾语从句是在复合句中起宾语作用的从句。在谓语动词，介词和某些形容词等后面都可以接宾语从句。同学们要掌握好宾语从句，主要应该注意以下三个关键：1连接词：根据从句类型而定。2语序：用陈述句语序。3时态：根据主句中谓语动词的时态而定。（自然、科学规律及真理可以除外）二、宾语从句的连接词：1 thatthat引导陈述意义的宾语从句，无实际意思，在从句中也不充当任何成分。在口语和非正式文体中that常被省略。She said that she missed us very much.她说她非常想念我们。I think she is right.我认为她是对的（that被省略）2 whether, if：whether与if引导选择意义的宾语从句，意思为是否。I wonder whether/ if she still lives here after so many years.这不知道经过这么多年她是否还住在这里。Have you found out whether/if he is in London?你弄清楚他是否在伦敦了吗？3 what, who, whom, which这是一组连接代词，引导疑问意义的宾语从句。 Can you tell me what bread is made from?你能告诉我面包是由什么制造的吗？I cant remember who has come to my office.我不记得谁来过我的办公室了。Tom asked me whom/who they were talking about.汤姆问我他们在谈论谁。I want to know which is better.我想知道哪一个更好些。whom引导宾语从句时一般可由who替换，但如果宾语从句的介词提前，则只能用whom，不能用who。I wonder with who she is angry.（）I wonder with whom she is angry.我不知道她在跟谁生气。4 when, where, why, how这是一组连接副词，引导疑问意义的宾语从句。 Im not sure when he will be back.我不能肯定他何时回来。I cant tell you where he lives.我不能告诉你他住在哪儿。We dont know why he broke the window.我们不知道他为何打破窗户。Would you please tell me how I can get to the nearest bus stop?请告诉我如何才能到达最近的公共汽车站好吗？5某些形容词如afraid, sure, glad, happy等后也可以带宾语从句（也有人认为是状语从句）。Im afraid (that) we cant get there on time.恐怕我们不能准时到达那里了。Hes not sure whether he can find her.他不能肯定他是否能够找到她。三、宾语从句的时态：宾语从句的时态原则上应与主句的时态保持一致。1 如果主句是现在时态（包括一般现在时，现在进行时和现在完成时），宾语从句可以是实际需要的任何时态。I am wondering whether he has come or not.我不知道他是否已经来了。（现在完成时）Please tell me when well have the meeting.请告诉我什么时候开会。（一般将来时）I dont know who they are talking about.我不知道他们正在谈论谁。（现在进行时）I have heard the window was broken by John.我已经听说窗户是被约翰打破的。 2 如果主句是过去的时态（包括一般过去时，过去进行时），宾语从句必须选用过去的某一时态（即一般过去时，过去将来时，过去进行时或过去完成时等）He said he would kill her.他说他会杀了她。（过去将来时）She told us Lucy had returned home.她告诉我们露茜已经回家去了。（过去完成时）Mary was wondering who could answer the question.玛丽想知道谁能回答这一问题。（一般过去时）I didnt tell them where you were having the meeting.我没有告诉他们你们正在哪儿开会。（过去进行时）3 如果宾语从句表示的是科学其理、客观事实或格言警句等，则不管这句是何种时态，从句一律用一般现在时。Granny told me that the earth moves around the sun.奶奶告诉我地球围绕太阳转。She said a friend in need is a friend indeed.她说患难朋友才是真正的朋友。四、宾语从句的语序：宾语从句的语序一律使用陈述语序。1 当宾语从句原为陈述句时，用that引导，语序不变。（注意时态的一致）Tom isnt a good student. (The teacher told us)The teacher told us Tom wasnt a good student.老师告诉我们汤姆不是一个好学生。He has given up smoking. (She said)She said he had given up smoking.她说他已经戒烟了。2 当宾语从句原为一般疑问句时，用whether或if连接，语序变为陈述语序。Is Jim a doctor? (I wonder)I wonder whether Jim is a doctor.我想知道吉姆是否是个医生。Does she dance well? (Can you tell me)Can you tell me if she dances well? 你能告诉我她舞跳的是否好吗？3 当宾语从句原为特殊疑问句时，特殊疑问词即为连接词，语序变为陈述语序。Where are you going? (She asked me)She asked me where you were going.她问我你去哪里。What does he want to do. (She wondered)She wondered what he wanted to do.她不知道他想干什么。五、直接引语与间接引语在学习宾语从句的过程中，有一个重要的知识就是：如何将直接引语变为间接引语。在直接引语变间接引语时，同学们要注意以下事项：1人称代词和物主代词要做相应的调整。He said, Im glad to meet you.- He said that he was glad to meet me.但如果说话者转述自己的话，则不用变人称。I said to them, Ill leave a massage on his desk.- I said to them that Ill leave a message on his desk.2在一些情况下，如果人称代词所指代的名词容易发生混淆，则最好将人称代词改为它所指代的名词。My father thought, Maybe he is right.- My father thought that maybe the man was right.3当直接引语中出现when, while, since等词引导的表示过去的时间状语时，在变间接引语时，只改变主句的时态，不改变该从句的时态。Our teacher told us, Jim has made great progress in Chinese since he came to China.- Our teacher told us that Jim had made great progress in Chinese since he came to China.4直接引语变间接引语时，如果报告动词用say，则不必加间接宾语。如果要加的话，say后就一定要加介词to.The old man said, Its going to rain.- The old man said that it was going to rain.- The old man said to us that it was going to rain.5直接引语的报告动词是say to sb时，在变间接引语时，常改成tell sb.The policeman said to the woman, You should turn right at the first crossing.- The policeman told the woman that she should turn right at the first crossing.6如果报告动词在句末，在变为直接引语时，应该把它移到句首。Is it the right address? he wondered.- He wondered whether it was the right address.7在疑问句变为直接引语时，应该注意原来的直接引语中的问号要变成句号，疑问语序要变成陈述语序，直接引语中的助动词do等要去掉，动词做相应的变化。The girl asked me, How did you finish the work so well?- The girl asked me that how I finished the work so well.8如果直接引语是祈使句，我们经常不提出说话的对象；但是在变间接引语时，说话的对象必须出现。The angry man said, Shut up!- The angry man ordered us to shut up.9如果是以Lets开头的祈使句来变间接引语，我们通常用Suggest +动名词（或从句）结构。The twins said happily, Lets go scuba diving this afternoon.- The twins suggested happily that they can go scuba diving that afternoon.10如果直接引语是两个或两个以上不同类型的句子，可分别将各部分转换为间接引语，并用and连接。The manager said, You did a very nice job. What are you thinking about now?- The manager said to the young man that he did a very nice job and asked him what he was thinking about at that time.11如果直接引语是反意疑问句或是选择疑问句，变间接引语时与一般疑问句一样，在从句前加连词if或whether。He asked me, There is lots of rice in the bag, isnt there?- He asked me whether/ if there was lots of rice in the bag.六、宾语从句中的否定前移当主句的主语为第一人称，而谓语动词又是think, believe, feel等时，宾语从句的否定词往往前移至主句，即否定的前移。该句型变为反意疑问句时尤其应注意使附加问句与从句相对应。He isnt a thief. （I think） I dont think he is a thief.我认为他不是小偷。I dont think he is a thief, is he？我认为他不是小偷，（他）是吗？Jack doesnt study hard. （I believe） I dont believe Jack studies hard. 我相信杰克学习不努力。I dont believe Jack studies hard, does he? 我相信杰克学习不努力，是吗？七、同步练习单项选择1. Do you know_ daughter she is?A. whose B. whom C. what D. who2. They wondered if the teacher_ them some English songs the next week.A. would teach B. had taught C. will teach D. taught3. He asked_ picture was Johns.A. whose B. who C. whom D. which4. He told me _ Paris is the capital of France.A. which B. the C. that D. what5. He asked me_ during the summer holiday.A. where I had gone B. where I had beenC. where had I gone D. where had I been6. Can you tell us _ ?A. if your father does B. what does your father doC. your father does what D. what your father does7. He asked me if I knew_ .A. whose pen was it B. whose pen it wasC. whose pen it is D. whose pen is it8. Do you know _ ?A. what are you listening B. what you are listeningC. what you are listening to D. what are you listening to9. -Do you know _ ?-Yes. He is a teacher.A, whom he is B. whom is he C. what is he D. what he is10. Im not sure whether _ tomorrow.A. they will arrive B. will they arrive C. they arrive D. they have arrived 用适当的连词填空1. Do you remember_ China sent up her first man-made satellite?2. I asked him _ he knew Mary.3. I am sure _ you said is true.4. We know_ there is no air on the moon.5. He asked me_ she would come or not.6. Can you tell me_ I can get there?7. Do you know _ it is a bird or not?8. Do you know_ way we should take to get to the hospital?9. She knew _ to do it.10. I dont think _ he was wrong.八、同步练习答案及讲解单项选择1. A 谁的应该用whose.2. A 从句的时态原本应该用一般将来时（因为时间状语是next week），但是由于主句的时态是一般过去时，因此从句的时态应该改为过去将来时，即would +动词原形。 3. D 哪幅画是约翰的应该是which picture. 4. C 本题应该用是否 (whether)。 5. B 首先，从句应该用陈述句语序，因此只能考虑A或B。然后根据题目的意思，他问我去了哪里，证明我已经回来的，问的是曾经去了哪里，因此用been to.6. D 首先确定该题的引导词是what，然后应该用陈述句语序，因此选D. 7. B 首先通过从句应该是陈述句语序这一点来排除A和D，然后由于主句的时态是过去时，因此从句也要用过去的时态，故选B. 8. C 只有B和C的从句语序是陈述句语序；listen是一个不及物动词，因此不能丢掉介词to， 故答案为C. 9 D 从回答来看，询问的是职业，因此只能考虑由what来引导；然后发现D是陈述句语序，因此选C.10. A 该题中的A, C, D都是陈述句语序，都可以考虑；但是只有A符合从句时态的要求，故选A.用适当的连词填空1. when 2. if/ whether 3. what 4. that 5. whether6. how7. whether8. which9. how10. that期中复习测试题一、选择题（12020分）1. There are_ of students in our school but only _ of them are girls.A. hundredstwo hundredB. hundred two hundredsC. hundredstwo hundredsD. hundred two hundred2.Li Yuchun sings so well. I like her very much._.A. so am IB. so do IC. so I amD. so I do3. Could you tell me_?He is an engineer.A. What is heB. What does he doC. Who is he D. What he does4. Our teachers ask us to_ uniforms to school every day.A. put onB. wearC. dressD. in5. The room is_ to hold（容纳）eight students.A. enough bigB. big enoughC. so bigD. very big6. _ earth we live on is bigger than _ moon.A. The; aB. The; theC. An; anD. An; the7. What else do you need, Mum?Nothing else, I think. Weve got_ ready.A. something B. anythingC. nothing D. everything8. The boss didnt like James because he didnt_ learning new things.A. do well inB. find outC. look forD. take place9. Most kids find_ interesting to play football.A. thisB. thatC. itD. one10.Im going on a trip to Hainan after the exam.Really? _!A. CongratulationsB. Have a nice timeC. OKD. Its nice of you11. To protect environment is_ to take care of ourselves.A. importantB. as important asC. more important D. the most important12. He had something to write down and asked me for_.A. a paperB. some papersC. some pieces of papers D. a piece of paper13. It_ that they had no change with them at the moment.A. seemedB. lookedC. was seemedD. was looked14. Hello, Mr. Green! I want to see you right now. Can you come as_ as possible?A. manyB. muchC