2012GCT语法讲座精要版.pptVIP

GCT备考第一讲,语法,基本知识点清单,主从复合句非谓语动词时态和语态虚拟语气倒装强调形容词副词主谓一致关系,第一章主从复合句,名词性从句形容词性从句(即定语从句)副词性从句（即状语从句）,第一节名词性从句,考点一：主语从句知识点:主语从句的引导词(that/what,who/whom,whether等);2.谓语动词一般用单数。,例句,1.Thattheearthgoesaroundthesuniswell-knowntoeverybody.Itiswell-knowntoeverybodythattheearthgoesaroundthesun.2.Whatyouhavesaidisconvincing.3.Whetherhewillcometothemeetingisuptohisboss.4.Whowillcometothedinnerremainsaquestion.,考点二：宾语从句,知识点：宾语从句的引导词(that/what,who/whom,whether/if等)2.从句的语序。,例句,1.Hebelievedthatwalkingunderaladderbringsbadluck.2.WecanlearnwhatwedonotknowfromTVprograms.3.Wewillprovideassistancetowhoeverneedsit.4.Theoldwomantoldhersufferingstowhomevershemet.5.Iwonderwhetheryoucanhelpmeornot.6.Theydoubtifhewillbebackontime.,考点三：表语从句,知识点：表语从句的引导词：that,what,because,why等例句1.Theassumptionisthatthingswillimprove.2.Chinaisnotwhatitusedtobe.,3.Itmaybebecauseheistooyoungtodoit.4.ThisiswhyIgotscolded.5.Thereasonwhyhehasbeensuchasuccessisthathenevergiveup.,考点四：同位语从句,知识点：1.同位语从句引导词：that；2.同位语从句中常用到的抽象名词：news,idea,fact,doubt,evidence,hope,truth,belief,message,conclusion等。,例句,1.ThenewsthatourfootballteamatlastdefeatedKoreamadethefanswildwithjoy.2.Thereismuchevidencethatthecrimerateinthiscityisontherise.3.Einsteincametotheconclusionthatthemaximumspeedpossibleintheuniverseisthatoflight.,第二节形容词性从句,考点1：引导定语从句的引导词：关系代词(which,that,who,whom,whose,as)关系副词(when,where,why),例句,1.Thebookwhich/thatyoulentmeyesterdayisratherboring.2.Themanwhom/thatyouweretalkingaboutisthemanager.3.Mygrandfatherisanoldmanwhoalwaysseemsinfinehealth.4.Livinginahousewhosewallsaremadeofglasswouldbehorrible.,5.Asisoftenthecase,wehaveoverfulfilledtheproductionplan.6.Itwasrainingonthedaywhentheyarrived.7.Thebridgewherethisphotowastakenhasbeenrebuilt.8.Thereasonwhyhecameisnotveryconvincing.,当先行词是all,anything,everything,nothing,something,much,little时；当先行词被all,no,some,any,every,afew,alittle,much,only,very修饰时；当先行词被序数词(thefirst)或形容词最高级(thelast)修饰时。,考点2：下列情况出现时，定语从句的引导词用that:,例句,1.Allthatyouwantarehere.2.Thesearetheverypointsthatpuzzledme.2.Thereisnopersonthatdoesntmakemistakes.3.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.4.Hemustbethelastpersonthatqualifiesthejob.,1.在“thesame.as”,“such.as”,“soas”固定搭配中例句：Suchfurnitureasisverypopularisexpensive.Wehavesuccessfullydonethesameexperimentasyoudid.Hereissodifficultaproblemasnoneofuscansolve.2.引导非限制性定语从句Asisourteacherpointsout,thatisofbenefittothepeople.,考点3：下列情况出现时,引导词用as,当先行词是reason时Hedidnottellusthereasonwhyhewaslateagain.2.Thereasonwhyhedidntcomeisthathewasill.,考点4：下列情况用引导词why：,1.先行词与介词的常见习惯搭配；Thespeedatwhichthemachineoperatesisshownonthemeter.Itisusefultobeabletopredicttheextenttowhichapricechangewillaffectsupplyanddemand.,考点5：介词+which/whom结构中介词取决于：,定语从句中谓语动词的搭配；ThisisthecollegeinwhichIamstudying.Heisthemanaboutwhomwearetalking.,当定语从句表达从属关系时,用ofwhich或者ofwhomThefilmisaboutaspyofwhomwifebetrayshim.Wefoundahouseofwhichtheroofhadbeendamaged.,当先行词为表示时间的名词；当先行词为表示地点的名词。以上情况分别相当于介词+which。但是当这些表示时间或地点的名词作从句的宾语,则要用关系代词that或which.,考点6：下列情况用关系副词when和where.,例句,1.Icantforgetthedayswhen(inwhich)Ilivedwithyou.2.Canyoutellmethedaywhen(onwhich)thefirstsatellitewassentintospace？3.Chinaistheonlycountrywhere(inwhich)wildpandascanbefound.4.Illneverforgetthevillagewhere(inwhich)Ispentmychildhood.,1.IwillneverforgetthedaysIspentinBeijingUniversity.A.whatB.thatC.inwhichD.when2.IhaveneverbeentoBeijing,butitstheplaceImostwanttovisit.A.atwhichB.inwhichC.whereD.that,非限定性定语从句既可以修饰主句的部分内容，也可修饰主句的全部内容。as引导的非限定性定语从句既可以放在主句之前,也可以放在主句之后；但which或who引导的非限定性定语从句不能放在主句句首。,考点7：非限定性定语从句的引导词：一般用引导词which/as或who(指人)。,例句,1.Asweallknow,themoonisasatelliteoftheearth.2.Thelargeareaiscoveredwiththicksnow,whichaffectspeopleslifegreatly.3.Hisspeech,whichboredustodeath,wasoveratlast.4.Hersister,wholivedinanothercity,wascomingtovisither.,第三节副词性从句,考点一：时间状语从句常用引导词：when,while,assoonas,since,until特殊引导词：theminute,themoment,thesecond,everytime,theday,theinstant,directly,immediately,nosoonerthan,hardlywhen,scarcelywhen,例句,1.IdidntrealizehowspecialmymotherwasuntilIbecameanadult.2.WhileJohnwaswatchingTV,hiswifewascooking.3.Thechildrenranawayfromtheorchardthemomenttheysawtheguard.4.NosoonerhadIarrivedhomethanitbegantorain.5.EverytimeIlistentoyouradvice,Igetintotrouble.,考点二：地点状语从句,常用引导词：where例句:Generally,airwillbeheavilypollutedwheretherearefactories.,考点三：原因状语从句,常用引导词：because,since,as特殊引导词：nowthat,inthat,giventhat,consideringthat例句1.MyfriendsdislikemebecauseImhandsomeandsuccessful.,2.Nowthateverybodyhascome,letsbeginourconference.3.Thehigherincometaxisharmfulinthatitmaydiscouragepeoplefromtryingtoearnmore.4.Consideringthatheisnomorethan12yearsold,hisheightof1.80misquiteremarkable.,考点四：目的状语从句,常用引导词：sothat,inorderthat特殊引导词：lest,forfearthat,inthehopethat,forthepurposethat例句:1.Thebossaskedthesecretarytohurryupwiththeletterssothathecouldsignthem.2.Theteacherraisedhisvoiceforthepurposethatthestudentsinthebackcouldhearmoreclearly.,考点五：结果状语从句,常用引导词：sothat,suchthat特殊引导词：tothedegreethat,totheextentthat,toasuchdegreethat例句:1.Hegotupsoearlythathecaughtthefirstbus.2.Itssuchagoodchancethatwemustnotmissit.3.Tosuchadegreewasheexcitedthathecouldntsleeplastnight.,考点六：条件状语从句,常用引导词：if,unless特殊引导词：as/solongas,onlyif,supposethat,providing/providedthat,incasethat,onconditionthat例句1.Wellstartourprojectifthepresidentagrees.2.Youwillcertainlysucceedsolongasyoukeepontrying.3.Providedthatthereisnoopposition,weshallholdthemeetinghere.,考点七：让步状语从句,常用引导词：though,although,evenif,eventhough特殊引导词：as,while,nomatter,whatever,whoever,wherever,whenever,however,whichever等。,1.MuchasIrespecthim,Icantagreetohisproposal.2.Theoldmanalwaysenjoysswimmingeventhoughtheweatherisrough.3.Nomatterhowhardhetried,shecouldnotchangehermind.4.Hewontlistenwhateveryoumaysay.,例句,考点八：方式状语从句,常用引导词：as,asif,asthough,how特殊引导词：theway例句1.WheninRome,doastheRomando.2.Shebehavedasifsheweretheboss.3.Sometimesweteachourchildrenthewayourparentshavetaughtus.,第二章非谓语动词,1.动词不定式to+V;2.动名词V-ing;3.分词V-ing/V-ed,第一节动词不定式,考点一：动词不定式在以下情况下不带to感官动词后面（作宾补）：feel,listen,hear,lookat,notice,see,watch,observe,perceiveIsawamanentertheshop.个别表示使役意义的动词（作宾补），如：have,let,make,getTheteacherhasuswriteacompositioneveryweek.,一些情态动词后：wouldratherthan,hadbetter,wouldsoonerthan,ratherthan,may/mightaswell(还是的好),cannotbut,cannothelpbut等句型。1.Ratherthanwaitanyone,Idecidedtogohomebytaxi.2.Wemightaswellputupherefortonight.,在do(did,does,done)nothing(anything,everything)but(except)do句型中（有do无to原则）1.Icandonothingbutfollowyouradvice.2.Thereisnochoicebuttowaitandsee.,考点二：不定式后置:作后置定语；表将来；考点三：不定式作状语:表目的、结果等表目的,用inorderto句型或soasto句型引出;表结果用onlytodo结构，有“结果却”之意。,1.Thewholefamilywenttobeachtospendtheirweekend.2.Shewentinquietlysoasnottowakethebaby.3.Inordertosavethechild,helaiddownhislife.4.Wehurriedtothestationonlytofindhehadleft.,第二节动名词,考点一：动名词作宾语admit,avoid,feellike,fancy,risk,imagine,postpone,delay,deny,enjoy,finish,forbid,mind,miss,escape,suggest,giveup,lookforwardto,canthelp,thanksto,objectto,1.Forbidsmokingontrains.2.Wehavetopostponesendingouranswertotherequest.3.Iamlookingforwardtoseeingyouagain.,考点二：动名词用在固定句型中。,Itisnouse（nogood,nopoint,nosense,awasteoftime等名词）+doingsth.Itisgood(nice,interesting,useless等形容词)+doingsth.;Thereisnopoint(use,sense,good等名词)+doingsth.havedifficulty(trouble,problem,pleasure,adifficulttime)(in)doingsth.,1.Itsnousecryingoverspiltmilk.2.Itssimplyawasteoftimeandmoneyseeingthatmovie.3.Thereisnopointinmygoingouttodatesomeone.4.Ifinditnogoodadvisinghimtogowithus.5.Theteachershavehadsomeproblemsdecidingwhentheyshouldreturnthefinalpaperstothestudents.,考点三：既可接不定式也可接动名词的区别,知识点：动词不定式表将来；动名词表完成,考点四：动名词的逻辑主语,1.Tomscomingiswhatwehaveexpected.2.Maryinsistsonmygoingwithher.,第三节分词,知识点：现在分词表主动进行（主谓关系）过去分词表被动完成（动宾关系）,1.Havingprepareddinner,shestoodatthefrontdoorwaitingforherhusbandtoreturn.2.Seenfromthehilltop,thelakesceneryisbeyonddescription.,考点一：作状语,考点二：“连词+分词”,1.Themanwilldieunlessoperatedatonce.2.Whetherwalkingorsleeping,hewasnotatease.3.Althoughfrightened,hemanagedtorunaway.4.Thesoldierwalkedslowlyasifwounded.,考点三：独立主格结构,1.逻辑主语+现在分词/过去分词Shewalkedalongthepath,herdaughter+followingclosebehind.Allthings+considered,wehadtocanceltheplannedtrip.2.with/without+逻辑主语+分词Hefeltmoreuneasywith+thewholeclass+staringathim.,2.Therebeing+其他成分Therebeingnothingtodo,weplayedcards.,第三章动词的时态和语态,第一节动词的时态考点一：一般现在时知识点：1.表示永恒的真理;2.一般现在表将来。标志性时间状语：often,always,fromtimetotimeIlearnedthattheearthgoesaroundthesunwhenIwasinprimaryschool.,知识点：1.表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动;2.表感情色彩，加强语气。标志性时间状语：now与频率副词,如always，constantly，again，continually等连用表示说话人的某种感情色彩（赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等）。Myoldneighboralwaysiscomplainingabouteverything.,考点二：现在进行时,知识点：表示动作发生在过去，完成在过去，但强调与现在情况仍有联系，其结果或影响仍存在。标志性时间状语：for+时间段；since+时间点1.TheyhavelivedinBeijingforfiveyears.2.TheyhavelivedinBeijingsince1995.,考点三：现在完成时,考点四：一般过去时,知识点：usedto+do和be/getusedtodoing的区别标志性时间状语：常跟明确的过去时间连Heusedtosmokealot.Hehasgotusedtogettingupearly.,考点五：过去完成时,1.Therehadbeen25parksinourcityuptill2000.2.Bytheendoflasttermwehadfinishedthebook.3.Theyfinishedearlierthanwehadexpected.,4.Ihadhardlyfinishedmyworkwhenhecametoseeme.=HardlyhadIfinishedmyworkwhenhecametoseeme.5.Ihadnosoonergotintotheroomthanitbegantosnow.=NosoonerhadIgotintotheroomthanitbegantosnow.6.NosoonerhadIarrivedhomethanthetelephonerang.,标志性时间状语：常用的时间状语一般用by+将来的时间。1.Bytheendofnextmonth,hewillhavetraveled1000milesonfoot.2.Bythetimeyoureachthestation,thetrainwillhaveleft.3.BynextTuesday,Iwillhavegotreadyfortheexams.,考点六：将来完成时,第二节被动语态,考点一:有些动词后用动名词表示被动。want,need,require,deserve,worth1.Thebookisworthreading.2.Theflowersneedwatering.,被动语态中感官动词、使役动词的宾补在要还原主动语态中省略的to。see,hear,perceive,make,let主动：Isawherenterthehall.被动：Shewasseentoenterthehall.,考点二：,第四章虚拟语气,考点一：if句型（基本结构）1.IfIwereBillGates,Iwouldnotworksohardeveryday.2.IfIhadgonetoAmericawhenIgraduatedfrommiddleschool,IwouldhavegotmyPhDdegree.3.Ifitshould/weretosnowtomorrow,Iwouldgoskiing.,4.Hadheworkedharder,hewouldhavegotthroughtheexam.5.Hadhethetime,hewouldhelpustosolvetheseproblems.6.Weretherenogravity,therewouldbenoairaroundtheearth.7.Shouldtheyforgettobringthecompasswiththem,theywouldgetlostinthewoods.,8.Ifyouhadtakenthemedicineyesterday,youwouldfeelmuchbetternow.9.IfIwereyou,Iwouldnthavemissedthefilmlastnight.,知识点1：在表示建议、命令、劝告、决心、要求等主观色彩的动词后的宾语从句中，从句谓语。suggest,propose,recommend,demand,command,desire,require,advise,ask,direct,insist,determine,decide,prefer,maintain,考点二：用(should)+动词原形的虚拟语气,1.Isuggestthatyou(should)notbelateagainnexttime.2.Ipreferthatyou(should)notdothat.3.Thecitycouncilorderedspittingbeprohibitedonthestreets.4.Thedoctorurgedshehaveanoperationasearlyaspossible.,例句,5.Weareallforyourproposalthatthediscussionbeputoff.6.Hisdemandisthatallofus(should)bepresentatthemeeting.7.Theprofessorgaveordersthatthetestbefinishedbefore10:30.,知识点2：Itis/was+形容词/过去分词+that+(should)+动词原形，这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性important,natural,desirable,possible,advisable,anxious,appropriate,vital,compulsory,crucial,eager,essential,fitting,necessary,willing,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,shocked,requested,1.Itwasessentialthattheapplicationformsbesentbackbeforethedeadline.2.Itisrequestedthatavotebetaken.3.Itisnecessarythatweallshoulddoourbesttoprotectenvironmentaroundus.,考点三：wish句型中的虚拟语气,wish后宾语从句用虚拟语气，其谓语部分有时态变化：表示现在的愿望时，动词用were,did;表示过去的愿望时，动词用haddone/couldhavedone;表示将来的愿望时，动词用would/could/mightdo,1.IwishIhadbeentotheconcertlastnight.2.Iwishhewouldforgiveme.3.IwishIwouldrememberalltheEnglishwordsinaweek.,考点四：ifonly引导的虚拟条件句,表示现在的愿望时，动词用were,did；表示过去的愿望时，动词用haddone;表示将来的愿望时，动词用would/could/mightdo1.Ifonlyhewerehere!2.Ifonlyyouhadcomelastnight.3.Ifonlytherainwouldstop!,表示与现在的事实相反时，动词用were,did；表示与过去的事实相反时，动词用haddone;表示与将来的事实相反时，动词用would/could/mightdo1.HetalkedasifhehadknownTomforalongtime.2.Hetalksasthoughheweretheboss.,考点五：在asif/asthough引导的方式状语从句中的虚拟语气,1.Itstimeyouwenttobed.2.Itshightimethatwetookaction.,考点六：在句型Its(about/high/good)timethat中的虚拟,考点七：在wouldrather后的从句中的虚拟,意为“宁愿”“宁可”“最好”表示现在和将来的愿望时，动词用were,did；表示过去的愿望时，动词用haddone;Idratheryoulefttomorrowinsteadoftoday.Idratheryoudidnttakethosedocumentswithyou.IdratheryouattendedProfessorSongslecturenextnextweeksinceyouhavebeenworkingonthissubjectforafewyears.Idratherhehadntdoneanythinglikethat.,用其他方式表达的虚拟句。如：with,without,butfor,butthat,otherwise,or,wereitnotfor,given,provided,supposing等。1.Withyourhelp,wecouldhavefinishedtheworkontime.2.Iwouldnthavesucceededwithoutyourhelp.3.ButfortheEnglishexaminationIwouldhavegonetotheconcertlastnight.4.Wedidntknowhistelephonenumber;otherwisewewouldhavetelephonedhim.,考点八：含蓄虚拟条件句,第五章倒装结构,考点一：全部倒装知识点1：表示地点、方向和时间的副词或者介词放在句首1.Outrushedthechildren.2.Downfellsomeapples.,知识点2：now,then,here,there开头的句子，同时谓语为be,exist,come,go等表示静态的动词时。1.Nowcomesyourturn.2.Theregoesthebell.3.Thenexistedthiskindofanimal.,考点二：部分倒装,知识点1：当含有否定意义的词或短语放在句首时，要用部分倒装。not,never,neither,seldom,little,nowhere,hardly,scarcely,rarely,nolonger,notuntil,atnotime,bynomeans,onnoaccount,innocase,notonlybutalso,undernocircumstances,1.Nowhereintheworldcanyoufindamanwholovesyousomuch.2.NotuntilhecamebackdidIleave.3.Onnoaccountwillthemanagertoleraterudenessfromhisemployees.,知识点2:so/suchthat结构中以及“tosuchadegree,tosuchanextent,tosuchapoint.”放在句首1.Tosuchanextentdidhishealthdeterioratethathewasforcedtoretire.2.Sodiligentlydoesheworkthatheoftenforgetstoeatandsleep.,知识点3：“only+状语”放在句首时的倒装。1.Onlybyworkinghardcanyouachieveyourgoal.2.Onlyinthiswaycanwesolvethisproblemsuccessfullyandeffectively.,第六章强调结构,考点：Itis(was)+被强调的部分that/who+句子的其它部分1.Itismyunclewhoiscomingtovisitus.2.Itsnotyouwhoareintrouble;butitsIwhoamintrouble.,3.ItwasnotuntiltheaccidenthappenedthatIbecameawareofmyownfoolishness.4.Itwasatmidnightthathecamebackhome.5.Itwasintheparkthatthetwooldfriendsranintoeachother.,第七章形容词,考点一：倍数表达法N.+times+比较级+thanN.+times+asas1.Thisroomisthreetimeslargerthanthatone.2.Thisbookistwiceasthickasthatone.,superior,inferior,senior,junior,major,minor,anterior,prior（在之前）,posterio